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<title>Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities · 6.S081 All-In-One</title>
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<body>
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<div class="book">
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<div class="book-summary">
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<input type="text" placeholder="Type to search" />
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</div>
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<nav role="navigation">
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<ul class="summary">
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<li class="header">概述</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="../../">
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<a href="../../">
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课程介绍
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="header">文档翻译</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/summary.html">
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||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/summary.html">
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book-riscv-rev1
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</a>
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|
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|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s0.html">
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||
|
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<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s0.html">
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第一章 操作系统接口
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</a>
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|
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||
<ul class="articles">
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||
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|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.1" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s1.html">
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||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s1.html">
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||
|
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1.1 进程和内存
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||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.2" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s2.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s2.html">
|
||
|
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|
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1.2 I/O和文件描述符
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||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.3" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s3.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s3.html">
|
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|
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|
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1.3 管道
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|
||
</a>
|
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|
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|
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</li>
|
||
|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.4" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s4.html">
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||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s4.html">
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|
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|
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1.4 文件系统
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||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.5" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s5.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s5.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
1.5 真实世界
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||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
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||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.6" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s6.html">
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||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s6.html">
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||
|
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|
||
1.6 练习
|
||
|
||
</a>
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|
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|
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|
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</li>
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||
|
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|
||
</ul>
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||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s0.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s0.html">
|
||
|
||
|
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第二章 操作系统架构
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||
|
||
</a>
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|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.1" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s1.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s1.html">
|
||
|
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|
||
2.1 抽象系统资源
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.2" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s2.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s2.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.3" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s3.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s3.html">
|
||
|
||
|
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2.3 内核组织
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.4" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s4.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s4.html">
|
||
|
||
|
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2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.5" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s5.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s5.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
2.5 进程概述
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.6" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s6.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s6.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.7" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s7.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s7.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
2.7 真实世界
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.8" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s8.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s8.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
2.8 练习
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s0.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s0.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
第三章 页表
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s1.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s1.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s2.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s2.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s3.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s3.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s4.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s4.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s5.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s5.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s6.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s6.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s7.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s7.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s8.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s8.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s9.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s9.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.9 真实世界
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s10.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s10.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.10 练习
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s0.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s0.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s1.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s1.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s2.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s2.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s3.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s3.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.4" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s4.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s4.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.4 系统调用参数
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.5" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s5.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s5.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.5 从内核空间陷入
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.6" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s6.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s6.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.6 页面错误异常
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.7" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s7.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s7.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.7 真实世界
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.8" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s8.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s8.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.8 练习
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="header">实验记录</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="../use_git/git1.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../use_git/git1.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
版本控制
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="summary.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="summary.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
实验内容
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter active" data-level="3.2.1" data-path="lab1.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="lab1.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="divider"></li>
|
||
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="https://www.gitbook.com" target="blank" class="gitbook-link">
|
||
Published with GitBook
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="book-body">
|
||
|
||
<div class="body-inner">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="book-header" role="navigation">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Title -->
|
||
<h1>
|
||
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
|
||
<a href="../.." >Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities</a>
|
||
</h1>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="page-wrapper" tabindex="-1" role="main">
|
||
<div class="page-inner">
|
||
|
||
<div id="book-search-results">
|
||
<div class="search-noresults">
|
||
|
||
<section class="normal markdown-section">
|
||
|
||
<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#lab1-xv6-and-unix-utilities"><b></b>Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities</a></li><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#实验任务"><b></b>实验任务</a></li><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#启动xv6难度：easy"><b></b>启动xv6(难度：Easy)</a></li><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#sleep难度：easy"><b></b>sleep(难度：Easy)</a></li><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#pingpong（难度：easy）"><b></b>pingpong（难度：Easy）</a></li><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#primes素数，难度：moderatehard"><b></b>Primes(素数，难度：Moderate/Hard)</a></li><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#find（难度：moderate）"><b></b>find（难度：Moderate）</a></li><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#xargs（难度：moderate）"><b></b>xargs（难度：Moderate）</a></li></ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#提交实验"><b></b>提交实验</a></li><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#可选的挑战练习"><b></b>可选的挑战练习</a></li></ul></div><a href="#lab1-xv6-and-unix-utilities" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="lab1-xv6-and-unix-utilities"><a name="lab1-xv6-and-unix-utilities" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#lab1-xv6-and-unix-utilities"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities</h1>
|
||
<h1 id="实验任务"><a name="实验任务" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#实验任务"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>实验任务</h1>
|
||
<h2 id="启动xv6难度：easy"><a name="启动xv6难度：easy" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#启动xv6难度：easy"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>启动xv6(难度：Easy)</h2>
|
||
<p>获取实验室的xv6源代码并切换到util分支</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ git clone git://g.csail.mit.edu/xv6-labs-2020
|
||
Cloning into 'xv6-labs-2020'...
