Retranslate the complete English edition from Simplified Chinese (#2010)

* Retranslate the complete English edition from Simplified Chinese

* Polish three English explanations after reader-focused review
This commit is contained in:
Yudong Jin
2026-10-31 03:35:51 +08:00
committed by GitHub
parent ef46e2ed95
commit 14c314c08c
1502 changed files with 29459 additions and 23517 deletions

View File

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ package chapter_tree;
import utils.*;
import java.util.*;
/* Binary tree class represented by array */
/* Binary tree class using an array representation */
class ArrayBinaryTree {
private List<Integer> tree;
@@ -18,30 +18,30 @@ class ArrayBinaryTree {
tree = new ArrayList<>(arr);
}
/* List capacity */
/* List size */
public int size() {
return tree.size();
}
/* Get value of node at index i */
/* Get the value of the node at index i */
public Integer val(int i) {
// If index out of bounds, return null to represent empty position
// If the index is out of bounds, return null to represent an empty position
if (i < 0 || i >= size())
return null;
return tree.get(i);
}
/* Get index of left child node of node at index i */
/* Get the left child index of the node at index i */
public Integer left(int i) {
return 2 * i + 1;
}
/* Get index of right child node of node at index i */
/* Get the right child index of the node at index i */
public Integer right(int i) {
return 2 * i + 2;
}
/* Get index of parent node of node at index i */
/* Get the parent index of the node at index i */
public Integer parent(int i) {
return (i - 1) / 2;
}
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class ArrayBinaryTree {
/* Level-order traversal */
public List<Integer> levelOrder() {
List<Integer> res = new ArrayList<>();
// Traverse array directly
// Traverse the array directly
for (int i = 0; i < size(); i++) {
if (val(i) != null)
res.add(val(i));
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class ArrayBinaryTree {
/* Depth-first traversal */
private void dfs(Integer i, String order, List<Integer> res) {
// If empty position, return
// Return if this position is empty
if (val(i) == null)
return;
// Preorder traversal
@@ -99,38 +99,38 @@ class ArrayBinaryTree {
public class array_binary_tree {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Initialize binary tree
// Here we use a function to generate a binary tree directly from an array
// Initialize the binary tree
// Use a helper function that builds a binary tree directly from an array
List<Integer> arr = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, null, 6, 7, 8, 9, null, null, 12, null, null, 15);
TreeNode root = TreeNode.listToTree(arr);
System.out.println("\nInitialize binary tree\n");
System.out.println("Array representation of binary tree:");
System.out.println("\nInitialize the binary tree\n");
System.out.println("Array representation of the binary tree:");
System.out.println(arr);
System.out.println("Linked list representation of binary tree:");
System.out.println("Linked representation of the binary tree:");
PrintUtil.printTree(root);
// Binary tree class represented by array
// Binary tree class using an array representation
ArrayBinaryTree abt = new ArrayBinaryTree(arr);
// Access node
// Access a node
int i = 1;
Integer l = abt.left(i);
Integer r = abt.right(i);
Integer p = abt.parent(i);
System.out.println("\nCurrent node index is " + i + ", value is " + abt.val(i));
System.out.println("Its left child node index is " + l + ", value is " + (l == null ? "null" : abt.val(l)));
System.out.println("Its right child node index is " + r + ", value is " + (r == null ? "null" : abt.val(r)));
System.out.println("Its parent node index is " + p + ", value is " + (p == null ? "null" : abt.val(p)));
System.out.println("\nCurrent node index: " + i + " with value " + abt.val(i));
System.out.println("Left child index: " + l + " with value " + (l == null ? "null" : abt.val(l)));
System.out.println("Right child index: " + r + " with value " + (r == null ? "null" : abt.val(r)));
System.out.println("Parent index: " + p + " with value " + (p == null ? "null" : abt.val(p)));
// Traverse tree
// Traverse the tree
List<Integer> res = abt.levelOrder();
System.out.println("\nLevel-order traversal is:" + res);
System.out.println("\nLevel-order traversal:" + res);
res = abt.preOrder();
System.out.println("Preorder traversal is:" + res);
System.out.println("Preorder traversal:" + res);
res = abt.inOrder();
System.out.println("Inorder traversal is:" + res);
System.out.println("Inorder traversal:" + res);
res = abt.postOrder();
System.out.println("Postorder traversal is:" + res);
System.out.println("Postorder traversal:" + res);
}
}

