Merge branch 'krahets:master' into master

codes/go/chapter_heap/heap.go

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// File: intHeap.go
+// Created Time: 2023-01-12
+// Author: Reanon (793584285@qq.com)
+
+package chapter_heap
+
+// Go 语言中可以通过实现 heap.Interface 来构建整数大顶堆
+// 实现 heap.Interface 需要同时实现 sort.Interface
+type intHeap []any
+
+// Push heap.Interface 的方法，实现推入元素到堆
+func (h *intHeap) Push(x any) {
+	// Push 和 Pop 使用 pointer receiver 作为参数
+	// 因为它们不仅会对切片的内容进行调整，还会修改切片的长度。
+	*h = append(*h, x.(int))
+}
+
+// Pop heap.Interface 的方法，实现弹出堆顶元素
+func (h *intHeap) Pop() any {
+	// 待出堆元素存放在最后
+	last := (*h)[len(*h)-1]
+	*h = (*h)[:len(*h)-1]
+	return last
+}
+
+// Len sort.Interface 的方法
+func (h *intHeap) Len() int {
+	return len(*h)
+}
+
+// Less sort.Interface 的方法
+func (h *intHeap) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	// 如果实现小顶堆，则需要调整为小于号
+	return (*h)[i].(int) > (*h)[j].(int)
+}
+
+// Swap sort.Interface 的方法
+func (h *intHeap) Swap(i, j int) {
+	(*h)[i], (*h)[j] = (*h)[j], (*h)[i]
+}
+
+// Top 获取堆顶元素
+func (h *intHeap) Top() any {
+	return (*h)[0]
+}

codes/go/chapter_heap/heap_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+// File: heap_test.go
+// Created Time: 2023-01-12
+// Author: Reanon (793584285@qq.com)
+
+package chapter_heap
+
+import (
+	"container/heap"
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	. "github.com/krahets/hello-algo/pkg"
+)
+
+func testPush(h *intHeap, val int) {
+	// 调用 heap.Interface 的方法，来添加元素
+	heap.Push(h, val)
+	fmt.Printf("\n元素 %d 入堆后 \n", val)
+	PrintHeap(*h)
+}
+
+func testPop(h *intHeap) {
+	// 调用 heap.Interface 的方法，来移除元素
+	val := heap.Pop(h)
+	fmt.Printf("\n堆顶元素 %d 出堆后 \n", val)
+	PrintHeap(*h)
+}
+
+func TestHeap(t *testing.T) {
+	/* 初始化堆 */
+	// 初始化大顶堆
+	maxHeap := &intHeap{}
+	heap.Init(maxHeap)
+	/* 元素入堆 */
+	testPush(maxHeap, 1)
+	testPush(maxHeap, 3)
+	testPush(maxHeap, 2)
+	testPush(maxHeap, 5)
+	testPush(maxHeap, 4)
+
+	/* 获取堆顶元素 */
+	top := maxHeap.Top()
+	fmt.Printf("堆顶元素为 %d\n", top)
+
+	/* 堆顶元素出堆 */
+	testPop(maxHeap)
+	testPop(maxHeap)
+	testPop(maxHeap)
+	testPop(maxHeap)
+	testPop(maxHeap)
+
+	/* 获取堆大小 */
+	size := len(*maxHeap)
+	fmt.Printf("堆元素数量为 %d\n", size)
+
+	/* 判断堆是否为空 */
+	isEmpty := len(*maxHeap) == 0
+	fmt.Printf("堆是否为空 %t\n", isEmpty)
+}
+
+func TestMyHeap(t *testing.T) {
+	/* 初始化堆 */
+	// 初始化大顶堆
+	maxHeap := newMaxHeap([]any{9, 8, 6, 6, 7, 5, 2, 1, 4, 3, 6, 2})
+	fmt.Printf("输入数组并建堆后\n")
+	maxHeap.print()
+
+	/* 获取堆顶元素 */
+	peek := maxHeap.peek()
+	fmt.Printf("\n堆顶元素为 %d\n", peek)
+
+	/* 元素入堆 */
+	val := 7
+	maxHeap.push(val)
+	fmt.Printf("\n元素 %d 入堆后\n", val)
+	maxHeap.print()
+
+	/* 堆顶元素出堆 */
+	peek = maxHeap.poll()
+	fmt.Printf("\n堆顶元素 %d 出堆后\n", peek)
+	maxHeap.print()
+
+	/* 获取堆大小 */
+	size := maxHeap.size()
+	fmt.Printf("\n堆元素数量为 %d\n", size)
+
+	/* 判断堆是否为空 */
+	isEmpty := maxHeap.isEmpty()
+	fmt.Printf("\n堆是否为空 %t\n", isEmpty)
+}

