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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#421" class="md-nav__link">
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4.2.1. 链表优点
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4.2.1. 链表常用操作
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</a>
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="4.2.1. 链表常用操作">
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<ul class="md-nav__list">
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#_1" class="md-nav__link">
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初始化链表
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#_2" class="md-nav__link">
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插入节点
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#_3" class="md-nav__link">
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删除节点
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#_4" class="md-nav__link">
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访问节点
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#_5" class="md-nav__link">
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查找节点
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#422" class="md-nav__link">
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4.2.2. 链表缺点
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<a href="#422-vs" class="md-nav__link">
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4.2.2. 数组 VS 链表
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#423" class="md-nav__link">
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4.2.3. 链表常用操作
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4.2.3. 常见链表类型
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#424" class="md-nav__link">
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4.2.4. 常见链表类型
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#425" class="md-nav__link">
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4.2.5. 链表典型应用
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4.2.4. 链表典型应用
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</a>
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</li>
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@@ -3397,35 +3431,69 @@
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#421" class="md-nav__link">
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4.2.1. 链表优点
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4.2.1. 链表常用操作
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</a>
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="4.2.1. 链表常用操作">
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<ul class="md-nav__list">
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#_1" class="md-nav__link">
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初始化链表
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#_2" class="md-nav__link">
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插入节点
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#_3" class="md-nav__link">
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删除节点
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#_4" class="md-nav__link">
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访问节点
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#_5" class="md-nav__link">
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查找节点
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#422" class="md-nav__link">
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4.2.2. 链表缺点
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<a href="#422-vs" class="md-nav__link">
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4.2.2. 数组 VS 链表
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#423" class="md-nav__link">
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4.2.3. 链表常用操作
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4.2.3. 常见链表类型
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#424" class="md-nav__link">
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4.2.4. 常见链表类型
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#425" class="md-nav__link">
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4.2.5. 链表典型应用
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4.2.4. 链表典型应用
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</a>
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</li>
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@@ -3454,19 +3522,25 @@
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<h1 id="42">4.2. 链表<a class="headerlink" href="#42" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
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<p>内存空间是所有程序的公共资源，排除已被占用的内存空间，空闲内存空间通常散落在内存各处。在上一节中，我们提到存储数组的内存空间必须是连续的，而当需要申请一个非常大的数组时，空闲内存中可能没有这么大的连续空间。与数组相比，链表更具灵活性，它可以被存储在非连续的内存空间中。</p>
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<p>「链表 Linked List」是一种线性数据结构，其每个元素都是一个节点对象，各个节点之间通过指针连接，从当前节点通过指针可以访问到下一个节点。<strong>由于指针记录了下个节点的内存地址，因此无需保证内存地址的连续性</strong>，从而可以将各个节点分散存储在内存各处。</p>
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<p>链表中的「节点 Node」包含两项数据，一是节点「值 Value」，二是指向下一节点的「引用 Reference」，或称「指针 Pointer」。</p>
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<p>内存空间是所有程序的公共资源，在一个复杂的系统运行环境下，空闲的内存空间可能散落在内存各处。我们知道，存储数组的内存空间必须是连续的，而当数组非常大时，内存可能无法提供如此大的连续空间。此时链表的灵活性优势就体现出来了。</p>
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<p>「链表 Linked List」是一种线性数据结构，其中的每个元素都是一个节点对象，各个节点通过“引用”相连接。引用记录了下一个节点的内存地址，我们可以通过它从当前节点访问到下一个节点。这意味着链表的各个节点可以被分散存储在内存各处，它们的内存地址是无需连续的。</p>
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<p><img alt="链表定义与存储方式" src="../linked_list.assets/linkedlist_definition.png" /></p>
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<p align="center"> Fig. 链表定义与存储方式 </p>
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<p align="center"> 图：链表定义与存储方式 </p>
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<p>观察上图，链表中的每个「节点 Node」对象都包含两项数据：节点的“值”、指向下一节点的“引用”。</p>
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<ul>
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<li>链表的首个节点被称为“头节点”，最后一个节点被称为“尾节点”。</li>
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<li>尾节点指向的是“空”，它在 Java, C++, Python 中分别被记为 <span class="arithmatex">\(\text{null}\)</span> , <span class="arithmatex">\(\text{nullptr}\)</span> , <span class="arithmatex">\(\text{None}\)</span> 。</li>
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<li>在 C, C++, Go, Rust 等支持指针的语言中，上述的“引用”应被替换为“指针”。</li>
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</ul>
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<p>如以下代码所示，链表以节点对象 <code>ListNode</code> 为单位，每个节点除了包含值，还需额外保存下一节点的引用（指针）。因此在相同数据量下，<strong>链表通常比数组占用更多的内存空间</strong>。</p>
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<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="1:12"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_1_1" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_2" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_3" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_4" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_5" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_6" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_7" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_8" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_9" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_10" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_11" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_12" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_1_1">Java</label><label for="__tabbed_1_2">C++</label><label for="__tabbed_1_3">Python</label><label for="__tabbed_1_4">Go</label><label for="__tabbed_1_5">JS</label><label for="__tabbed_1_6">TS</label><label for="__tabbed_1_7">C</label><label for="__tabbed_1_8">C#</label><label for="__tabbed_1_9">Swift</label><label for="__tabbed_1_10">Zig</label><label for="__tabbed_1_11">Dart</label><label for="__tabbed_1_12">Rust</label></div>
