Translate all code to English (#1836)

* Review the EN heading format.

* Fix pythontutor headings.

* Fix pythontutor headings.

* bug fixes

* Fix headings in **/summary.md

* Revisit the CN-to-EN translation for Python code using Claude-4.5

* Revisit the CN-to-EN translation for Java code using Claude-4.5

* Revisit the CN-to-EN translation for Cpp code using Claude-4.5.

* Fix the dictionary.

* Fix cpp code translation for the multipart strings.

* Translate Go code to English.

* Update workflows to test EN code.

* Add EN translation for C.

* Add EN translation for CSharp.

* Add EN translation for Swift.

* Trigger the CI check.

* Revert.

* Update en/hash_map.md

* Add the EN version of Dart code.

* Add the EN version of Kotlin code.

* Add missing code files.

* Add the EN version of JavaScript code.

* Add the EN version of TypeScript code.

* Fix the workflows.

* Add the EN version of Ruby code.

* Add the EN version of Rust code.

* Update the CI check for the English version  code.

* Update Python CI check.

* Fix cmakelists for en/C code.

* Fix Ruby comments

.github/workflows/c.yml

@@ -6,10 +6,18 @@ name: C
 on:
   push:
     branches: ["main"]
-    paths: ["codes/c/**/*.c", "codes/c/**/*.h"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/c/**/*.c"
+      - "codes/c/**/*.h"
+      - "en/codes/c/**/*.c"
+      - "en/codes/c/**/*.h"
   pull_request:
     branches: ["main"]
-    paths: ["codes/c/**/*.c", "codes/c/**/*.h"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/c/**/*.c"
+      - "codes/c/**/*.h"
+      - "en/codes/c/**/*.c"
+      - "en/codes/c/**/*.h"
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
@@ -30,6 +38,7 @@ jobs:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest]
         build_type: [Release]
         c_compiler: [gcc, clang, cl]
+        code-dir: ["codes/c", "en/codes/c"]
         include:
           - os: windows-latest
             c_compiler: cl
@@ -55,18 +64,18 @@ jobs:
         # Configure CMake in a 'build' subdirectory. `CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE` is only required if you are using a single-configuration generator such as make.
         # See https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/variable/CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE.html?highlight=cmake_build_type
         run: >
-          cmake -B ${{ github.workspace }}/codes/c/build
+          cmake -B ${{ github.workspace }}/${{ matrix.code-dir }}/build
           -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=${{ matrix.cpp_compiler }}
           -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=${{ matrix.c_compiler }}
           -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${{ matrix.build_type }}
-          -S ${{ github.workspace }}/codes/c
+          -S ${{ github.workspace }}/${{ matrix.code-dir }}
 
       - name: Build
         # Build your program with the given configuration. Note that --config is needed because the default Windows generator is a multi-config generator (Visual Studio generator).
-        run: cmake --build ${{ github.workspace }}/codes/c/build --config ${{ matrix.build_type }}
+        run: cmake --build ${{ github.workspace }}/${{ matrix.code-dir }}/build --config ${{ matrix.build_type }}
 
       - name: Test
-        working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}/codes/c/build
+        working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}/${{ matrix.code-dir }}/build
         # Execute tests defined by the CMake configuration. Note that --build-config is needed because the default Windows generator is a multi-config generator (Visual Studio generator).
         # See https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/manual/ctest.1.html for more detail
         run: ctest --build-config ${{ matrix.build_type }}

.github/workflows/cpp.yml

@@ -6,10 +6,18 @@ name: C++
 on:
   push:
     branches: ["main"]
-    paths: ["codes/cpp/**/*.cpp", "codes/cpp/**/*.hpp"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/cpp/**/*.cpp"
+      - "codes/cpp/**/*.hpp"
+      - "en/codes/cpp/**/*.cpp"
+      - "en/codes/cpp/**/*.hpp"
   pull_request:
     branches: ["main"]
-    paths: ["codes/cpp/**/*.cpp", "codes/cpp/**/*.hpp"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/cpp/**/*.cpp"
+      - "codes/cpp/**/*.hpp"
+      - "en/codes/cpp/**/*.cpp"
+      - "en/codes/cpp/**/*.hpp"
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
@@ -30,6 +38,7 @@ jobs:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest]
         build_type: [Release]
         c_compiler: [gcc, clang, cl]
+        code-dir: ["codes/cpp", "en/codes/cpp"]
         include:
           - os: windows-latest
             c_compiler: cl
@@ -55,18 +64,18 @@ jobs:
         # Configure CMake in a 'build' subdirectory. `CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE` is only required if you are using a single-configuration generator such as make.
         # See https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/variable/CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE.html?highlight=cmake_build_type
         run: >
-          cmake -B ${{ github.workspace }}/codes/cpp/build
+          cmake -B ${{ github.workspace }}/${{ matrix.code-dir }}/build
           -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=${{ matrix.cpp_compiler }}
           -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=${{ matrix.c_compiler }}
           -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${{ matrix.build_type }}
-          -S ${{ github.workspace }}/codes/cpp
+          -S ${{ github.workspace }}/${{ matrix.code-dir }}
 