codes/go/chapter_heap/my_heap.go

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+// File: my_heap.go
+// Created Time: 2023-01-12
+// Author: Reanon (793584285@qq.com)
+
+package chapter_heap
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	. "github.com/krahets/hello-algo/pkg"
+)
+
+type maxHeap struct {
+	// 使用切片而非数组，这样无需考虑扩容问题
+	data []any
+}
+
+/* 构造函数，建立空堆 */
+func newHeap() *maxHeap {
+	return &maxHeap{
+		data: make([]any, 0),
+	}
+}
+
+/* 构造函数，根据切片建堆 */
+func newMaxHeap(nums []any) *maxHeap {
+	// 所有元素入堆
+	h := &maxHeap{data: nums}
+	for i := len(h.data) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		// 堆化除叶结点以外的其他所有结点
+		h.siftDown(i)
+	}
+	return h
+}
+
+/* 获取左子结点索引 */
+func (h *maxHeap) left(i int) int {
+	return 2*i + 1
+}
+
+/* 获取右子结点索引 */
+func (h *maxHeap) right(i int) int {
+	return 2*i + 2
+}
+
+/* 获取父结点索引 */
+func (h *maxHeap) parent(i int) int {
+	// 向下整除
+	return (i - 1) / 2
+}
+
+/* 交换元素 */
+func (h *maxHeap) swap(i, j int) {
+	h.data[i], h.data[j] = h.data[j], h.data[i]
+}
+
+/* 获取堆大小 */
+func (h *maxHeap) size() int {
+	return len(h.data)
+}
+
+/* 判断堆是否为空 */
+func (h *maxHeap) isEmpty() bool {
+	return len(h.data) == 0
+}
+
+/* 访问堆顶元素 */
+func (h *maxHeap) peek() any {
+	return h.data[0]
+}
+
+/* 元素入堆 */
+func (h *maxHeap) push(val any) {
+	// 添加结点
+	h.data = append(h.data, val)
+	// 从底至顶堆化
+	h.siftUp(len(h.data) - 1)
+}
+
+/* 从结点 i 开始，从底至顶堆化 */
+func (h *maxHeap) siftUp(i int) {
+	for true {
+		// 获取结点 i 的父结点
+		p := h.parent(i)
+		// 当“越过根结点”或“结点无需修复”时，结束堆化
+		if p < 0 || h.data[i].(int) <= h.data[p].(int) {
+			break
+		}
+		// 交换两结点
+		h.swap(i, p)
+		// 循环向上堆化
+		i = p
+	}
+}
+
+/* 元素出堆 */
+func (h *maxHeap) poll() any {
+	// 判空处理
+	if h.isEmpty() {
+		fmt.Println("error")
+	}
+	// 交换根结点与最右叶结点（即交换首元素与尾元素）
+	h.swap(0, h.size()-1)
+	// 删除结点
+	val := h.data[len(h.data)-1]
+	h.data = h.data[:len(h.data)-1]
+	// 从顶至底堆化
+	h.siftDown(0)
+
+	// 返回堆顶元素
+	return val
+}
+
+/* 从结点 i 开始，从顶至底堆化 */
+func (h *maxHeap) siftDown(i int) {
+	for true {
+		// 判断结点 i, l, r 中值最大的结点，记为 max
+		l, r, max := h.left(i), h.right(i), i
+		if l < h.size() && h.data[l].(int) > h.data[max].(int) {
+			max = l
+		}
+		if r < h.size() && h.data[r].(int) > h.data[max].(int) {
+			max = r
+		}
+		// 若结点 i 最大或索引 l, r 越界，则无需继续堆化，跳出
+		if max == i {
+			break
+		}
+		// 交换两结点
+		h.swap(i, max)
+		// 循环向下堆化
+		i = max
+	}
+}
+
+/* 打印堆（二叉树） */
+func (h *maxHeap) print() {
+	PrintHeap(h.data)
+}

codes/go/pkg/print_utils.go

@@ -29,6 +29,22 @@ func PrintList(list *list.List) {
 	fmt.Print(e.Value, "]\n")
 }
 
+// PrintMap Print a hash map
+func PrintMap[K comparable, V any](m map[K]V) {
+	for key, value := range m {
+		fmt.Println(key, "->", value)
+	}
+}
+
+// PrintHeap Print a heap
+func PrintHeap(h []any) {
+	fmt.Printf("堆的数组表示：")
+	fmt.Printf("%v", h)
+	fmt.Printf("\n堆的树状表示：\n")
+	root := ArrToTree(h)
+	PrintTree(root)
+}
+
 // PrintLinkedList Print a linked list
 func PrintLinkedList(node *ListNode) {
 	if node == nil {
@@ -97,10 +113,3 @@ func showTrunk(t *trunk) {
 	showTrunk(t.prev)
 	fmt.Print(t.str)
 }
-
-// PrintMap Print a hash map
-func PrintMap[K comparable, V any](m map[K]V) {
-	for key, value := range m {
-		fmt.Println(key, "->", value)
-	}
-}

codes/swift/Package.swift

@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@ let package = Package(
         .executable(name: "stack", targets: ["stack"]),
         .executable(name: "linkedlist_stack", targets: ["linkedlist_stack"]),
         .executable(name: "array_stack", targets: ["array_stack"]),
+        .executable(name: "queue", targets: ["queue"]),
+        .executable(name: "linkedlist_queue", targets: ["linkedlist_queue"]),
+        .executable(name: "array_queue", targets: ["array_queue"]),
     ],
     targets: [
         .target(name: "utils", path: "utils"),
@@ -30,5 +33,8 @@ let package = Package(
         .executableTarget(name: "stack", path: "chapter_stack_and_queue", sources: ["stack.swift"]),
         .executableTarget(name: "linkedlist_stack", dependencies: ["utils"], path: "chapter_stack_and_queue", sources: ["linkedlist_stack.swift"]),
         .executableTarget(name: "array_stack", path: "chapter_stack_and_queue", sources: ["array_stack.swift"]),
+        .executableTarget(name: "queue", path: "chapter_stack_and_queue", sources: ["queue.swift"]),
+        .executableTarget(name: "linkedlist_queue", dependencies: ["utils"], path: "chapter_stack_and_queue", sources: ["linkedlist_queue.swift"]),
+        .executableTarget(name: "array_queue", path: "chapter_stack_and_queue", sources: ["array_queue.swift"]),
     ]
 )

codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_queue.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+/**
+ * File: array_queue.swift
+ * Created Time: 2023-01-11
+ * Author: nuomi1 (nuomi1@qq.com)
+ */
+
+/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
+class ArrayQueue {
+    private var nums: [Int] // 用于存储队列元素的数组
+    private var front = 0 // 头指针，指向队首
+    private var rear = 0 // 尾指针，指向队尾 + 1
+
+    init(capacity: Int) {
+        // 初始化数组
+        nums = Array(repeating: 0, count: capacity)
+    }
+
+    /* 获取队列的容量 */
+    func capacity() -> Int {
+        nums.count
+    }
+
+    /* 获取队列的长度 */
+    func size() -> Int {
+        let capacity = capacity()
+        // 由于将数组看作为环形，可能 rear < front ，因此需要取余数
+        return (capacity + rear - front) % capacity
+    }
+
+    /* 判断队列是否为空 */
+    func isEmpty() -> Bool {
+        rear - front == 0
+    }
+
+    /* 入队 */
+    func offer(num: Int) {
+        if size() == capacity() {
+            print("队列已满")
+            return
+        }
+        // 尾结点后添加 num
+        nums[rear] = num
+        // 尾指针向后移动一位，越过尾部后返回到数组头部
+        rear = (rear + 1) % capacity()
+    }
+
+    /* 出队 */
+    @discardableResult
+    func poll() -> Int {
+        let num = peek()
+        // 队头指针向后移动一位，若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
+        front = (front + 1) % capacity()
+        return num
+    }
+
+    /* 访问队首元素 */
+    func peek() -> Int {
+        if isEmpty() {
+            fatalError("队列为空")
+        }
+        return nums[front]
+    }
+
+    /* 返回数组 */
+    func toArray() -> [Int] {
+        let size = size()
+        let capacity = capacity()
+        // 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
+        var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: size)
+        for (i, j) in sequence(first: (0, front), next: { $0 < size - 1 ? ($0 + 1, $1 + 1) : nil }) {
+            res[i] = nums[j % capacity]
+        }
+        return res
+    }
+}
+
+@main
+enum _ArrayQueue {
+    /* Driver Code */
+    static func main() {
+        /* 初始化队列 */
+        let capacity = 10
+        let queue = ArrayQueue(capacity: capacity)
+
+        /* 元素入队 */
+        queue.offer(num: 1)
+        queue.offer(num: 3)
+        queue.offer(num: 2)
+        queue.offer(num: 5)
+        queue.offer(num: 4)
+        print("队列 queue = \(queue.toArray())")
+
+        /* 访问队首元素 */
+        let peek = queue.peek()
+        print("队首元素 peek = \(peek)")
+
+        /* 元素出队 */
+        let poll = queue.poll()
+        print("出队元素 poll = \(poll)，出队后 queue = \(queue.toArray())")
+
+        /* 获取队列的长度 */
+        let size = queue.size()
+        print("队列长度 size = \(size)")
+
+        /* 判断队列是否为空 */
+        let isEmpty = queue.isEmpty()
+        print("队列是否为空 = \(isEmpty)")
+
+        /* 测试环形数组 */
+        for i in 0 ..< 10 {
+            queue.offer(num: i)
+            queue.poll()
+            print("第 \(i) 轮入队 + 出队后 queue = \(queue.toArray())")
+        }
+    }
+}

codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.swift

@@ -29,8 +29,9 @@ class ArrayStack {
     }
 
     /* 出栈 */
+    @discardableResult
     func pop() -> Int {
-        if stack.isEmpty {
+        if isEmpty() {
             fatalError("栈为空")
         }
         return stack.removeLast()
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ class ArrayStack {
 
     /* 访问栈顶元素 */
     func peek() -> Int {
-        if stack.isEmpty {
+        if isEmpty() {
             fatalError("栈为空")
         }
         return stack.last!

codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_queue.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+/**
+ * File: linkedlist_queue.swift
+ * Created Time: 2023-01-11
+ * Author: nuomi1 (nuomi1@qq.com)
+ */
+
+import utils
+
+/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
+class LinkedListQueue {
+    private var front: ListNode? // 头结点
+    private var rear: ListNode? // 尾结点
+    private var _size = 0
+
+    init() {}
+
+    /* 获取队列的长度 */
+    func size() -> Int {
+        _size
+    }
+
+    /* 判断队列是否为空 */
+    func isEmpty() -> Bool {
+        size() == 0
+    }
+
+    /* 入队 */
+    func offer(num: Int) {
+        // 尾结点后添加 num
+        let node = ListNode(x: num)
+        // 如果队列为空，则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
+        if front == nil {
+            front = node
+            rear = node
+        }
+        // 如果队列不为空，则将该结点添加到尾结点后
+        else {
+            rear?.next = node
+            rear = node
+        }
+        _size += 1
+    }
+
+    /* 出队 */
+    @discardableResult
+    func poll() -> Int {
+        let num = peek()
+        // 删除头结点
+        front = front?.next
+        _size -= 1
+        return num
+    }
+
+    /* 访问队首元素 */
+    func peek() -> Int {
+        if isEmpty() {
+            fatalError("队列为空")
+        }
+        return front!.val
+    }
+
+    /* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
+    func toArray() -> [Int] {
+        var node = front
+        var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: size())
+        for i in res.indices {
+            res[i] = node!.val
+            node = node?.next
+        }
+        return res
+    }
+}
+
+@main
+enum _LinkedListQueue {
+    /* Driver Code */
+    static func main() {
+        /* 初始化队列 */
+        let queue = LinkedListQueue()
+
+        /* 元素入队 */
+        queue.offer(num: 1)
+        queue.offer(num: 3)
+        queue.offer(num: 2)
+        queue.offer(num: 5)
+        queue.offer(num: 4)
+        print("队列 queue = \(queue.toArray())")
+
+        /* 访问队首元素 */
+        let peek = queue.peek()
+        print("队首元素 peek = \(peek)")
+
+        /* 元素出队 */
+        let poll = queue.poll()
+        print("出队元素 poll = \(poll)，出队后 queue = \(queue.toArray())")
+
+        /* 获取队列的长度 */
+        let size = queue.size()
+        print("队列长度 size = \(size)")
+
+        /* 判断队列是否为空 */
+        let isEmpty = queue.isEmpty()
+        print("队列是否为空 = \(isEmpty)")
+    }
+}

codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.swift

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class LinkedListStack {
 
     /* 判断栈是否为空 */
     func isEmpty() -> Bool {
-        _size == 0
+        size() == 0
     }
 
     /* 入栈 */
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ class LinkedListStack {
     }
 
     /* 出栈 */
+    @discardableResult
     func pop() -> Int {
         let num = peek()
         _peek = _peek?.next
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ class LinkedListStack {
 