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@@ -12,118 +12,118 @@ import utils.*;
class AVLTree {
TreeNode root; // Root node
/* Get node height */
/* Get the node height */
public int height(TreeNode node) {
// Empty node height is -1, leaf node height is 0
// A null node has height -1; a leaf has height 0
return node == null ? -1 : node.height;
}
/* Update node height */
/* Update the node height */
private void updateHeight(TreeNode node) {
// Node height equals the height of the tallest subtree + 1
// The node height equals the height of its taller subtree + 1
node.height = Math.max(height(node.left), height(node.right)) + 1;
}
/* Get balance factor */
/* Get the balance factor */
public int balanceFactor(TreeNode node) {
// Empty node balance factor is 0
// A null node has balance factor 0
if (node == null)
return 0;
// Node balance factor = left subtree height - right subtree height
return height(node.left) - height(node.right);
}
/* Right rotation operation */
/* Right rotation */
private TreeNode rightRotate(TreeNode node) {
TreeNode child = node.left;
TreeNode grandChild = child.right;
// Using child as pivot, rotate node to the right
// Rotate node to the right around child
child.right = node;
node.left = grandChild;
// Update node height
// Update the node height
updateHeight(node);
updateHeight(child);
// Return root node of subtree after rotation
// Return the root of the rotated subtree
return child;
}
/* Left rotation operation */
/* Left rotation */
private TreeNode leftRotate(TreeNode node) {
TreeNode child = node.right;
TreeNode grandChild = child.left;
// Using child as pivot, rotate node to the left
// Rotate node to the left around child
child.left = node;
node.right = grandChild;
// Update node height
// Update the node height
updateHeight(node);
updateHeight(child);
// Return root node of subtree after rotation
// Return the root of the rotated subtree
return child;
}
/* Perform rotation operation to restore balance to this subtree */
/* Perform rotations to restore balance in this subtree */
private TreeNode rotate(TreeNode node) {
// Get balance factor of node
// Get the balance factor of node
int balanceFactor = balanceFactor(node);
// Left-leaning tree
// Left-heavy tree
if (balanceFactor > 1) {
if (balanceFactor(node.left) >= 0) {
// Right rotation
// Rotate right
return rightRotate(node);
} else {
// First left rotation then right rotation
// Rotate left, then right
node.left = leftRotate(node.left);
return rightRotate(node);
}
}
// Right-leaning tree
// Right-heavy tree
if (balanceFactor < -1) {
if (balanceFactor(node.right) <= 0) {
// Left rotation
// Rotate left
return leftRotate(node);
} else {
// First right rotation then left rotation
// Rotate right, then left
node.right = rightRotate(node.right);
return leftRotate(node);
}
}
// Balanced tree, no rotation needed, return directly
// The tree is balanced; return without rotating
return node;
}
/* Insert node */
/* Insert a node */
public void insert(int val) {
root = insertHelper(root, val);
}
/* Recursively insert node (helper method) */
/* Insert a node recursively (helper method) */
private TreeNode insertHelper(TreeNode node, int val) {
if (node == null)
return new TreeNode(val);
/* 1. Find insertion position and insert node */
/* 1. Find the insertion position and insert the node */
if (val < node.val)
node.left = insertHelper(node.left, val);
else if (val > node.val)
node.right = insertHelper(node.right, val);
else
return node; // Duplicate node not inserted, return directly
updateHeight(node); // Update node height
/* 2. Perform rotation operation to restore balance to this subtree */
return node; // Return without inserting a duplicate node
updateHeight(node); // Update the node height
/* 2. Perform rotations to restore balance in this subtree */
node = rotate(node);
// Return root node of subtree
// Return the subtree root
return node;
}
/* Remove node */
/* Remove a node */
public void remove(int val) {
root = removeHelper(root, val);
}
/* Recursively delete node (helper method) */
/* Remove a node recursively (helper method) */
private TreeNode removeHelper(TreeNode node, int val) {
if (node == null)
return null;
/* 1. Find node and delete */
/* 1. Find and remove the node */
if (val < node.val)
node.left = removeHelper(node.left, val);
else if (val > node.val)
@@ -131,14 +131,14 @@ class AVLTree {
else {
if (node.left == null || node.right == null) {
TreeNode child = node.left != null ? node.left : node.right;
// Number of child nodes = 0, delete node directly and return
// Number of children = 0: remove node and return
if (child == null)
return null;
// Number of child nodes = 1, delete node directly
// Number of children = 1: remove node directly
else
node = child;
} else {
// Number of child nodes = 2, delete the next node in inorder traversal and replace current node with it
// Number of children = 2: remove the inorder successor and use its value to replace the current node value
TreeNode temp = node.right;
while (temp.left != null) {
temp = temp.left;
@@ -147,29 +147,29 @@ class AVLTree {
node.val = temp.val;
}
}
updateHeight(node); // Update node height
/* 2. Perform rotation operation to restore balance to this subtree */
updateHeight(node); // Update the node height
/* 2. Perform rotations to restore balance in this subtree */
node = rotate(node);
// Return root node of subtree
// Return the subtree root
return node;
}
/* Search node */
/* Find a node */
public TreeNode search(int val) {
TreeNode cur = root;
// Loop search, exit after passing leaf node
// Search in a loop until reaching a null reference beyond a leaf
while (cur != null) {
// Target node is in cur's right subtree
// The target node lies in the right subtree of cur
if (cur.val < val)
cur = cur.right;
// Target node is in cur's left subtree
// The target node lies in the left subtree of cur
else if (cur.val > val)
cur = cur.left;
// Found target node, exit loop
// The target node was found; exit the loop
else
break;
}
// Return target node
// Return the target node
return cur;
}
}
@@ -177,22 +177,22 @@ class AVLTree {
public class avl_tree {
static void testInsert(AVLTree tree, int val) {
tree.insert(val);
System.out.println("\nAfter inserting node " + val + ", AVL tree is");
System.out.println("\nAfter inserting node " + val + " the AVL tree is:");
PrintUtil.printTree(tree.root);
}
static void testRemove(AVLTree tree, int val) {
tree.remove(val);
System.out.println("\nAfter removing node " + val + ", AVL tree is");
System.out.println("\nAfter removing node " + val + " the AVL tree is:");
PrintUtil.printTree(tree.root);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
/* Please pay attention to how the AVL tree maintains balance after inserting nodes */
/* Initialize an empty AVL tree */
AVLTree avlTree = new AVLTree();
/* Insert node */
// Delete nodes
/* Insert a node */
// Observe how the AVL tree maintains balance after a node is inserted
testInsert(avlTree, 1);
testInsert(avlTree, 2);
testInsert(avlTree, 3);
@@ -204,17 +204,17 @@ public class avl_tree {
testInsert(avlTree, 10);
testInsert(avlTree, 6);
/* Please pay attention to how the AVL tree maintains balance after deleting nodes */
/* Insert a duplicate node */
testInsert(avlTree, 7);
/* Remove node */
// Delete node with degree 1
testRemove(avlTree, 8); // Delete node with degree 2
testRemove(avlTree, 5); // Remove node with degree 1
testRemove(avlTree, 4); // Remove node with degree 2
/* Remove a node */
// Observe how the AVL tree maintains balance after a node is removed
testRemove(avlTree, 8); // Remove a node with 0 children
testRemove(avlTree, 5); // Remove a node with 1 child
testRemove(avlTree, 4); // Remove a node with 2 children
/* Search node */
/* Look up a node */
TreeNode node = avlTree.search(7);
System.out.println("\nFound node object is " + node + ", node value = " + node.val);
System.out.println("\nFound node object: " + node + ", node value = " + node.val);
}
}

