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Iris Series: Visualize Math -- From Arithmetic Basics to Machine Learning
2025-02-01 17:06:45 +08:00
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###############
# Authored by Weisheng Jiang
# Book 4 | From Basic Arithmetic to Machine Learning
# Published and copyrighted by Tsinghua University Press
# Beijing, China, 2025
###############
import plotly.graph_objects as go
import numpy as np
from plotly.subplots import make_subplots
import streamlit as st
# 定义一个函数用于返回LaTeX格式的bmatrix
def bmatrix(a):
"""返回LaTeX bmatrix
:a: numpy数组
:returns: 作为字符串的LaTeX bmatrix
"""
if len(a.shape) > 2:
raise ValueError('bmatrix最多只能显示二维数组')
lines = str(a).replace('[', '').replace(']', '').splitlines()
rv = [r'\begin{bmatrix}']
rv += [' ' + ' & '.join(l.split()) + r'\\' for l in lines]
rv += [r'\end{bmatrix}']
return '\n'.join(rv)
# 设置网格的范围
n = m = 20
# 创建一个具有两个子图的图表
fig = make_subplots(rows=1, cols=2, horizontal_spacing=0.035)
# 初始化垂直线的x和y坐标列表
xv = []
yv = []
# 添加垂直线的坐标
for k in range(-n, n + 1):
xv.extend([k, k, np.nan])
yv.extend([-m, m, np.nan])
# 设置线宽
lw = 1
# 添加垂直线到图表
fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(x=xv, y=yv, mode="lines", line_width=lw,
line_color='red'), 1, 1)
# 初始化水平线的x和y坐标列表
xh = []
yh = []
# 添加水平线的坐标
for k in range(-m, m + 1):
xh.extend([-m, m, np.nan])
yh.extend([k, k, np.nan])
fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(x=xh, y=yh, mode="lines", line_width=lw,
line_color='blue'), 1, 1)
# 在侧边栏中添加滑块控件
with st.sidebar:
# 显示LaTeX矩阵
st.latex(r'''
A = \begin{bmatrix}
a & b\\
c & d
\end{bmatrix}''')
# 添加矩阵A的参数滑块
a = st.slider('a', -2.0, 2.0, step=0.1, value=1.0)
b = st.slider('b', -2.0, 2.0, step=0.1, value=0.0)
c = st.slider('c', -2.0, 2.0, step=0.1, value=0.0)
d = st.slider('d', -2.0, 2.0, step=0.1, value=1.0)
# 定义旋转角度
theta = np.pi / 6
# 定义矩阵A
A = np.array([[a, b],
[c, d]], dtype=float)
# 将垂直线的坐标转换为NumPy数组
X = np.array(xv)
Y = np.array(yv)
# 通过矩阵A变换垂直线的坐标
Txvyv = A @ np.stack((X, Y))
# 将水平线的坐标转换为NumPy数组
X = np.array(xh)
Y = np.array(yh)
# 通过矩阵A变换水平线的坐标
Txhyh = A @ np.stack((X, Y))
# 显示矩阵A的LaTeX格式
st.latex(bmatrix(A))
# 提取矩阵A的列向量
a1 = A[:, 0].reshape((-1, 1))
a2 = A[:, 1].reshape((-1, 1))
# 显示列向量的LaTeX表达式
st.latex(r'''
a_1 = Ae_1 = ''' + bmatrix(A) +
'e_1 = ' + bmatrix(a1)
)
st.latex(r'''
a_2 = Ae_2 = ''' + bmatrix(A) +
'e_2 = ' + bmatrix(a2)
)
# 添加变换后的垂直线到图表
fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(x=Txvyv[0], y=Txvyv[1],
mode="lines", line_width=lw,
line_color='red'), 1, 2)
# 添加变换后的水平线到图表
fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(x=Txhyh[0], y=Txhyh[1],
mode="lines", line_width=lw,
line_color='blue'), 1, 2)
# 设置x轴和y轴的范围
fig.update_xaxes(range=[-4, 4])
fig.update_yaxes(range=[-4, 4])
# 设置图表的布局和样式
fig.update_layout(width=800, height=500, showlegend=False, template="none",
plot_bgcolor="white", yaxis2_showgrid=False, xaxis2_showgrid=False)
# 在Streamlit应用中显示图表
st.plotly_chart(fig)

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###############
# Authored by Weisheng Jiang
# Book 4 | From Basic Arithmetic to Machine Learning
# Published and copyrighted by Tsinghua University Press
# Beijing, China, 2025
###############
import pandas as pd
import plotly.graph_objs as go
import streamlit as st
import numpy as np
# 使用 Streamlit 的侧边栏设置滑块,用于选择每个维度的数据点数量
with st.sidebar:
num = st.slider('Number of points for each dimension', # 滑块标题
max_value=20, # 最大值为20
min_value=10, # 最小值为10
step=1) # 步长为1
# 生成从0到1均匀分布的线性空间数据点
x1 = np.linspace(0, 1, num)
x2 = x1 # x2 和 x1 相同
x3 = x1 # x3 和 x1 相同
# 生成三维网格,用于三维坐标的组合
xx1, xx2, xx3 = np.meshgrid(x1, x2, x3)
# 将网格展开为一维数组
x1_ = xx1.ravel()
x2_ = xx2.ravel()
x3_ = xx3.ravel()
# 创建一个 Pandas DataFrame存储三维坐标和对应的RGB颜色分量
df = pd.DataFrame({'X': x1_, # x 坐标
'Y': x2_, # y 坐标
'Z': x3_, # z 坐标
'R': (x1_ * 256).round(), # R 通道值
'G': (x2_ * 256).round(), # G 通道值
'B': (x3_ * 256).round()}) # B 通道值
# 创建 3D 散点图的跟踪对象
trace = go.Scatter3d(
x=df.X, # x 轴数据
y=df.Y, # y 轴数据
z=df.Z, # z 轴数据
mode='markers', # 数据点的显示模式为散点
marker=dict(
size=3, # 数据点的大小
color=['rgb({},{},{})'.format(r, g, b) # 将 RGB 分量转换为颜色字符串
for r, g, b in zip(df.R.values, df.G.values, df.B.values)],
opacity=0.9, # 数据点的不透明度
)
)
# 将散点图添加到数据列表中
data = [trace]
# 定义 3D 图的布局,包括坐标轴和边距
layout = go.Layout(
margin=dict(l=0, r=0, b=0, t=0), # 图形边距设置为0
scene=dict(
xaxis=dict(title='e_1'), # x 轴标题
yaxis=dict(title='e_2'), # y 轴标题
zaxis=dict(title='e_3'), # z 轴标题
),
)
# 创建包含数据和布局的图表对象
fig = go.Figure(data=data, layout=layout)
# 使用 Streamlit 显示图表
st.plotly_chart(fig)