     /* 访问栈顶元素 */
     func peek() -> Int {
-        if _size == 0 {
+        if isEmpty() {
             fatalError("栈为空")
         }
         return _peek!.val

codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/queue.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/**
+ * File: queue.swift
+ * Created Time: 2023-01-11
+ * Author: nuomi1 (nuomi1@qq.com)
+ */
+
+@main
+enum Queue {
+    /* Driver Code */
+    static func main() {
+        /* 初始化队列 */
+        // Swift 没有内置的队列类，可以把 Array 当作队列来使用
+        var queue: [Int] = []
+
+        /* 元素入队 */
+        queue.append(1)
+        queue.append(3)
+        queue.append(2)
+        queue.append(5)
+        queue.append(4)
+        print("队列 queue = \(queue)")
+
+        /* 访问队首元素 */
+        let peek = queue.first!
+        print("队首元素 peek = \(peek)")
+
+        /* 元素出队 */
+        let pool = queue.removeFirst()
+        print("出队元素 poll = \(pool)，出队后 queue = \(queue)")
+
+        /* 获取队列的长度 */
+        let size = queue.count
+        print("队列长度 size = \(size)")
+
+        /* 判断队列是否为空 */
+        let isEmpty = queue.isEmpty
+        print("队列是否为空 = \(isEmpty)")
+    }
+}

codes/zig/build.zig

@@ -64,4 +64,127 @@ pub fn build(b: *std.build.Builder) void {
         if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_leetcode_two_sum.addArgs(args);
         const run_step_leetcode_two_sum = b.step("run_leetcode_two_sum", "Run leetcode_two_sum");
         run_step_leetcode_two_sum.dependOn(&run_cmd_leetcode_two_sum.step);
+
+    // Section: "Array"
+        // Source File: "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_array
+        const exe_array = b.addExecutable("array", "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.zig");
+        exe_array.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_array.setTarget(target);
+        exe_array.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_array.install();
+        const run_cmd_array = exe_array.run();
+        run_cmd_array.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_array.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_array = b.step("run_array", "Run array");
+        run_step_array.dependOn(&run_cmd_array.step);
+
+    // Section: "LinkedList"
+        // Source File: "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_linked_list
+        const exe_linked_list = b.addExecutable("linked_list", "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.zig");
+        exe_linked_list.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_linked_list.setTarget(target);
+        exe_linked_list.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_linked_list.install();
+        const run_cmd_linked_list = exe_linked_list.run();
+        run_cmd_linked_list.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_linked_list.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_linked_list = b.step("run_linked_list", "Run linked_list");
+        run_step_linked_list.dependOn(&run_cmd_linked_list.step);
+
+    // Section: "List"
+        // Source File: "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_list
+        const exe_list = b.addExecutable("list", "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.zig");
+        exe_list.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_list.setTarget(target);
+        exe_list.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_list.install();
+        const run_cmd_list = exe_list.run();
+        run_cmd_list.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_list.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_list = b.step("run_list", "Run list");
+        run_step_list.dependOn(&run_cmd_list.step);
+
+        // Source File: "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_my_list
+        const exe_my_list = b.addExecutable("my_list", "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.zig");
+        exe_my_list.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_my_list.setTarget(target);
+        exe_my_list.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_my_list.install();
+        const run_cmd_my_list = exe_my_list.run();
+        run_cmd_my_list.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_my_list.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_my_list = b.step("run_my_list", "Run my_list");
+        run_step_my_list.dependOn(&run_cmd_my_list.step);
+
+    // Section: "Stack"
+        // Source File: "chapter_stack_and_queue/stack.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_stack
+        const exe_stack = b.addExecutable("stack", "chapter_stack_and_queue/stack.zig");
+        exe_stack.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_stack.setTarget(target);
+        exe_stack.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_stack.install();
+        const run_cmd_stack = exe_stack.run();
+        run_cmd_stack.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_stack.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_stack = b.step("run_stack", "Run stack");
+        run_step_stack.dependOn(&run_cmd_stack.step);
+
+        // Source File: "chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_linkedlist_stack
+        const exe_linkedlist_stack = b.addExecutable("linkedlist_stack", "chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.zig");
+        exe_linkedlist_stack.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_linkedlist_stack.setTarget(target);
+        exe_linkedlist_stack.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_linkedlist_stack.install();
+        const run_cmd_linkedlist_stack = exe_linkedlist_stack.run();
+        run_cmd_linkedlist_stack.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_linkedlist_stack.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_linkedlist_stack = b.step("run_linkedlist_stack", "Run linkedlist_stack");
+        run_step_linkedlist_stack.dependOn(&run_cmd_linkedlist_stack.step);
+
+        // Source File: "chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_array_stack
+        const exe_array_stack = b.addExecutable("array_stack", "chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.zig");
+        exe_array_stack.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_array_stack.setTarget(target);
+        exe_array_stack.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_array_stack.install();
+        const run_cmd_array_stack = exe_linkedlist_stack.run();
+        run_cmd_array_stack.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_array_stack.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_array_stack = b.step("run_array_stack", "Run array_stack");
+        run_step_array_stack.dependOn(&run_cmd_array_stack.step);      
+
+    // Section: "Bubble Sort"
+        // Source File: "chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_bubble_sort
+        const exe_bubble_sort = b.addExecutable("bubble_sort", "chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.zig");
+        exe_bubble_sort.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_bubble_sort.setTarget(target);
+        exe_bubble_sort.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_bubble_sort.install();
+        const run_cmd_bubble_sort = exe_bubble_sort.run();
+        run_cmd_bubble_sort.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_bubble_sort.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_bubble_sort = b.step("run_bubble_sort", "Run bubble_sort");
+        run_step_bubble_sort.dependOn(&run_cmd_bubble_sort.step);
+
+    // Section: "Insertion Sort"
+        // Source File: "chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_insertion_sort
+        const exe_insertion_sort = b.addExecutable("insertion_sort", "chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.zig");
+        exe_insertion_sort.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_insertion_sort.setTarget(target);
+        exe_insertion_sort.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_insertion_sort.install();
+        const run_cmd_insertion_sort = exe_insertion_sort.run();
+        run_cmd_insertion_sort.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_insertion_sort.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_insertion_sort = b.step("run_insertion_sort", "Run insertion_sort");
+        run_step_insertion_sort.dependOn(&run_cmd_insertion_sort.step);
 }