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@@ -14,56 +14,56 @@ class BinarySearchTree {
/* Constructor */
public BinarySearchTree() {
// Initialize empty tree
// Initialize an empty tree
root = null;
}
/* Get binary tree root node */
/* Get the root of the binary tree */
public TreeNode getRoot() {
return root;
}
/* Search node */
/* Find a node */
public TreeNode search(int num) {
TreeNode cur = root;
// Loop search, exit after passing leaf node
// Search in a loop until reaching a null reference beyond a leaf
while (cur != null) {
// Target node is in cur's right subtree
// The target node lies in the right subtree of cur
if (cur.val < num)
cur = cur.right;
// Target node is in cur's left subtree
// The target node lies in the left subtree of cur
else if (cur.val > num)
cur = cur.left;
// Found target node, exit loop
// The target node was found; exit the loop
else
break;
}
// Return target node
// Return the target node
return cur;
}
/* Insert node */
/* Insert a node */
public void insert(int num) {
// If tree is empty, initialize root node
// If the tree is empty, initialize the root node
if (root == null) {
root = new TreeNode(num);
return;
}
TreeNode cur = root, pre = null;
// Loop search, exit after passing leaf node
// Search in a loop until reaching a null reference beyond a leaf
while (cur != null) {
// Found duplicate node, return directly
// Return immediately if a duplicate node is found
if (cur.val == num)
return;
pre = cur;
// Insertion position is in cur's right subtree
// The insertion position lies in the right subtree of cur
if (cur.val < num)
cur = cur.right;
// Insertion position is in cur's left subtree
// The insertion position lies in the left subtree of cur
else
cur = cur.left;
}
// Insert node
// Insert a node
TreeNode node = new TreeNode(num);
if (pre.val < num)
pre.right = node;
@@ -71,53 +71,53 @@ class BinarySearchTree {
pre.left = node;
}
/* Remove node */
/* Remove a node */
public void remove(int num) {
// If tree is empty, return directly
// Return immediately if the tree is empty
if (root == null)
return;
TreeNode cur = root, pre = null;
// Loop search, exit after passing leaf node
// Search in a loop until reaching a null reference beyond a leaf
while (cur != null) {
// Found node to delete, exit loop
// The node to remove was found; exit the loop
if (cur.val == num)
break;
pre = cur;
// Node to delete is in cur's right subtree
// The node to remove lies in the right subtree of cur
if (cur.val < num)
cur = cur.right;
// Node to delete is in cur's left subtree
// The node to remove lies in the left subtree of cur
else
cur = cur.left;
}
// If no node to delete, return directly
// Return immediately if the node to remove does not exist
if (cur == null)
return;
// Number of child nodes = 0 or 1
// Number of children = 0 or 1
if (cur.left == null || cur.right == null) {
// When number of child nodes = 0 / 1, child = null / that child node
// With 0 / 1 children, child is null / the child node, respectively
TreeNode child = cur.left != null ? cur.left : cur.right;
// Delete node cur
// Remove node cur
if (cur != root) {
if (pre.left == cur)
pre.left = child;
else
pre.right = child;
} else {
// If deleted node is root node, reassign root node
// If the removed node is the root, assign the new root
root = child;
}
}
// Number of child nodes = 2
// Number of children = 2
else {
// Get next node of cur in inorder traversal
// Get the inorder successor of cur
TreeNode tmp = cur.right;
while (tmp.left != null) {
tmp = tmp.left;
}
// Recursively delete node tmp
// Recursively remove node tmp
remove(tmp.val);
// Replace cur with tmp
// Replace the value of cur with the value of tmp
cur.val = tmp.val;
}
}
@@ -125,34 +125,34 @@ class BinarySearchTree {
public class binary_search_tree {
public static void main(String[] args) {
/* Initialize binary search tree */
/* Initialize the binary search tree */
BinarySearchTree bst = new BinarySearchTree();
// Please note that different insertion orders will generate different binary trees, this sequence can generate a perfect binary tree
// Different insertion orders produce different binary trees; this sequence produces a perfect binary tree
int[] nums = { 8, 4, 12, 2, 6, 10, 14, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 };
for (int num : nums) {
bst.insert(num);
}
System.out.println("\nInitialized binary tree is\n");
System.out.println("\nThe initialized binary tree is:\n");
PrintUtil.printTree(bst.getRoot());
/* Search node */
/* Find a node */
TreeNode node = bst.search(7);
System.out.println("\nFound node object is " + node + ", node value = " + node.val);
System.out.println("\nFound node object: " + node + ", node value = " + node.val);
/* Insert node */
/* Insert a node */
bst.insert(16);
System.out.println("\nAfter inserting node 16, binary tree is\n");
System.out.println("\nBinary tree after inserting node 16:\n");
PrintUtil.printTree(bst.getRoot());
/* Remove node */
/* Remove a node */
bst.remove(1);
System.out.println("\nAfter removing node 1, binary tree is\n");
System.out.println("\nBinary tree after removing node 1:\n");
PrintUtil.printTree(bst.getRoot());
bst.remove(2);
System.out.println("\nAfter removing node 2, binary tree is\n");
System.out.println("\nBinary tree after removing node 2:\n");
PrintUtil.printTree(bst.getRoot());
bst.remove(4);
System.out.println("\nAfter removing node 4, binary tree is\n");
System.out.println("\nBinary tree after removing node 4:\n");
PrintUtil.printTree(bst.getRoot());
}
}