       - name: Build
         # Build your program with the given configuration. Note that --config is needed because the default Windows generator is a multi-config generator (Visual Studio generator).
-        run: cmake --build ${{ github.workspace }}/codes/cpp/build --config ${{ matrix.build_type }}
+        run: cmake --build ${{ github.workspace }}/${{ matrix.code-dir }}/build --config ${{ matrix.build_type }}
 
       - name: Test
-        working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}/codes/cpp/build
+        working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}/${{ matrix.code-dir }}/build
         # Execute tests defined by the CMake configuration. Note that --build-config is needed because the default Windows generator is a multi-config generator (Visual Studio generator).
         # See https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/manual/ctest.1.html for more detail
         run: ctest --build-config ${{ matrix.build_type }}

.github/workflows/dart.yml

@@ -5,10 +5,14 @@ name: Dart
 on:
   push:
     branches: ["main"]
-    paths: ["codes/dart/**/*.dart"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/dart/**/*.dart"
+      - "en/codes/dart/**/*.dart"
   pull_request:
     branches: ["main"]
-    paths: ["codes/dart/**/*.dart"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/dart/**/*.dart"
+      - "en/codes/dart/**/*.dart"
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 permissions:
@@ -22,6 +26,7 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
         dart-sdk: [stable]
+        code-dir: ["codes/dart", "en/codes/dart"]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Set up Dart ${{ matrix.dart-sdk }}
@@ -29,8 +34,8 @@ jobs:
         with:
           sdk: ${{ matrix.dart-sdk}}
       - name: Run format
-        run: dart format codes/dart
+        run: dart format ${{ matrix.code-dir }}
       - name: Run analyze
-        run: dart analyze codes/dart
+        run: dart analyze ${{ matrix.code-dir }}
       - name: Run build
-        run: dart codes/dart/build.dart
+        run: dart ${{ matrix.code-dir }}/build.dart

.github/workflows/dotnet.yml

@@ -5,11 +5,15 @@ name: .NET
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [ "main" ]
-    paths: ["codes/csharp/**/*.cs"]
+    branches: ["main"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/csharp/**/*.cs"
+      - "en/codes/csharp/**/*.cs"
   pull_request:
-    branches: [ "main" ]
-    paths: ["codes/csharp/**/*.cs"]
+    branches: ["main"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/csharp/**/*.cs"
+      - "en/codes/csharp/**/*.cs"
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
@@ -18,22 +22,23 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     defaults:
       run:
-        working-directory: codes/csharp/
+        working-directory: ${{ matrix.code-dir }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
         dotnet-version: ["8.0.x"]
+        code-dir: ["codes/csharp", "en/codes/csharp"]
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-    - name: Setup .NET ${{ matrix.dotnet-version }}
-      uses: actions/setup-dotnet@v3
-      with:
-        dotnet-version: ${{ matrix.dotnet-version }}
-    - name: Restore dependencies
-      run: dotnet restore hello-algo.csproj
-    - name: Build
-      run: dotnet build --no-restore hello-algo.csproj
-    - name: Test with dotnet
-      run: dotnet test hello-algo.csproj
+      - name: Setup .NET ${{ matrix.dotnet-version }}
+        uses: actions/setup-dotnet@v3
+        with:
+          dotnet-version: ${{ matrix.dotnet-version }}
+      - name: Restore dependencies
+        run: dotnet restore hello-algo.csproj
+      - name: Build
+        run: dotnet build --no-restore hello-algo.csproj
+      - name: Test with dotnet
+        run: dotnet test hello-algo.csproj

