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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../backtracking_algorithm.assets/preorder_find_nodes.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="在前序遍历中搜索节点" src="../backtracking_algorithm.assets/preorder_find_nodes.png" /></a></p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../backtracking_algorithm.assets/preorder_find_nodes.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="在前序遍历中搜索节点" class="animation-figure" src="../backtracking_algorithm.assets/preorder_find_nodes.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> 图 13-1 &nbsp; 在前序遍历中搜索节点 </p>
<h2 id="1311">13.1.1 &nbsp; 尝试与回退<a class="headerlink" href="#1311" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
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<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="3:11"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_3_1" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_2" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_3" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_4" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_5" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_6" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_7" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_8" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_9" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_10" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_11" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_3_1">&lt;1&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_3_2">&lt;2&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_3_3">&lt;3&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_3_4">&lt;4&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_3_5">&lt;5&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_3_6">&lt;6&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_3_7">&lt;7&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_3_8">&lt;8&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_3_9">&lt;9&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_3_10">&lt;10&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_3_11">&lt;11&gt;</label></div>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../backtracking_algorithm.assets/preorder_find_paths_step1.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="尝试与回退" src="../backtracking_algorithm.assets/preorder_find_paths_step1.png" /></a></p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../backtracking_algorithm.assets/preorder_find_paths_step1.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="尝试与回退" class="animation-figure" src="../backtracking_algorithm.assets/preorder_find_paths_step1.png" /></a></p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../backtracking_algorithm.assets/preorder_find_paths_step2.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="preorder_find_paths_step2" src="../backtracking_algorithm.assets/preorder_find_paths_step2.png" /></a></p>
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<p>剪枝是一个非常形象的名词。如图 13-3 所示，在搜索过程中，<strong>我们“剪掉”了不满足约束条件的搜索分支</strong>，避免许多无意义的尝试，从而提高了搜索效率。</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../backtracking_algorithm.assets/preorder_find_constrained_paths.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="根据约束条件剪枝" src="../backtracking_algorithm.assets/preorder_find_constrained_paths.png" /></a></p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../backtracking_algorithm.assets/preorder_find_constrained_paths.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="根据约束条件剪枝" class="animation-figure" src="../backtracking_algorithm.assets/preorder_find_constrained_paths.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> 图 13-3 &nbsp; 根据约束条件剪枝 </p>
<h2 id="1313">13.1.3 &nbsp; 框架代码<a class="headerlink" href="#1313" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
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<p>根据题意，我们在找到值为 <span class="arithmatex">\(7\)</span> 的节点后应该继续搜索，<strong>因此需要将记录解之后的 <code>return</code> 语句删除</strong>。图 13-4 对比了保留或删除 <code>return</code> 语句的搜索过程。</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../backtracking_algorithm.assets/backtrack_remove_return_or_not.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="保留与删除 return 的搜索过程对比" src="../backtracking_algorithm.assets/backtrack_remove_return_or_not.png" /></a></p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../backtracking_algorithm.assets/backtrack_remove_return_or_not.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="保留与删除 return 的搜索过程对比" class="animation-figure" src="../backtracking_algorithm.assets/backtrack_remove_return_or_not.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> 图 13-4 &nbsp; 保留与删除 return 的搜索过程对比 </p>
<p>相比基于前序遍历的代码实现，基于回溯算法框架的代码实现虽然显得啰嗦，但通用性更好。实际上，<strong>许多回溯问题都可以在该框架下解决</strong>。我们只需根据具体问题来定义 <code>state</code> 和 <code>choices</code> ，并实现框架中的各个方法即可。</p>