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@@ -10,31 +10,31 @@ import utils.*;
public class binary_tree {
public static void main(String[] args) {
/* Initialize binary tree */
// Initialize nodes
/* Initialize the binary tree */
// Initialize the nodes
TreeNode n1 = new TreeNode(1);
TreeNode n2 = new TreeNode(2);
TreeNode n3 = new TreeNode(3);
TreeNode n4 = new TreeNode(4);
TreeNode n5 = new TreeNode(5);
// Build references (pointers) between nodes
// Set up references (pointers) between the nodes
n1.left = n2;
n1.right = n3;
n2.left = n4;
n2.right = n5;
System.out.println("\nInitialize binary tree\n");
System.out.println("\nInitialize the binary tree\n");
PrintUtil.printTree(n1);
/* Insert node P between n1 -> n2 */
/* Insert and remove nodes */
TreeNode P = new TreeNode(0);
// Delete node
// Insert node P between n1 and n2 in n1 -> n2
n1.left = P;
P.left = n2;
System.out.println("\nAfter inserting node P\n");
System.out.println("\nAfter inserting node P:\n");
PrintUtil.printTree(n1);
// Remove node P
n1.left = n2;
System.out.println("\nAfter removing node P\n");
System.out.println("\nAfter removing node P:\n");
PrintUtil.printTree(n1);
}
}