codes/zig/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+// File: array.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-07
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// 随机返回一个数组元素
+pub fn randomAccess(nums: []i32) i32 {
+    // 在区间 [0, nums.len) 中随机抽取一个整数
+    var randomIndex = std.crypto.random.intRangeLessThan(usize, 0, nums.len);
+    // 获取并返回随机元素
+    var randomNum = nums[randomIndex];
+    return randomNum;
+}
+
+// 扩展数组长度
+pub fn extend(mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator, nums: []i32, enlarge: usize) ![]i32 {
+    // 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
+    var res = try mem_allocator.alloc(i32, nums.len + enlarge);
+    std.mem.set(i32, res, 0);
+    // 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
+    std.mem.copy(i32, res, nums);
+    // 返回扩展后的新数组
+    return res;
+}
+
+// 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num
+pub fn insert(nums: []i32, num: i32, index: usize) void {
+    // 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
+    var i = nums.len - 1;
+    while (i > index) : (i -= 1) {
+        nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
+    }
+    // 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
+    nums[index] = num;
+}
+
+// 删除索引 index 处元素
+pub fn remove(nums: []i32, index: usize) void {
+    // 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
+    var i = index;
+    while (i < nums.len - 1) : (i += 1) {
+        nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
+    }
+}
+
+// 遍历数组
+pub fn traverse(nums: []i32) void {
+    var count: i32 = 0;
+    // 通过索引遍历数组
+    var i: i32 = 0;
+    while (i < nums.len) : (i += 1) {
+        count += 1;
+    }
+    count = 0;
+    // 直接遍历数组
+    for (nums) |_| {
+        count += 1;
+    }
+}
+
+// 在数组中查找指定元素
+pub fn find(nums: []i32, target: i32) i32 {
+    for (nums) |num, i| {
+        if (num == target) return @intCast(i32, i);
+    }
+    return -1;
+}
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    // 初始化数组
+    const size: i32 = 5;
+    var arr = [_]i32{0} ** size;
+    std.debug.print("数组 arr = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, &arr);
+
+    var array = [_]i32{ 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
+    std.debug.print("\n数组 nums = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, &array);
+
+    // 随机访问
+    var randomNum = randomAccess(&array);
+    std.debug.print("\n在 nums 中获取随机元素 {}", .{randomNum});
+
+    // 长度扩展
+    var known_at_runtime_zero: usize = 0;
+    var nums: []i32 = array[known_at_runtime_zero..array.len];
+    var mem_arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    defer mem_arena.deinit();
+    const mem_allocator = mem_arena.allocator();
+    nums = try extend(mem_allocator, nums, 3);
+    std.debug.print("\n将数组长度扩展至 8 ，得到 nums = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, nums);
+
+    // 插入元素
+    insert(nums, 6, 3);
+    std.debug.print("\n在索引 3 处插入数字 6 ，得到 nums = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, nums);
+
+    // 删除元素
+    remove(nums, 2);
+    std.debug.print("\n删除索引 2 处的元素，得到 nums = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, nums);
+
+    // 遍历数组
+    traverse(nums);
+
+    // 查找元素
+    var index = find(nums, 3);
+    std.debug.print("\n在 nums 中查找元素 3 ，得到索引 = {}\n", .{index});
+
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}
+

codes/zig/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// File: linked_list.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-07
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// 在链表的结点 n0 之后插入结点 P
+pub fn insert(n0: ?*inc.ListNode(i32), P: ?*inc.ListNode(i32)) void {
+    var n1 = n0.?.next;
+    n0.?.next = P;
+    P.?.next = n1;
+}
+
+// 删除链表的结点 n0 之后的首个结点
+pub fn remove(n0: ?*inc.ListNode(i32)) void {
+    if (n0.?.next == null) return;
+    // n0 -> P -> n1
+    var P = n0.?.next;
+    var n1 = P.?.next;
+    n0.?.next = n1;
+}
+
+// 访问链表中索引为 index 的结点
+pub fn access(node: ?*inc.ListNode(i32), index: i32) ?*inc.ListNode(i32) {
+    var head = node;
+    var i: i32 = 0;
+    while (i < index) : (i += 1) {
+        head = head.?.next;
+        if (head == null) return null;
+    }
+    return head;
+}
+
+// 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个结点
+pub fn find(node: ?*inc.ListNode(i32), target: i32) i32 {
+    var head = node;
+    var index: i32 = 0;
+    while (head != null) {
+        if (head.?.val == target) return index;
+        head = head.?.next;
+        index += 1;
+    }
+    return -1;
+}
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    // 初始化链表
+    // 初始化各个结点 
+    var n0 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 1};
+    var n1 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 3};
+    var n2 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 2};
+    var n3 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 5};
+    var n4 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 4};
+    // 构建引用指向
+    n0.next = &n1;
+    n1.next = &n2;
+    n2.next = &n3;
+    n3.next = &n4;
+    std.debug.print("初始化的链表为", .{});
+    try inc.PrintUtil.printLinkedList(i32, &n0);
+
+    // 插入结点
+    var tmp = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 0};
+    insert(&n0, &tmp);
+    std.debug.print("插入结点后的链表为", .{});
+    try inc.PrintUtil.printLinkedList(i32, &n0);
+
+    // 删除结点
+    remove(&n0);
+    std.debug.print("删除结点后的链表为", .{});
+    try inc.PrintUtil.printLinkedList(i32, &n0);
+
+    // 访问结点
+    var node = access(&n0, 3);
+    std.debug.print("链表中索引 3 处的结点的值 = {}\n", .{node.?.val});
+
+    // 查找结点
+    var index = find(&n0, 2);
+    std.debug.print("链表中值为 2 的结点的索引 = {}\n", .{index});
+
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}