|
||
...
|
||
$ cd xv6-labs-2020
|
||
$ git checkout util
|
||
Branch 'util' set up to track remote branch 'util' from 'origin'.
|
||
Switched to a new branch 'util'
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Xv6-labs-2020存储库与本书的xv6-riscv稍有不同;它主要添加一些文件。如果你好奇的话，可以执行<code>git log</code>:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ git log
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>您将需要使用Git版本控制系统管理和提交文件以及后续的实验室作业。接下来，切换到一个分支(执行<code>git checkout util</code>)，其中包含针对该实验室定制的xv6版本。要了解关于Git的更多信息，请查看Git用户手册。Git允许您跟踪对代码所做的更改。例如，如果你完成了其中一个练习，并且想检查你的进度，你可以通过运行以下命令来提交你的变化:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ git commit -am 'my solution for util lab exercise 1'
|
||
Created commit 60d2135: my solution for util lab exercise 1
|
||
1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
|
||
$
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>您可以使用<code>git diff</code>命令跟踪您的更改。运行<code>git diff</code>将显示自上次提交以来对代码的更改，<code>git diff origin/util</code>将显示相对于初始xv6-labs-2020代码的更改。这里，<strong><em>origin/xv6-labs-2020</em></strong>是git分支的名称，它是包含您下载的初始代码分支。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>构建并运行xv6</strong></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ make qemu
|
||
riscv64-unknown-elf-gcc -c -o kernel/entry.o kernel/entry.S
|
||
riscv64-unknown-elf-gcc -Wall -Werror -O -fno-omit-frame-pointer -ggdb -DSOL_UTIL -MD -mcmodel=medany -ffreestanding -fno-common -nostdlib -mno-relax -I. -fno-stack-protector -fno-pie -no-pie -c -o kernel/start.o kernel/start.c
|
||
...
|
||
riscv64-unknown-elf-ld -z max-page-size=4096 -N -e main -Ttext 0 -o user/_zombie user/zombie.o user/ulib.o user/usys.o user/printf.o user/umalloc.o
|
||
riscv64-unknown-elf-objdump -S user/_zombie > user/zombie.asm
|
||
riscv64-unknown-elf-objdump -t user/_zombie | sed '1,/SYMBOL TABLE/d; s/ .* / /; /^$/d' > user/zombie.sym
|
||
mkfs/mkfs fs.img README user/xargstest.sh user/_cat user/_echo user/_forktest user/_grep user/_init user/_kill user/_ln user/_ls user/_mkdir user/_rm user/_sh user/_stressfs user/_usertests user/_grind user/_wc user/_zombie
|
||
nmeta 46 (boot, super, log blocks 30 inode blocks 13, bitmap blocks 1) blocks 954 total 1000
|
||
balloc: first 591 blocks have been allocated
|
||
balloc: write bitmap block at sector 45
|
||
qemu-system-riscv64 -machine virt -bios none -kernel kernel/kernel -m 128M -smp 3 -nographic -drive file=fs.img,if=none,format=raw,id=x0 -device virtio-blk-device,drive=x0,bus=virtio-mmio-bus.0
|
||
|
||
xv6 kernel is booting
|
||
|
||
hart 2 starting
|
||
hart 1 starting
|
||
init: starting sh
|
||
$
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>如果你在提示符下输入 <code>ls</code>，你会看到类似如下的输出:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ ls
|
||
. 1 1 1024
|
||
.. 1 1 1024
|
||
README 2 2 2059
|
||
xargstest.sh 2 3 93
|
||
cat 2 4 24256
|
||
echo 2 5 23080
|
||
forktest 2 6 13272
|
||
grep 2 7 27560
|
||
init 2 8 23816
|
||
kill 2 9 23024
|
||
ln 2 10 22880
|
||
ls 2 11 26448
|
||
mkdir 2 12 23176
|
||
rm 2 13 23160
|
||
sh 2 14 41976
|
||
stressfs 2 15 24016
|
||
usertests 2 16 148456
|
||
grind 2 17 38144
|
||
wc 2 18 25344
|
||
zombie 2 19 22408
|
||
console 3 20 0
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>这些是<code>mkfs</code>在初始文件系统中包含的文件；大多数是可以运行的程序。你刚刚跑了其中一个：<code>ls</code>。</p>
|
||
<p>xv6没有<code>ps</code>命令，但是如果您键入Ctrl-p，内核将打印每个进程的信息。如果现在尝试，您将看到两行：一行用于init，另一行用于sh。</p>
|
||
<p>退出 qemu : <code>Ctrl-a x</code>。</p>
|
||
<h2 id="sleep难度：easy"><a name="sleep难度：easy" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#sleep难度：easy"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>sleep(难度：Easy)</h2>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>[!TIP|label:YOUR JOB]
|
||