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@@ -12,31 +12,31 @@ import java.util.*;
public class binary_tree_bfs {
/* Level-order traversal */
static List<Integer> levelOrder(TreeNode root) {
// Initialize queue, add root node
// Initialize a queue and enqueue the root
Queue<TreeNode> queue = new LinkedList<>();
queue.add(root);
// Initialize a list to save the traversal sequence
// Initialize a list to store the traversal sequence
List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
TreeNode node = queue.poll(); // Dequeue
list.add(node.val); // Save node value
TreeNode node = queue.poll(); // Dequeue from the queue
list.add(node.val); // Store the node value
if (node.left != null)
queue.offer(node.left); // Left child node enqueue
queue.offer(node.left); // Enqueue the left child
if (node.right != null)
queue.offer(node.right); // Right child node enqueue
queue.offer(node.right); // Enqueue the right child
}
return list;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
/* Initialize binary tree */
// Here we use a function to generate a binary tree directly from an array
/* Initialize the binary tree */
// Use a helper function that builds a binary tree directly from an array
TreeNode root = TreeNode.listToTree(Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7));
System.out.println("\nInitialize binary tree\n");
System.out.println("\nInitialize the binary tree\n");
PrintUtil.printTree(root);
/* Level-order traversal */
List<Integer> list = levelOrder(root);
System.out.println("\nLevel-order traversal node print sequence = " + list);
System.out.println("\nNode sequence from level-order traversal = " + list);
}
}

View File

@@ -10,14 +10,14 @@ import utils.*;
import java.util.*;
public class binary_tree_dfs {
// Initialize list for storing traversal sequence
// Initialize a list to store the traversal sequence
static ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
/* Preorder traversal */
static void preOrder(TreeNode root) {
if (root == null)
return;
// Visit priority: root node -> left subtree -> right subtree
// Visit order: root -> left subtree -> right subtree
list.add(root.val);
preOrder(root.left);
preOrder(root.right);
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ public class binary_tree_dfs {
static void inOrder(TreeNode root) {
if (root == null)
return;
// Visit priority: left subtree -> root node -> right subtree
// Visit order: left subtree -> root -> right subtree
inOrder(root.left);
list.add(root.val);
inOrder(root.right);
@@ -37,32 +37,32 @@ public class binary_tree_dfs {
static void postOrder(TreeNode root) {
if (root == null)
return;
// Visit priority: left subtree -> right subtree -> root node
// Visit order: left subtree -> right subtree -> root
postOrder(root.left);
postOrder(root.right);
list.add(root.val);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
/* Initialize binary tree */
// Here we use a function to generate a binary tree directly from an array
/* Initialize the binary tree */
// Use a helper function that builds a binary tree directly from an array
TreeNode root = TreeNode.listToTree(Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7));
System.out.println("\nInitialize binary tree\n");
System.out.println("\nInitialize the binary tree\n");
PrintUtil.printTree(root);
/* Preorder traversal */
list.clear();
preOrder(root);
System.out.println("\nPreorder traversal node print sequence = " + list);
System.out.println("\nNode sequence from preorder traversal = " + list);
/* Inorder traversal */
list.clear();
inOrder(root);
System.out.println("\nInorder traversal node print sequence = " + list);
System.out.println("\nNode sequence from inorder traversal = " + list);
/* Postorder traversal */
list.clear();
postOrder(root);
System.out.println("\nPostorder traversal node print sequence = " + list);
System.out.println("\nNode sequence from postorder traversal = " + list);
}
}