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<div class="tabbed-content">
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 链表节点类 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 节点值</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向下一节点的指针（引用）</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向下一节点的引用</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5" href="#__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 构造函数</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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@@ -3475,7 +3549,7 @@
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 链表节点结构体 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3" href="#__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 节点值</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4" href="#__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向下一节点的指针（引用）</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4" href="#__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向下一节点的指针</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5" href="#__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">nullptr</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 构造函数</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6" href="#__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="p">};</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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@@ -3485,14 +3559,14 @@
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<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2" href="#__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""链表节点类"""</span>
|
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<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3" href="#__codelineno-2-3"></a> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4" href="#__codelineno-2-4"></a> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">val</span> <span class="c1"># 节点值</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5" href="#__codelineno-2-5"></a> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Optional</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="c1"># 指向下一节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5" href="#__codelineno-2-5"></a> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Optional</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="c1"># 指向下一节点的引用</span>
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||||
</code></pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 链表节点结构体 */</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2" href="#__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="kd">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3" href="#__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 节点值</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4" href="#__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向下一节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4" href="#__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向下一节点的指针</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5" href="#__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6" href="#__codelineno-3-6"></a>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7" href="#__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="c1">// NewListNode 构造函数，创建一个新的链表</span>
|
||||
@@ -3532,7 +3606,7 @@
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||||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1" href="#__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 链表节点结构体 */</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2" href="#__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3" href="#__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 节点值</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4" href="#__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向下一节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4" href="#__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向下一节点的指针</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5" href="#__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="p">};</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6" href="#__codelineno-6-6"></a>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7" href="#__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="k">typedef</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
||||
@@ -3560,7 +3634,7 @@
|
||||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1" href="#__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 链表节点类 */</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2" href="#__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">ListNode</span> <span class="p">{</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3" href="#__codelineno-8-3"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">val</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">Int</span> <span class="c1">// 节点值</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4" href="#__codelineno-8-4"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">next</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">?</span> <span class="c1">// 指向下一节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4" href="#__codelineno-8-4"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">next</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">?</span> <span class="c1">// 指向下一节点的引用</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5" href="#__codelineno-8-5"></a>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6" href="#__codelineno-8-6"></a> <span class="kd">init</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">Int</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="c1">// 构造函数</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7" href="#__codelineno-8-7"></a> <span class="n">val</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">x</span>
|
||||
@@ -3575,7 +3649,7 @@
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4" href="#__codelineno-9-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Self</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">@This</span><span class="p">();</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5" href="#__codelineno-9-5"></a>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-9-6" name="__codelineno-9-6" href="#__codelineno-9-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 节点值</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-9-7" name="__codelineno-9-7" href="#__codelineno-9-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">?*</span><span class="n">Self</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向下一节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-9-7" name="__codelineno-9-7" href="#__codelineno-9-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">?*</span><span class="n">Self</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向下一节点的指针</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-9-8" name="__codelineno-9-8" href="#__codelineno-9-8"></a>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-9-9" name="__codelineno-9-9" href="#__codelineno-9-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 构造函数</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-9-10" name="__codelineno-9-10" href="#__codelineno-9-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||
@@ -3590,7 +3664,7 @@
|
