diff --git a/c++ note/chp7/chp7answers.md b/c++ note/chp7/chp7answers.md
index 35b747f..44b18ba 100644
--- a/c++ note/chp7/chp7answers.md	
+++ b/c++ note/chp7/chp7answers.md	
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ Because in `read`, the `Sales_data` object will be modified. While in `print`, t
 
 > Exercise 7.9: Add operations to `read` and `print` Person objects to the code you wrote for the exercises in § 7.1.2 (p. 260).
 
-```
+```cpp
 istream& read(istream &is, Person &person){
 	is >> person.name >> person.address;
 	return is;
@@ -81,3 +81,92 @@ ostream& print(ostream &os, Person const &person){
 `if (read(read(cin, data1), data2))`
 
 Take in two objects(data1 and data2) at the same time, and step into the `if` block only when both objects are valid.
+
+> Exercise 7.11: Add constructors to your Sales_data class and write a program to use each of the constructors.
+
+[exercise7_11.h](exercise7_11.h)
+[exercise7_11.cpp](exercise7_11.cpp)
+
+> Exercise 7.12: Move the definition of the Sales_data constructor that takes an istream into the body of the Sales_data class.
+
+```cpp
+struct Sales_data {
+	string bookNo;
+	unsigned units_sold = 0;
+	double revenue = 0.0;
+
+	//constructors
+	Sales_data() = default;
+	Sales_data(istream &is){
+		double price;
+		is << bookNo << units_sold << price;
+		revenue = price * units_sold;
+	}
+	Sales_data(string isbn) : bookNo(isbn) {};
+	Sales_data(string isbn, unsigned n, double price) : bookNo(isbn), units_sold(n), revenue(n * price) {};
+
+	string isbn() const { return bookNo; }
+	double avg_price() const { return revenue / units_sold; }
+	Sales_data& combine(Sales_data const &data);		//behave same as the `+=` operator, thus return a left-value
+};
+```
+
+> Exercise 7.13: Rewrite the program from page 255 to use the istream constructor.
+
+```cpp
+int main(){
+	Sales_data total(cin);						// variable to hold the running sum
+	if (cin) {									// read the first transaction
+		Sales_data trans(cin);					// variable to hold data for the next transaction
+		while (cin) {							// read the remaining transactions
+			if (total.isbn() == trans.isbn())	// check the isbns
+				total.combine(trans);			// update the running total
+			else {
+				print(cout, total) << endl;		// print the results
+				total = trans;					// process the next book
+			}
+			trans = Sales_data(cin);
+		}
+		print(cout, total) << endl;				// print the last transaction
+	}
+	else {										// there was no input
+		cerr << "No data?!" << endl;			// notify the user
+	}
+
+	system("pause");
+	return 0;
+}
+```
+
+This can be weird, for the `cin` operation is seperated from the `if-condition`.
+
+> Exercise 7.14: Write a version of the default constructor that explicitly initializes the members to the values we have provided as in-class initializers.
+
+```cpp
+struct Sales_data {
+	string bookNo;
+	unsigned units_sold;
+	double revenue;
+
+	//constructors
+	Sales_data(){units_sold = 0, revenue = 0.0;}
+	Sales_data(istream &is){
+		double price;
+		is << bookNo << units_sold << price;
+		revenue = price * units_sold;
+	}
+	Sales_data(string isbn) : bookNo(isbn) {};
+	Sales_data(string isbn, unsigned n, double price) : bookNo(isbn), units_sold(n), revenue(n * price) {};
+
+	string isbn() const { return bookNo; }
+	double avg_price() const { return revenue / units_sold; }
+	Sales_data& combine(Sales_data const &data);		//behave same as the `+=` operator, thus return a left-value
+};
+```
+
+But there's a drawback in this manner. For example, in constructor3, `Sales_data(string isbn)`, we also have to explicitly initializes all the members, which causes redundance.
+
+> Exercise 7.15: Add appropriate constructors to your Person class.
+
+[exercise7_15.h](exercise7_15.h)
+[exercise7_15.cpp](exercise7_15.cpp)
diff --git a/c++ note/chp7/exercise7_11.cpp b/c++ note/chp7/exercise7_11.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dfacb96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c++ note/chp7/exercise7_11.cpp	
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+//test constructors
+#include "exercise7_11.h"
+#include <cassert>
+
+using std::cin;
+using std::cout;
+using std::cerr;
+
+void test_constructor();
+
+int main(){
+	test_constructor();
+
+	system("pause");
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void test_constructor(){
+	//test default constructor
+	Sales_data data1;
+	assert(data1.units_sold == 0);
+	assert(data1.revenue == 0.0);
+
+	//test constructor2