codes/zig/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// File: list.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-07
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    // 初始化列表
+    var list = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    // 延迟释放内存
+    defer list.deinit();
+    try list.appendSlice(&[_]i32{ 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 });
+    std.debug.print("列表 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
+
+    // 访问元素
+    var num = list.items[1];
+    std.debug.print("\n访问索引 1 处的元素，得到 num = {}", .{num});
+
+    // 更新元素
+    list.items[1] = 0;
+    std.debug.print("\n将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0 ，得到 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
+
+    // 清空列表
+    list.clearRetainingCapacity();
+    std.debug.print("\n清空列表后 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
+
+    // 尾部添加元素
+    try list.append(1);
+    try list.append(3);
+    try list.append(2);
+    try list.append(5);
+    try list.append(4);
+    std.debug.print("\n添加元素后 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
+
+    // 中间插入元素
+    try list.insert(3, 6);
+    std.debug.print("\n在索引 3 处插入数字 6 ，得到 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
+
+    // 删除元素
+    var value = list.orderedRemove(3);
+    _ = value;
+    std.debug.print("\n删除索引 3 处的元素，得到 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
+
+    // 通过索引遍历列表
+    var count: i32 = 0;
+    var i: i32 = 0;
+    while (i < list.items.len) : (i += 1) {
+        count += 1;
+    }
+
+    // 直接遍历列表元素
+    count = 0;
+    for (list.items) |_| {
+        count += 1;
+    }
+
+    // 拼接两个列表
+    var list1 = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    defer list1.deinit();
+    try list1.appendSlice(&[_]i32{ 6, 8, 7, 10, 9 });
+    try list.insertSlice(list.items.len, list1.items);
+    std.debug.print("\n将列表 list1 拼接到 list 之后，得到 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
+
+    // 排序列表
+    std.sort.sort(i32, list.items, {}, comptime std.sort.asc(i32));
+    std.debug.print("\n排序列表后 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
+
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}
+

codes/zig/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+// File: my_list.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-08
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// 列表类简易实现
+// 编译期泛型
+pub fn MyList(comptime T: type) type {
+    return struct {
+        const Self = @This();
+        
+        nums: []T = undefined,                          // 数组（存储列表元素）
+        numsCapacity: usize = 10,                       // 列表容量
+        numSize: usize = 0,                             // 列表长度（即当前元素数量）
+        extendRatio: usize = 2,                         // 每次列表扩容的倍数
+        mem_arena: ?std.heap.ArenaAllocator = null,
+        mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator = undefined,   // 内存分配器
+
+        // 构造函数（分配内存+初始化列表）
+        pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) !void {
+            if (self.mem_arena == null) {
+                self.mem_arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(allocator);
+                self.mem_allocator = self.mem_arena.?.allocator();
+            }
+            self.nums = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, self.numsCapacity);
+            std.mem.set(T, self.nums, @as(T, 0));
+        }
+
+        // 析构函数（释放内存）
+        pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
+            if (self.mem_arena == null) return;
+            self.mem_arena.?.deinit();
+        }
+
+        // 获取列表长度（即当前元素数量）
+        pub fn size(self: *Self) usize {
+            return self.numSize;
+        }
+
+        // 获取列表容量
+        pub fn capacity(self: *Self) usize {
+            return self.numsCapacity;
+        }
+
+        // 访问元素
+        pub fn get(self: *Self, index: usize) T {
+            // 索引如果越界则抛出异常，下同
+            if (index >= self.size()) @panic("索引越界");
+            return self.nums[index];
+        }  
+
+        // 更新元素
+        pub fn set(self: *Self, index: usize, num: T) void {
+            // 索引如果越界则抛出异常，下同
+            if (index >= self.size()) @panic("索引越界");
+            self.nums[index] = num;
+        }  
+
+        // 尾部添加元素
+        pub fn add(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
+            // 元素数量超出容量时，触发扩容机制
+            if (self.size() == self.capacity()) try self.extendCapacity();
+            self.nums[self.size()] = num;
+            // 更新元素数量
+            self.numSize += 1;
+        }  
+
+        // 中间插入元素
+        pub fn insert(self: *Self, index: usize, num: T) !void {
+            if (index >= self.size()) @panic("索引越界");
+            // 元素数量超出容量时，触发扩容机制
+            if (self.size() == self.capacity()) try self.extendCapacity();
+            // 索引 i 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
+            var j = self.size() - 1;
+            while (j >= index) : (j -= 1) {
+                self.nums[j + 1] = self.nums[j];
+            }
+            self.nums[index] = num;
+            // 更新元素数量
+            self.numSize += 1;
+        }
+
+        // 删除元素
+        pub fn remove(self: *Self, index: usize) T {
+            if (index >= self.size()) @panic("索引越界");
+            var num = self.nums[index];
+            // 索引 i 之后的元素都向前移动一位
+            var j = index;
+            while (j < self.size() - 1) : (j += 1) {
+                self.nums[j] = self.nums[j + 1];
+            }
+            // 更新元素数量
+            self.numSize -= 1;
+            // 返回被删除元素
+            return num;
+        }
+
+        // 列表扩容
+        pub fn extendCapacity(self: *Self) !void {
+            // 新建一个长度为 size * extendRatio 的数组，并将原数组拷贝到新数组
+            var newCapacity = self.capacity() * self.extendRatio;
+            var extend = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, newCapacity);
+            std.mem.set(T, extend, @as(T, 0));
+            // 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
+            std.mem.copy(T, extend, self.nums);
+            self.nums = extend;
+            // 更新列表容量
+            self.numsCapacity = newCapacity;
+        }
+
+        // 将列表转换为数组
+        pub fn toArray(self: *Self) ![]T {
+            // 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
+            var nums = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, self.size());
+            std.mem.set(T, nums, @as(T, 0));
+            for (nums) |*num, i| {
+                num.* = self.get(i);
+            }
+            return nums;
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    // 初始化列表
+    var list = MyList(i32){};
+    try list.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    // 延迟释放内存
+    defer list.deinit();
+
+    // 尾部添加元素
+    try list.add(1);
+    try list.add(3);
+    try list.add(2);
+    try list.add(5);
+    try list.add(4);
+    std.debug.print("列表 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try list.toArray());
+    std.debug.print(" ，容量 = {} ，长度 = {}", .{list.capacity(), list.size()});
+
+    // 中间插入元素
+    try list.insert(3, 6);
+    std.debug.print("\n在索引 3 处插入数字 6 ，得到 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try list.toArray());
+
+    // 删除元素
+    _ = list.remove(3);
+    std.debug.print("\n删除索引 3 处的元素，得到 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try list.toArray());
+
+    // 访问元素
+    var num = list.get(1);
+    std.debug.print("\n访问索引 1 处的元素，得到 num = {}", .{num});
+
+    // 更新元素
+    list.set(1, 0);
+    std.debug.print("\n将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0 ，得到 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try list.toArray());
+
+    // 测试扩容机制
+    list.set(1, 0);
+    var i: i32 = 0;
+    while (i < 10) : (i += 1) {
+        // 在 i = 5 时，列表长度将超出列表容量，此时触发扩容机制
+        try list.add(i);
+    }
+    std.debug.print("\n扩容后的列表 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try list.toArray());
+    std.debug.print(" ，容量 = {} ，长度 = {}\n", .{list.capacity(), list.size()});
+
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}
+

