Translate all code to English (#1836)

* Review the EN heading format.

* Fix pythontutor headings.

* Fix pythontutor headings.

* bug fixes

* Fix headings in **/summary.md

* Revisit the CN-to-EN translation for Python code using Claude-4.5

* Revisit the CN-to-EN translation for Java code using Claude-4.5

* Revisit the CN-to-EN translation for Cpp code using Claude-4.5.

* Fix the dictionary.

* Fix cpp code translation for the multipart strings.

* Translate Go code to English.

* Update workflows to test EN code.

* Add EN translation for C.

* Add EN translation for CSharp.

* Add EN translation for Swift.

* Trigger the CI check.

* Revert.

* Update en/hash_map.md

* Add the EN version of Dart code.

* Add the EN version of Kotlin code.

* Add missing code files.

* Add the EN version of JavaScript code.

* Add the EN version of TypeScript code.

* Fix the workflows.

* Add the EN version of Ruby code.

* Add the EN version of Rust code.

* Update the CI check for the English version  code.

* Update Python CI check.

* Fix cmakelists for en/C code.

* Fix Ruby comments

en/codes/python/modules/list_node.py

@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ Author: krahets (krahets@163.com)
 
 
 class ListNode:
-    """LinkedList node class"""
+    """Linked list node class"""
 
     def __init__(self, val: int):
         self.val: int = val  # Node value
-        self.next: ListNode | None = None  # Reference to successor node
+        self.next: ListNode | None = None  # Reference to next node
 
 
 def list_to_linked_list(arr: list[int]) -> ListNode | None:

en/codes/python/modules/tree_node.py

@@ -13,14 +13,14 @@ class TreeNode:
     def __init__(self, val: int = 0):
         self.val: int = val  # Node value
         self.height: int = 0  # Node height
-        self.left: TreeNode | None = None  # Reference to the left child node
-        self.right: TreeNode | None = None  # Reference to the right child node
+        self.left: TreeNode | None = None  # Reference to left child node
+        self.right: TreeNode | None = None  # Reference to right child node
 
-    # For serialization encoding rules, refer to:
+    # For the serialization encoding rules, please refer to:
     # https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_tree/array_representation_of_tree/
-    # Array representation of the binary tree:
+    # Array representation of binary tree:
     # [1, 2, 3, 4, None, 6, 7, 8, 9, None, None, 12, None, None, 15]
-    # Linked list representation of the binary tree:
+    # Linked list representation of binary tree:
     #             /——— 15
     #         /——— 7
     #     /——— 3
@@ -34,13 +34,13 @@ class TreeNode:
 
 
 def list_to_tree_dfs(arr: list[int], i: int) -> TreeNode | None:
-    """Deserialize a list into a binary tree: Recursively"""
-    # If the index is out of array bounds, or the corresponding element is None, return None
+    """Deserialize a list into a binary tree: recursion"""
+    # If the index exceeds the array length, or the corresponding element is None, return None
     if i < 0 or i >= len(arr) or arr[i] is None:
         return None
-    # Construct the current node
+    # Build the current node
     root = TreeNode(arr[i])
-    # Recursively construct left and right subtrees
+    # Recursively build the left and right subtrees
     root.left = list_to_tree_dfs(arr, 2 * i + 1)
     root.right = list_to_tree_dfs(arr, 2 * i + 2)
     return root
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ def list_to_tree(arr: list[int]) -> TreeNode | None:
 
 
 def tree_to_list_dfs(root: TreeNode, i: int, res: list[int]) -> list[int]:
-    """Serialize a binary tree into a list: Recursively"""
+    """Serialize a binary tree into a list: recursion"""
     if root is None:
         return
     if i >= len(res):

en/codes/python/modules/vertex.py

@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ class Vertex:
 
 
 def vals_to_vets(vals: list[int]) -> list["Vertex"]:
-    """Input a list of values vals, return a list of vertices vets"""
+    """Input value list vals, return vertex list vets"""
     return [Vertex(val) for val in vals]
 
 
 def vets_to_vals(vets: list["Vertex"]) -> list[int]:
-    """Input a list of vertices vets, return a list of values vals"""
+    """Input vertex list vets, return value list vals"""
     return [vet.val for vet in vets]