+	Sales_data data2(cin); // cin >> 123456789 2 20.5
+	assert(data2.bookNo == "123456789");
+	assert(data2.revenue == 41.0);
+	assert(data2.units_sold == 2);
+
+	//test constructor3
+	Sales_data data3("123456789");
+	assert(data3.bookNo == "123456789");
+	assert(data3.revenue == 0.0);
+	assert(data3.units_sold == 0);
+
+	//test constructor4
+	Sales_data data4("123456789", 2, 20.5);
+	assert(data4.bookNo == "123456789");
+	assert(data4.revenue == 41.0);
+	assert(data4.units_sold == 2);
+
+	cout << "All tests passed." << endl;
+}
diff --git a/c++ note/chp7/exercise7_11.h b/c++ note/chp7/exercise7_11.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87723a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c++ note/chp7/exercise7_11.h	
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#ifndef EXERCISE7_11_H_
+#define EXERCISE7_11_H_
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+
+using std::istream;
+using std::ostream;
+using std::endl;
+using std::string;
+
+struct Sales_data {
+	string bookNo;
+	unsigned units_sold;
+	double revenue;
+
+	//constructors
+	Sales_data() { units_sold = 0, revenue = 0.0; }
+	Sales_data(istream &is);
+	Sales_data(string isbn) : bookNo(isbn) {};
+	Sales_data(string isbn, unsigned n, double price) : bookNo(isbn), units_sold(n), revenue(n * price) {};
+
+	string isbn() const { return bookNo; }
+	double avg_price() const { return revenue / units_sold; }
+	Sales_data& combine(Sales_data const &data);		//behave same as the `+=` operator, thus return a left-value
+};
+
+//constructors
+Sales_data::Sales_data(istream &is){
+	double price;
+	is >> bookNo >> units_sold >> price;
+	revenue = price * units_sold;
+}
+
+Sales_data& Sales_data::combine(Sales_data const &data) {
+	units_sold += data.units_sold;
+	revenue += data.revenue;
+	return *this;
+}
+
+Sales_data add(Sales_data const &one, Sales_data const &two) {
+	Sales_data res = one;
+	return res.combine(two);
+}
+
+istream& read(istream &is, Sales_data &data) {
+	is >> data.bookNo;
+	is >> data.units_sold;
+	is >> data.revenue;
+	return is;
+}
+
+ostream& print(ostream &os, Sales_data const data) {
+	os << "book number: " << data.bookNo << endl;
+	os << "units sold: " << data.units_sold << endl;
+	os << "total revenue: " << data.revenue << endl;
+	os << "averge price: " << data.avg_price();    // no endl at the end
+	return os;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/c++ note/chp7/exercise7_15.cpp b/c++ note/chp7/exercise7_15.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da121c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c++ note/chp7/exercise7_15.cpp	
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// test construtors
+#include "exercise7_15.h"
+#include <cassert>
+
+using std::cout;
+using std::cin;
+using std::endl;
+
+int main(){
+	//test constructorss
+	Person person1;
+	// here we see non-builtin type(such as string) would not have undefined value
+	assert(person1.getAddr() == string()); 
+	assert(person1.getName() == string());
+
+	Person person2("shine", "shanghai");
+	// and string can directly be compare with literal character string
+	assert(person2.getName() == "shine");
+	assert(person2.getAddr() == string("shanghai"));
+
+	Person person3(cin); // cin >> shine >> shanghai;
+	assert(person2.getName() == "shine");
+	assert(person2.getAddr() == string("shanghai"));
+
+	cout << "All tests passed." << endl;
+	system("pause");
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/c++ note/chp7/exercise7_15.h b/c++ note/chp7/exercise7_15.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..091b83f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c++ note/chp7/exercise7_15.h	
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#ifndef EXERCISE7_15_H_
+#define EXERCISE7_15_H_
+
+#include <string>
+#include <iostream>
+using std::string;
+using std::istream;
+using std::ostream;
+
+struct Person;
+
+istream& read(istream &is, Person &person);
+ostream& print(ostream &os, Person const &person);
+
+struct Person {
+	string name;
+	string address;
+
+	//construtors
+	Person() = default;
+	Person(istream& is) { read(is, *this); }
+	Person(string name, string address) : name(name), address(address) {};
+
+	string getName() const { return name; }
+	string getAddr() const { return address; }
+};
+
+istream& read(istream &is, Person &person) {
+	is >> person.name >> person.address;
+	return is;
+}
+
+ostream& print(ostream &os, Person const &person) {
+	os << person.name << ' ' << person.address;
+	return os;
+}
+
+#endif