.github/workflows/go.yml

@@ -2,11 +2,15 @@ name: Go
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [ "main" ]
-    paths: ["codes/go/**/*.go"]
+    branches: ["main"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/go/**/*.go"
+      - "en/codes/go/**/*.go"
   pull_request:
-    branches: [ "main" ]
-    paths: ["codes/go/**/*.go"]
+    branches: ["main"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/go/**/*.go"
+      - "en/codes/go/**/*.go"
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
@@ -15,22 +19,23 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     defaults:
       run:
-        working-directory: codes/go/
+        working-directory: ${{ matrix.code-dir }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
         go-version: ["1.19.x"]
+        code-dir: ["codes/go", "en/codes/go"]
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-    - name: Setup Go ${{ matrix.go-version }}
-      uses: actions/setup-go@v3
-      with:
-        go-version: ${{ matrix.go-version }}
-    - name: Check out code into the Go module directory
-      run: go get -v -t -d ./...
-    - name: Build
-      run: go build -v ./...
-    - name: Test with Go
-      run: go test -v ./...
+      - name: Setup Go ${{ matrix.go-version }}
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v3
+        with:
+          go-version: ${{ matrix.go-version }}
+      - name: Check out code into the Go module directory
+        run: go get -v -t -d ./...
+      - name: Build
+        run: go build -v ./...
+      - name: Test with Go
+        run: go test -v ./...

.github/workflows/java.yml

@@ -5,11 +5,15 @@ name: Java
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [ "main" ]
-    paths: ["codes/java/**/*.java"]
+    branches: ["main"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/java/**/*.java"
+      - "en/codes/java/**/*.java"
   pull_request:
-    branches: [ "main" ]
-    paths: ["codes/java/**/*.java"]
+    branches: ["main"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/java/**/*.java"
+      - "en/codes/java/**/*.java"
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
@@ -17,13 +21,14 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        java: [ '11', '17' ]
+        java: ["11", "17"]
+        code-dir: ["codes/java", "en/codes/java"]
     name: Java ${{ matrix.Java }} sample
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Setup java
         uses: actions/setup-java@v3
         with:
-          distribution: 'temurin'
+          distribution: "temurin"
           java-version: ${{ matrix.java }}
-      - run: javac -d codes/java/build codes/java/**/*.java
+      - run: javac -d ${{ matrix.code-dir }}/build ${{ matrix.code-dir }}/**/*.java

.github/workflows/javascript.yml

@@ -2,11 +2,15 @@ name: JavaScript
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches: ['main']
-    paths: ['codes/javascript/**/*.js']
+    branches: ["main"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/javascript/**/*.js"
+      - "en/codes/javascript/**/*.js"
   pull_request:
-    branches: ['main']
-    paths: ['codes/javascript/**/*.js']
+    branches: ["main"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/javascript/**/*.js"
+      - "en/codes/javascript/**/*.js"
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
@@ -15,6 +19,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
+        code-dir: ["codes/javascript", "en/codes/javascript"]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       - uses: actions/setup-node@v6
@@ -24,4 +29,4 @@ jobs:
         with:
           deno-version: v2.x
       - name: Run JavaScript Code
-        run: deno run -A codes/javascript/test_all.js
+        run: deno run -A ${{ matrix.code-dir }}/test_all.js

.github/workflows/kotlin.yml

@@ -2,11 +2,15 @@ name: Kotlin
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [ "main" ]
-    paths: ["codes/kotlin/**/*.kt"]
+    branches: ["main"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/kotlin/**/*.kt"
+      - "en/codes/kotlin/**/*.kt"
   pull_request:
-    branches: [ "main" ]
-    paths: ["codes/kotlin/**/*.kt"]
+    branches: ["main"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/kotlin/**/*.kt"
+      - "en/codes/kotlin/**/*.kt"
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
@@ -14,11 +18,12 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ ubuntu-latest, macos-latest ]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest]
+        code-dir: ["codes/kotlin", "en/codes/kotlin"]
 
     name: Kotlin on ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.2
 
       - name: Build JAR
-        run: kotlinc codes/kotlin/**/*.kt -include-runtime -d codes/kotlin/build/test.jar
+        run: kotlinc ${{ matrix.code-dir }}/**/*.kt -include-runtime -d ${{ matrix.code-dir }}/build/test.jar

.github/workflows/python.yml

@@ -6,10 +6,14 @@ name: Python
 on:
   push:
     branches: ["main"]
-    paths: ["codes/python/**/*.py"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/python/**/*.py"
+      - "en/codes/python/**/*.py"
   pull_request:
     branches: ["main"]
-    paths: ["codes/python/**/*.py"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/python/**/*.py"
+      - "en/codes/python/**/*.py"
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 permissions:
@@ -22,7 +26,8 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
-        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11"]
+        python-version: ["3.10"]
+        code-dir: ["codes/python", "en/codes/python"]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
@@ -35,7 +40,7 @@ jobs:
           pip install black
       - name: Lint with black
         run: |
-          black codes/python
+          black ${{ matrix.code-dir }}
       - name: Test python code
         run: |
-          python codes/python/test_all.py
+          cd ${{ matrix.code-dir }} && python test_all.py