codes/zig/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// File: time_complexity.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-08
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// 冒泡排序
+fn bubbleSort(nums: []i32) void {
+    // 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
+    var i: usize = nums.len - 1;
+    while (i > 0) : (i -= 1) {
+        var j: usize = 0;
+        // 内循环：冒泡操作
+        while (j < i) : (j += 1) {
+            if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
+                // 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
+                var tmp = nums[j];
+                nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
+                nums[j + 1] = tmp;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// 冒泡排序（标志优化）
+fn bubbleSortWithFlag(nums: []i32) void {
+    // 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
+    var i: usize = nums.len - 1;
+    while (i > 0) : (i -= 1) {
+        var flag = false;   // 初始化标志位
+        var j: usize = 0;
+        // 内循环：冒泡操作
+        while (j < i) : (j += 1) {
+            if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
+                // 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
+                var tmp = nums[j];
+                nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
+                nums[j + 1] = tmp;
+                flag = true;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!flag) break;   // 此轮冒泡未交换任何元素，直接跳出
+    }
+}
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    var nums = [_]i32{ 4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2 };
+    bubbleSort(&nums);
+    std.debug.print("冒泡排序完成后 nums = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, &nums);
+
+    var nums1 = [_]i32{ 4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2 };
+    bubbleSortWithFlag(&nums1);
+    std.debug.print("\n冒泡排序完成后 nums1 = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, &nums1);
+    
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}
+

codes/zig/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// File: time_complexity.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-08
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// 插入排序
+fn insertionSort(nums: []i32) void {
+    // 外循环：base = nums[1], nums[2], ..., nums[n-1]
+    var i: usize = 1;
+    while (i < nums.len) : (i += 1) {
+        var base = nums[i];
+        var j: usize = i;
+        // 内循环：将 base 插入到左边的正确位置
+        while (j >= 1 and nums[j - 1] > base) : (j -= 1) {
+            nums[j] = nums[j - 1];  // 1. 将 nums[j] 向右移动一位
+        }
+        nums[j] = base;             // 2. 将 base 赋值到正确位置
+    }
+}
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    var nums = [_]i32{ 4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2 };
+    insertionSort(&nums);
+    std.debug.print("插入排序完成后 nums = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, &nums);
+    
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}
+

codes/zig/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+// File: stack.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-08
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// 基于数组实现的栈
+// 编译期泛型
+pub fn ArrayStack(comptime T: type) type {
+    return struct {
+        const Self = @This();
+
+        stack: ?std.ArrayList(T) = null,     
+
+        // 构造函数（分配内存+初始化栈）
+        pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) void {
+            if (self.stack == null) {
+                self.stack = std.ArrayList(T).init(allocator);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 析构函数（释放内存）
+        pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
+            if (self.stack == null) return;
+            self.stack.?.deinit();
+        }
+
+        // 获取栈的长度
+        pub fn size(self: *Self) usize {
+            return self.stack.?.items.len;
+        }
+
+        // 判断栈是否为空
+        pub fn empty(self: *Self) bool {
+            return self.size() == 0;
+        }
+
+        // 访问栈顶元素
+        pub fn top(self: *Self) T {
+            if (self.size() == 0) @panic("栈为空");
+            return self.stack.?.items[self.size() - 1];
+        }  
+
+        // 入栈
+        pub fn push(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
+            try self.stack.?.append(num);
+        } 
+
+        // 出栈
+        pub fn pop(self: *Self) T {
+            var num = self.stack.?.pop();
+            return num;
+        } 
+
+        // 返回 ArrayList
+        pub fn toList(self: *Self) std.ArrayList(T) {
+            return self.stack.?;
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    // 初始化栈
+    var stack = ArrayStack(i32){};
+    stack.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    // 延迟释放内存
+    defer stack.deinit();
+
+    // 元素入栈
+    try stack.push(1);
+    try stack.push(3);
+    try stack.push(2);
+    try stack.push(5);
+    try stack.push(4);
+    std.debug.print("栈 stack = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, stack.toList());
+
+    // 访问栈顶元素
+    var top = stack.top();
+    std.debug.print("\n栈顶元素 top = {}", .{top});
+
+    // 元素出栈
+    top = stack.pop();
+    std.debug.print("\n出栈元素 pop = {}，出栈后 stack = ", .{top});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, stack.toList());
+
+    // 获取栈的长度
+    var size = stack.size();
+    std.debug.print("\n栈的长度 size = {}", .{size});
+
+    // 判断栈是否为空
+    var empty = stack.empty();
+    std.debug.print("\n栈是否为空 = {}", .{empty});
+
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}