<strong>实现xv6的UNIX程序</strong><code>sleep</code><strong>：您的</strong><code>sleep</code><strong>应该暂停到用户指定的计时数。一个滴答(tick)是由xv6内核定义的时间概念，即来自定时器芯片的两个中断之间的时间。您的解决方案应该在文件<em>user/sleep.c</em>中</strong></p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p><strong>提示：</strong></p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><p>在你开始编码之前，请阅读《book-riscv-rev1》的第一章</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>看看其他的一些程序（如<strong><em>/user/echo.c, /user/grep.c, /user/rm.c</em></strong>）查看如何获取传递给程序的命令行参数</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>如果用户忘记传递参数，<code>sleep</code>应该打印一条错误信息</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>命令行参数作为字符串传递; 您可以使用<code>atoi</code>将其转换为数字（详见<strong><em>/user/ulib.c</em></strong>）</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>使用系统调用<code>sleep</code></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>请参阅<strong><em>kernel/sysproc.c</em></strong>以获取实现<code>sleep</code>系统调用的xv6内核代码（查找<code>sys_sleep</code>），<strong><em>user/user.h</em></strong>提供了<code>sleep</code>的声明以便其他程序调用，用汇编程序编写的<strong><em>user/usys.S</em></strong>可以帮助<code>sleep</code>从用户区跳转到内核区。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>确保<code>main</code>函数调用<code>exit()</code>以退出程序。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>将你的<code>sleep</code>程序添加到<strong><em>Makefile</em></strong>中的<code>UPROGS</code>中；完成之后，<code>make qemu</code>将编译您的程序，并且您可以从xv6的shell运行它。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>看看Kernighan和Ritchie编著的《C程序设计语言》（第二版）来了解C语言。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>从xv6 shell运行程序：</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ make qemu
|
||
...
|
||
init: starting sh
|
||
$ sleep 10
|
||
(nothing happens for a little while)
|
||
$
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>如果程序在如上所示运行时暂停，则解决方案是正确的。运行<code>make grade</code>看看你是否真的通过了睡眠测试。</p>
|
||
<p>请注意，<code>make grade</code>运行所有测试，包括下面作业的测试。如果要对一项作业运行成绩测试，请键入（不要启动XV6，在外部终端下使用）：</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ ./grade-lab-util sleep
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>这将运行与<code>sleep</code>匹配的成绩测试。或者，您可以键入：</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ make GRADEFLAGS=sleep grade
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>效果是一样的。</p>
|
||
<h2 id="pingpong（难度：easy）"><a name="pingpong（难度：easy）" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#pingpong（难度：easy）"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>pingpong（难度：Easy）</h2>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>[!TIP|label:YOUR JOB]
|
||
<strong>编写一个使用UNIX系统调用的程序来在两个进程之间“ping-pong”一个字节，请使用两个管道，每个方向一个。父进程应该向子进程发送一个字节;子进程应该打印“<code><pid>: received ping</pid></code>”，其中<code><pid></pid></code>是进程ID，并在管道中写入字节发送给父进程，然后退出;父级应该从读取从子进程而来的字节，打印“<code><pid>: received pong</pid></code>”，然后退出。您的解决方案应该在文件<em>user/pingpong.c</em>中。</strong></p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p><strong>提示：</strong></p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><p>使用<code>pipe</code>来创造管道</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>使用<code>fork</code>创建子进程</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>使用<code>read</code>从管道中读取数据，并且使用<code>write</code>向管道中写入数据</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>使用<code>getpid</code>获取调用进程的pid</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>将程序加入到<strong><em>Makefile</em></strong>的<code>UPROGS</code></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>xv6上的用户程序有一组有限的可用库函数。您可以在<strong><em>user/user.h</em></strong>中看到可调用的程序列表；源代码（系统调用除外）位于<strong><em>user/ulib.c</em></strong>、<strong><em>user/printf.c</em></strong>和<strong><em>user/umalloc.c</em></strong>中。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>运行程序应得到下面的输出</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ make qemu
|
||
...