||||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1" href="#__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 链表节点类 */</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2" href="#__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="kd">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3" href="#__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 节点值</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4" href="#__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向下一节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4" href="#__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向下一节点的引用</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5" href="#__codelineno-10-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">]);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 构造函数</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6" href="#__codelineno-10-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
||||
</code></pre></div>
|
||||
@@ -3602,19 +3676,20 @@
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4" href="#__codelineno-11-4"></a><span class="cp">#[derive(Debug)]</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5" href="#__codelineno-11-5"></a><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="nc">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6" href="#__codelineno-11-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span>: <span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 节点值</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7" href="#__codelineno-11-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span>: <span class="nb">Option</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Rc</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">RefCell</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="o">>>></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向下一节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7" href="#__codelineno-11-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span>: <span class="nb">Option</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Rc</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">RefCell</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="o">>>></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向下一节点的指针</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-11-8" name="__codelineno-11-8" href="#__codelineno-11-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
||||
</code></pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>我们将链表的首个节点称为「头节点」，最后一个节点称为「尾节点」。尾节点指向的是“空”，在 Java, C++, Python 中分别记为 <span class="arithmatex">\(\text{null}\)</span> , <span class="arithmatex">\(\text{nullptr}\)</span> , <span class="arithmatex">\(\text{None}\)</span> 。在不引起歧义的前提下，本书都使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(\text{None}\)</span> 来表示空。</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>链表初始化方法</strong>。建立链表分为两步，第一步是初始化各个节点对象，第二步是构建引用指向关系。完成后，即可以从链表的头节点（即首个节点）出发，通过指针 <code>next</code> 依次访问所有节点。</p>
|
||||
<h2 id="421">4.2.1. 链表常用操作<a class="headerlink" href="#421" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<h3 id="_1">初始化链表<a class="headerlink" href="#_1" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
||||
<p>建立链表分为两步，第一步是初始化各个节点对象，第二步是构建引用指向关系。初始化完成后，我们就可以从链表的头节点出发，通过引用指向 <code>next</code> 依次访问所有节点。</p>
|
||||
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="2:12"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_2_1" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_2" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_3" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_4" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_5" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_6" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_7" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_8" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_9" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_10" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_11" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_12" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_2_1">Java</label><label for="__tabbed_2_2">C++</label><label for="__tabbed_2_3">Python</label><label for="__tabbed_2_4">Go</label><label for="__tabbed_2_5">JS</label><label for="__tabbed_2_6">TS</label><label for="__tabbed_2_7">C</label><label for="__tabbed_2_8">C#</label><label for="__tabbed_2_9">Swift</label><label for="__tabbed_2_10">Zig</label><label for="__tabbed_2_11">Dart</label><label for="__tabbed_2_12">Rust</label></div>
|
||||
<div class="tabbed-content">
|
||||
<div class="tabbed-block">
|
||||
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">linked_list.java</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1" href="#__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2" href="#__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="c1">// 初始化各个节点 </span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2" href="#__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="c1">// 初始化各个节点</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3" href="#__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4" href="#__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5" href="#__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||||
@@ -3629,7 +3704,7 @@
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="tabbed-block">
|
||||
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">linked_list.cpp</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1" href="#__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2" href="#__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="c1">// 初始化各个节点 </span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2" href="#__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="c1">// 初始化各个节点</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3" href="#__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4" href="#__codelineno-13-4"></a><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5" href="#__codelineno-13-5"></a><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||||
@@ -3644,7 +3719,7 @@
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="tabbed-block">
|
||||
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">linked_list.py</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1" href="#__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="c1"># 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2" href="#__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="c1"># 初始化各个节点 </span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2" href="#__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="c1"># 初始化各个节点</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3" href="#__codelineno-14-3"></a><span class="n">n0</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4" href="#__codelineno-14-4"></a><span class="n">n1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5" href="#__codelineno-14-5"></a><span class="n">n2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
@@ -3704,7 +3779,7 @@
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="tabbed-block">
|
||||
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">linked_list.c</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1" href="#__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2" href="#__codelineno-18-2"></a><span class="c1">// 初始化各个节点 </span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2" href="#__codelineno-18-2"></a><span class="c1">// 初始化各个节点</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3" href="#__codelineno-18-3"></a><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">newListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-18-4" name="__codelineno-18-4" href="#__codelineno-18-4"></a><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">newListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-18-5" name="__codelineno-18-5" href="#__codelineno-18-5"></a><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">newListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||||