.github/workflows/ruby.yml

@@ -7,11 +7,15 @@ name: Ruby
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [ "main" ]
-    paths: ["codes/ruby/**/*.rb"]
+    branches: ["main"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/ruby/**/*.rb"
+      - "en/codes/ruby/**/*.rb"
   pull_request:
-    branches: [ "main" ]
-    paths: ["codes/ruby/**/*.rb"]
+    branches: ["main"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/ruby/**/*.rb"
+      - "en/codes/ruby/**/*.rb"
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 permissions:
@@ -19,19 +23,19 @@ permissions:
 
 jobs:
   test:
-
     name: Ruby ${{ matrix.ruby-version }} on ${{ matrix.os }}
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
-        ruby-version: ['3.3']
+        ruby-version: ["3.3"]
+        code-dir: ["codes/ruby", "en/codes/ruby"]
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - name: Set up Ruby
-      uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
-      with:
-        ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby-version }}
-    - name: Run tests
-      run: ruby codes/ruby/test_all.rb
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: Set up Ruby
+        uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+        with:
+          ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby-version }}
+      - name: Run tests
+        run: ruby ${{ matrix.code-dir }}/test_all.rb

.github/workflows/rust.yml

@@ -3,10 +3,18 @@ name: Rust
 on:
   push:
     branches: ["main"]
-    paths: ["codes/rust/**/*.rs", "codes/rust/Cargo.toml"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/rust/**/*.rs"
+      - "codes/rust/Cargo.toml"
+      - "en/codes/rust/**/*.rs"
+      - "en/codes/rust/Cargo.toml"
   pull_request:
     branches: ["main"]
-    paths: ["codes/rust/**/*.rs", "codes/rust/Cargo.toml"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/rust/**/*.rs"
+      - "codes/rust/Cargo.toml"
+      - "en/codes/rust/**/*.rs"
+      - "en/codes/rust/Cargo.toml"
 
 jobs:
   build:
@@ -15,13 +23,14 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
+        code-dir: ["codes/rust", "en/codes/rust"]
 
     steps:
       - uses: brndnmtthws/rust-action-rustup@v1
         with:
-            toolchain: nightly
-      
+          toolchain: nightly
+
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      
+
       - name: Build
-        run: cargo build --manifest-path=codes/rust/Cargo.toml && cargo build --manifest-path=codes/rust/Cargo.toml --release
+        run: cargo build --manifest-path=${{ matrix.code-dir }}/Cargo.toml && cargo build --manifest-path=${{ matrix.code-dir }}/Cargo.toml --release

.github/workflows/swift.yml

@@ -6,10 +6,14 @@ name: Swift
 on:
   push:
     branches: ["main"]
-    paths: ["codes/swift/**/*.swift"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/swift/**/*.swift"
+      - "en/codes/swift/**/*.swift"
   pull_request:
     branches: ["main"]
-    paths: ["codes/swift/**/*.swift"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/swift/**/*.swift"
+      - "en/codes/swift/**/*.swift"
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
@@ -19,7 +23,8 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: ["ubuntu-22.04", "macos-14"]
+        code-dir: ["codes/swift", "en/codes/swift"]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Build
-        run: swift build --package-path codes/swift
+        run: swift build --package-path ${{ matrix.code-dir }}

.github/workflows/typescript.yml

@@ -2,11 +2,15 @@ name: TypeScript
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches: ['main']
-    paths: ['codes/typescript/**/*.ts']
+    branches: ["main"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/typescript/**/*.ts"
+      - "en/codes/typescript/**/*.ts"
   pull_request:
-    branches: ['main']
-    paths: ['codes/typescript/**/*.ts']
+    branches: ["main"]
+    paths:
+      - "codes/typescript/**/*.ts"
+      - "en/codes/typescript/**/*.ts"
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
@@ -15,12 +19,13 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
+        code-dir: ["codes/typescript", "en/codes/typescript"]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       - uses: actions/setup-node@v6
         with:
           node-version: 24.x
       - name: Install dependencies
-        run: cd codes/typescript && npm install
+        run: cd ${{ matrix.code-dir }} && npm install
       - name: Check TypeScript code
-        run: cd codes/typescript && npm run check
+        run: cd ${{ matrix.code-dir }} && npm run check