|
||
init: starting sh
|
||
$ pingpong
|
||
4: received ping
|
||
3: received pong
|
||
$
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>如果您的程序在两个进程之间交换一个字节并产生如上所示的输出，那么您的解决方案是正确的。</p>
|
||
<h2 id="primes素数，难度：moderatehard"><a name="primes素数，难度：moderatehard" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#primes素数，难度：moderatehard"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>Primes(素数，难度：Moderate/Hard)</h2>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>[!TIP|label:YOUR JOB]
|
||
<strong>使用管道编写</strong><code>prime sieve</code><strong>(筛选素数)的并发版本。这个想法是由Unix管道的发明者Doug McIlroy提出的。请查看<a href="http://swtch.com/~rsc/thread/" target="_blank">这个网站</a>(翻译在下面)，该网页中间的图片和周围的文字解释了如何做到这一点。您的解决方案应该在<em>user/primes.c</em>文件中。</strong></p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>您的目标是使用<code>pipe</code>和<code>fork</code>来设置管道。第一个进程将数字2到35输入管道。对于每个素数，您将安排创建一个进程，该进程通过一个管道从其左邻居读取数据，并通过另一个管道向其右邻居写入数据。由于xv6的文件描述符和进程数量有限，因此第一个进程可以在35处停止。</p>
|
||
<p><strong>提示：</strong></p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><p>请仔细关闭进程不需要的文件描述符，否则您的程序将在第一个进程达到35之前就会导致xv6系统资源不足。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>一旦第一个进程达到35，它应该使用<code>wait</code>等待整个管道终止，包括所有子孙进程等等。因此，主<code>primes</code>进程应该只在打印完所有输出之后，并且在所有其他<code>primes</code>进程退出之后退出。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>提示：当管道的<code>write</code>端关闭时，<code>read</code>返回零。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>最简单的方法是直接将32位（4字节）int写入管道，而不是使用格式化的ASCII I/O。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>您应该仅在需要时在管线中创建进程。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>将程序添加到<strong><em>Makefile</em></strong>中的<code>UPROGS</code></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>如果您的解决方案实现了基于管道的筛选并产生以下输出，则是正确的：</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ make qemu
|
||
...
|
||
init: starting sh
|
||
$ primes
|
||
prime 2
|
||
prime 3
|
||
prime 5
|
||
prime 7
|
||
prime 11
|
||
prime 13
|
||
prime 17
|
||
prime 19
|
||
prime 23
|
||
prime 29
|
||
prime 31
|
||
$
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p><strong>参考资料翻译：</strong></p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>考虑所有小于1000的素数的生成。Eratosthenes的筛选法可以通过执行以下伪代码的进程管线来模拟：</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<pre><code class="lang-c">p = get a number from left neighbor
|
||
print p
|
||
=loop:
|
||
n = get a number from left neighbor
|
||
if (p does not divide n)
|
||
send n to right neighbor
|
||
p = 从左邻居中获取一个数
|
||
print p
|
||
loop:
|
||
n = 从左邻居中获取一个数
|
||
if (n不能被p整除)
|
||
将n发送给右邻居
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p><img src="images/p1.png" alt="img"></p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>生成进程可以将数字2、3、4、…、1000输入管道的左端：行中的第一个进程消除2的倍数，第二个进程消除3的倍数，第三个进程消除5的倍数，依此类推。</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<h2 id="find（难度：moderate）"><a name="find（难度：moderate）" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#find（难度：moderate）"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>find（难度：Moderate）</h2>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>[!TIP|label:YOUR JOB]
|
||
<strong>写一个简化版本的UNIX的<code>find</code>程序：查找目录树中具有特定名称的所有文件，你的解决方案应该放在<em>user/find.c</em></strong></p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>提示：</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>查看<strong><em>user/ls.c</em></strong>文件学习如何读取目录</li>
|
||
<li>使用递归允许<code>find</code>下降到子目录中</li>
|
||
<li>不要在“<code>.</code>”和“<code>..</code>”目录中递归</li>
|
||
<li>对文件系统的更改会在qemu的运行过程中一直保持；要获得一个干净的文件系统，请运行<code>make clean</code>，然后<code>make qemu</code></li>
|
||
<li>你将会使用到C语言的字符串，要学习它请看《C程序设计语言》（K&R）,例如第5.5节</li>
|
||
<li>注意在C语言中不能像python一样使用“<code>==</code>”对字符串进行比较，而应当使用<code>strcmp()</code></li>
|
||
<li>将程序加入到Makefile的<code>UPROGS</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>如果你的程序输出下面的内容，那么它是正确的（当文件系统中包含文件<strong><em>b</em></strong>和<strong><em>a/b</em></strong>的时候）</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ make qemu
|
||
...