codes/zig/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+// File: linkedlist_stack.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-08
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// 基于链表实现的栈
+// 编译期泛型
+pub fn LinkedListStack(comptime T: type) type {
+    return struct {
+        const Self = @This();
+
+        stackTop: ?*inc.ListNode(T) = null,             // 将头结点作为栈顶
+        stkSize: usize = 0,                             // 栈的长度
+        mem_arena: ?std.heap.ArenaAllocator = null,
+        mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator = undefined,   // 内存分配器
+
+        // 构造函数（分配内存+初始化栈）
+        pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) !void {
+            if (self.mem_arena == null) {
+                self.mem_arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(allocator);
+                self.mem_allocator = self.mem_arena.?.allocator();
+            }
+            self.stackTop = null;
+            self.stkSize = 0;
+        }
+
+        // 析构函数（释放内存）
+        pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
+            if (self.mem_arena == null) return;
+            self.mem_arena.?.deinit();
+        }
+
+        // 获取栈的长度
+        pub fn size(self: *Self) usize {
+            return self.stkSize;
+        }
+
+        // 判断栈是否为空
+        pub fn empty(self: *Self) bool {
+            return self.size() == 0;
+        }
+
+        // 访问栈顶元素
+        pub fn top(self: *Self) T {
+            if (self.size() == 0) @panic("栈为空");
+            return self.stackTop.?.val;
+        }  
+
+        // 入栈
+        pub fn push(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
+            var node = try self.mem_allocator.create(inc.ListNode(T));
+            node.init(num);
+            node.next = self.stackTop;
+            self.stackTop = node;
+            self.stkSize += 1;
+        } 
+
+        // 出栈
+        pub fn pop(self: *Self) T {
+            var num = self.top();
+            self.stackTop = self.stackTop.?.next;
+            self.stkSize -= 1;
+            return num;
+        } 
+
+        // 将栈转换为数组
+        pub fn toArray(self: *Self) ![]T {
+            var node = self.stackTop;
+            var res = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, self.size());
+            std.mem.set(T, res, @as(T, 0));
+            var i: usize = 0;
+            while (i < res.len) : (i += 1) {
+                res[res.len - i - 1] = node.?.val;
+                node = node.?.next;
+            }
+            return res;
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    // 初始化栈
+    var stack = LinkedListStack(i32){};
+    try stack.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    // 延迟释放内存
+    defer stack.deinit();
+
+    // 元素入栈
+    try stack.push(1);
+    try stack.push(3);
+    try stack.push(2);
+    try stack.push(5);
+    try stack.push(4);
+    std.debug.print("栈 stack = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try stack.toArray());
+
+    // 访问栈顶元素
+    var top = stack.top();
+    std.debug.print("\n栈顶元素 top = {}", .{top});
+
+    // 元素出栈
+    top = stack.pop();
+    std.debug.print("\n出栈元素 pop = {}，出栈后 stack = ", .{top});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try stack.toArray());
+
+    // 获取栈的长度
+    var size = stack.size();
+    std.debug.print("\n栈的长度 size = {}", .{size});
+
+    // 判断栈是否为空
+    var empty = stack.empty();
+    std.debug.print("\n栈是否为空 = {}", .{empty});
+
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}
+

codes/zig/chapter_stack_and_queue/stack.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// File: stack.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-08
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    // 初始化栈
+    // 在 zig 中，推荐将 ArrayList 当作栈来使用
+    var stack = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    // 延迟释放内存
+    defer stack.deinit();
+
+    // 元素入栈
+    try stack.append(1);
+    try stack.append(3);
+    try stack.append(2);
+    try stack.append(5);
+    try stack.append(4);
+    std.debug.print("栈 stack = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, stack);
+
+    // 访问栈顶元素
+    var top = stack.items[stack.items.len - 1];
+    std.debug.print("\n栈顶元素 top = {}", .{top});
+
+    // 元素出栈
+    top = stack.pop();
+    std.debug.print("\n出栈元素 pop = {}，出栈后 stack = ", .{top});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, stack);
+
+    // 获取栈的长度
+    var size = stack.items.len;
+    std.debug.print("\n栈的长度 size = {}", .{size});
+
+    // 判断栈是否为空
+    var empty = if (stack.items.len == 0) true else false;
+    std.debug.print("\n栈是否为空 = {}", .{empty});
+
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}

codes/zig/include/PrintUtil.zig

@@ -7,16 +7,42 @@ const ListNode = @import("ListNode.zig").ListNode;
 const TreeNode = @import("TreeNode.zig").TreeNode;
 
 // Print an array
-// 编译期泛型
 pub fn printArray(comptime T: type, nums: []T) void {
     std.debug.print("[", .{});
     if (nums.len > 0) {
         for (nums) |num, j| {
-            std.debug.print("{}{s}", .{num, if (j == nums.len-1) "]\n" else ", " });
+            std.debug.print("{}{s}", .{num, if (j == nums.len-1) "]" else ", " });
         }
     } else {
         std.debug.print("]", .{});
-        std.debug.print("\n", .{});
+    }
+}
+
+// Print a list
+pub fn printList(comptime T: type, list: std.ArrayList(T)) void {
+    std.debug.print("[", .{});
+    if (list.items.len > 0) {
+        for (list.items) |value, i| {
+            std.debug.print("{}{s}", .{value, if (i == list.items.len-1) "]" else ", " });
+        }
+    } else {
+        std.debug.print("]", .{});
+    }
+    
+}
+
+// Print a linked list
+pub fn printLinkedList(comptime T: type, node: ?*ListNode(T)) !void {
+    if (node == null) return;
+    var list = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    defer list.deinit();
+    var head = node;
+    while (head != null) {
+        try list.append(head.?.val);
+        head = head.?.next;
+    }
+    for (list.items) |value, i| {
+        std.debug.print("{}{s}", .{value, if (i == list.items.len-1) "\n" else "->" });
     }
 }