|
||
init: starting sh
|
||
$ echo > b
|
||
$ mkdir a
|
||
$ echo > a/b
|
||
$ find . b
|
||
./b
|
||
./a/b
|
||
$
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<h2 id="xargs（难度：moderate）"><a name="xargs（难度：moderate）" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#xargs（难度：moderate）"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>xargs（难度：Moderate）</h2>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>[!TIP|label:YOUR JOB]
|
||
编写一个简化版UNIX的<code>xargs</code>程序：它从标准输入中按行读取，并且为每一行执行一个命令，将行作为参数提供给命令。你的解决方案应该在<strong><em>user/xargs.c</em></strong></p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>下面的例子解释了<code>xargs</code>的行为</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ echo hello too | xargs echo bye
|
||
bye hello too
|
||
$
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>注意，这里的命令是<code>echo bye</code>，额外的参数是<code>hello too</code>，这样就组成了命令<code>echo bye hello too</code>，此命令输出<code>bye hello too</code></p>
|
||
<p>请注意，UNIX上的<code>xargs</code>进行了优化，一次可以向该命令提供更多的参数。 我们不需要您进行此优化。 要使UNIX上的<code>xargs</code>表现出本实验所实现的方式，请将<code>-n</code>选项设置为1。例如</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ echo "1\n2" | xargs -n 1 echo line
|
||
line 1
|
||
line 2
|
||
$
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p><strong>提示：</strong></p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>使用<code>fork</code>和<code>exec</code>对每行输入调用命令，在父进程中使用<code>wait</code>等待子进程完成命令。</li>
|
||
<li>要读取单个输入行，请一次读取一个字符，直到出现换行符（'\n'）。</li>
|
||
<li><strong><em>kernel/param.h</em></strong>声明<code>MAXARG</code>，如果需要声明<code>argv</code>数组，这可能很有用。</li>
|
||
<li>将程序添加到<strong><em>Makefile</em></strong>中的<code>UPROGS</code>。</li>
|
||
<li>对文件系统的更改会在qemu的运行过程中保持不变；要获得一个干净的文件系统，请运行<code>make clean</code>，然后<code>make qemu</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p><code>xargs</code>、<code>find</code>和<code>grep</code>结合得很好</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ find . b | xargs grep hello
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>将对“<code>.</code>”下面的目录中名为<strong><em>b</em></strong>的每个文件运行<code>grep hello</code>。</p>
|
||
<p>要测试您的<code>xargs</code>方案是否正确，请运行shell脚本<strong><em>xargstest.sh</em></strong>。如果您的解决方案产生以下输出，则是正确的：</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ make qemu
|
||
...
|
||
init: starting sh
|
||
$ sh < xargstest.sh
|
||
$ $ $ $ $ $ hello
|
||
hello
|
||
hello
|
||
$ $
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>你可能不得不回去修复你的<code>find</code>程序中的bug。输出有许多<code>$</code>，因为xv6 shell没有意识到它正在处理来自文件而不是控制台的命令，并为文件中的每个命令打印<code>$</code>。</p>
|
||
<h1 id="提交实验"><a name="提交实验" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#提交实验"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>提交实验</h1>
|
||
<p><strong>这就完成了实验</strong>。确保你通过了所有的成绩测试。如果这个实验有问题，别忘了把你的答案写在<strong><em>answers-lab-name.txt</em></strong>中<strong><em>。</em></strong>提交你的更改（包括<strong><em>answers-lab-name.txt</em></strong>），然后在实验目录中键入<code>make handin</code>以提交实验。</p>
|
||
<p><strong>花费的时间</strong></p>
|
||
<p>创建一个命名为<strong><em>time.txt</em></strong>的新文件，并在其中输入一个整数，即您在实验室花费的小时数。不要忘记<code>git add</code>和<code>git commit</code>文件。</p>
|
||
<p><strong>提交</strong></p>
|
||
<p>你将使用<strong><a href="https://6828.scripts.mit.edu/2020/handin.py/" target="_blank">提交网站</a></strong>提交作业。您需要从提交网站请求一次API密钥，然后才能提交任何作业或实验。</p>
|
||
<p>将最终更改提交到实验后，键入<code>make handin</code>以提交实验。</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ git commit -am "ready to submit my lab"
|
||
[util c2e3c8b] ready to submit my lab
|
||
2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
|
||
|
||
$ make handin
|
||
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
|
||
Get an API key for yourself by visiting https://6828.scripts.mit.edu/2020/handin.py/
|
||
Please enter your API key: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
|
||
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
|
||
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
|
||
100 79258 100 239 100 79019 853 275k --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 276k
|
||
$
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p><code>make handin</code>将把你的API密钥存储在<strong><em>myapi.key</em></strong>中。如果需要更改API密钥，只需删除此文件并让<code>make handin</code>再次生成它(<strong><em>myapi.key</em></strong>不得包含换行符）。</p>
|
||
<p>如果你运行了<code>make handin</code>，并且你有未提交的更改或未跟踪的文件，则会看到类似于以下内容的输出：</p>
|
||
<pre><code> M hello.c
|
||
?? bar.c
|
||
?? foo.pyc
|
||
Untracked files will not be handed in. Continue? [y/N]
|
||
</code></pre><p>检查上述行，确保跟踪了您的实验解决方案所需的所有文件，即以??开头的行中所显示的文件。您可以使用<code>git add filename</code>命令使git追踪创建的新文件。</p>
|
||
<p>如果<code>make handin</code>无法正常工作，请尝试使用curl或Git命令修复该问题。或者你可以运行<code>make tarball</code>。这将为您制作一个tar文件，然后您可以通过我们的web界面上传。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>请运行“<code>make grade</code>”以确保您的代码通过所有测试</li>
|
||
<li>在运行“<code>make handin</code>”之前提交任何修改过的源代码`</li>
|
||
<li>您可以检查提交的状态，并在以下位置下载提交的代码：<a href="https://6828.scripts.mit.edu/2020/handin.py/" target="_blank">https://6828.scripts.mit.edu/2020/handin.py/</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h1 id="可选的挑战练习"><a name="可选的挑战练习" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#可选的挑战练习"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>可选的挑战练习</h1>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><p>编写一个<code>uptime</code>程序，使用<code>uptime</code>系统调用以滴答为单位打印计算机正常运行时间。（easy）</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>在<code>find</code>程序的名称匹配中支持正则表达式。<strong><em>grep.c</em></strong>对正则表达式有一些基本的支持。（easy）</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>xv6 shell（<strong><em>user/sh.c</em></strong>）只是另一个用户程序，您可以对其进行改进。它是一个最小的shell，缺少建立在真实shell中的许多特性。例如，</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>在处理<strong>文件中的</strong>shell命令时，将shell修改为不打印$（moderate）</li>
|
||
<li>将shell修改为支持<code>wait</code>（easy）</li>
|
||
<li>将shell修改为支持用“<code>;</code>”分隔的命令列表（moderate）</li>
|
||
<li>通过实现左括号“<code>(</code>” 以及右括号“<code>)</code>”来修改shell以支持子shell（moderate）</li>
|
||
<li>将shell修改为支持<code>tab</code>键补全（easy）</li>
|
||
<li>修改shell使其支持命令历史记录（moderate）</li>
|
||
<li>或者您希望shell执行的任何其他操作。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>如果您非常雄心勃勃，可能需要修改内核以支持所需的内核特性；xv6支持的并不多。 </p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<footer class="page-footer"><span class="copyright">copyright by duguosheng all right reserved，powered by Gitbook</span><span class="footer-modification">该文件修订时间：
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