@@ -3719,7 +3794,7 @@
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="tabbed-block">
|
||||
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">linked_list.cs</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1" href="#__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2" href="#__codelineno-19-2"></a><span class="c1">// 初始化各个节点 </span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2" href="#__codelineno-19-2"></a><span class="c1">// 初始化各个节点</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-19-3" name="__codelineno-19-3" href="#__codelineno-19-3"></a><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-19-4" name="__codelineno-19-4" href="#__codelineno-19-4"></a><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-19-5" name="__codelineno-19-5" href="#__codelineno-19-5"></a><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||||
@@ -3749,7 +3824,7 @@
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="tabbed-block">
|
||||
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">linked_list.zig</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1" href="#__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="c1">// 初始化链表</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-21-2" name="__codelineno-21-2" href="#__codelineno-21-2"></a><span class="c1">// 初始化各个节点 </span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-21-2" name="__codelineno-21-2" href="#__codelineno-21-2"></a><span class="c1">// 初始化各个节点</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-21-3" name="__codelineno-21-3" href="#__codelineno-21-3"></a><span class="kr">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">inc</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">){.</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">};</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-21-4" name="__codelineno-21-4" href="#__codelineno-21-4"></a><span class="kr">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">inc</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">){.</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">};</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-21-5" name="__codelineno-21-5" href="#__codelineno-21-5"></a><span class="kr">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">inc</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">){.</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">};</span>
|
||||
@@ -3795,11 +3870,12 @@
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>在编程语言中，数组整体是一个变量，比如数组 <code>nums</code> 包含元素 <code>nums[0]</code> , <code>nums[1]</code> 等。而链表是由多个分散的节点对象组成，<strong>我们通常将头节点当作链表的代称</strong>，比如以上代码中的链表可被记做链表 <code>n0</code> 。</p>
|
||||
<h2 id="421">4.2.1. 链表优点<a class="headerlink" href="#421" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<p><strong>链表中插入与删除节点的操作效率高</strong>。如果我们想在链表中间的两个节点 <code>A</code> , <code>B</code> 之间插入一个新节点 <code>P</code> ，我们只需要改变两个节点指针即可，时间复杂度为 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(1)\)</span> ；相比之下，数组的插入操作效率要低得多。</p>
|
||||
<p>数组整体是一个变量，比如数组 <code>nums</code> 包含元素 <code>nums[0]</code> , <code>nums[1]</code> 等，而链表是由多个独立的节点对象组成的。<strong>我们通常将头节点当作链表的代称</strong>，比如以上代码中的链表可被记做链表 <code>n0</code> 。</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="_2">插入节点<a class="headerlink" href="#_2" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
||||
<p><strong>在链表中插入节点非常容易</strong>。假设我们想在相邻的两个节点 <code>n0</code> , <code>n1</code> 之间插入一个新节点 <code>P</code> ，则只需要改变两个节点引用（指针）即可，时间复杂度为 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(1)\)</span> 。</p>
|
||||
<p>相比之下，在数组中插入元素的时间复杂度为 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(n)\)</span> ，在大数据量下的效率较低。</p>
|
||||
<p><img alt="链表插入节点" src="../linked_list.assets/linkedlist_insert_node.png" /></p>
|
||||
<p align="center"> Fig. 链表插入节点 </p>
|
||||
<p align="center"> 图：链表插入节点 </p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="3:12"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_3_1" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_2" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_3" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_4" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_5" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_6" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_7" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_8" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_9" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_10" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_11" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_12" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_3_1">Java</label><label for="__tabbed_3_2">C++</label><label for="__tabbed_3_3">Python</label><label for="__tabbed_3_4">Go</label><label for="__tabbed_3_5">JS</label><label for="__tabbed_3_6">TS</label><label for="__tabbed_3_7">C</label><label for="__tabbed_3_8">C#</label><label for="__tabbed_3_9">Swift</label><label for="__tabbed_3_10">Zig</label><label for="__tabbed_3_11">Dart</label><label for="__tabbed_3_12">Rust</label></div>
|
||||
<div class="tabbed-content">
|
||||
@@ -3913,9 +3989,11 @@
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>在链表中删除节点也非常方便，只需改变一个节点的指针即可。如下图所示，尽管在删除操作完成后，节点 <code>P</code> 仍然指向 <code>n1</code> ，但实际上 <code>P</code> 已经不再属于此链表，因为遍历此链表时无法访问到 <code>P</code> 。</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="_3">删除节点<a class="headerlink" href="#_3" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
||||
<p>在链表中删除节点也非常简便，只需改变一个节点的引用（指针）即可。</p>
|
||||
<p>请注意，尽管在删除操作完成后节点 <code>P</code> 仍然指向 <code>n1</code> ，但实际上遍历此链表已经无法访问到 <code>P</code> ，这意味着 <code>P</code> 已经不再属于该链表了。</p>
|
||||
<p><img alt="链表删除节点" src="../linked_list.assets/linkedlist_remove_node.png" /></p>
|
||||
<p align="center"> Fig. 链表删除节点 </p>
|
||||
<p align="center"> 图：链表删除节点 </p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="4:12"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_4_1" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_2" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_3" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_4" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_5" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_6" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_7" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_8" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_9" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_10" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_11" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_12" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_4_1">Java</label><label for="__tabbed_4_2">C++</label><label for="__tabbed_4_3">Python</label><label for="__tabbed_4_4">Go</label><label for="__tabbed_4_5">JS</label><label for="__tabbed_4_6">TS</label><label for="__tabbed_4_7">C</label><label for="__tabbed_4_8">C#</label><label for="__tabbed_4_9">Swift</label><label for="__tabbed_4_10">Zig</label><label for="__tabbed_4_11">Dart</label><label for="__tabbed_4_12">Rust</label></div>
|
||||
<div class="tabbed-content">
|
||||
@@ -4072,8 +4150,8 @@
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<h2 id="422">4.2.2. 链表缺点<a class="headerlink" href="#422" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<p><strong>链表访问节点效率较低</strong>。如上节所述，数组可以在 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(1)\)</span> 时间下访问任意元素。然而链表无法直接访问任意节点，因为程序需要从头节点出发，逐个向后遍历，直至找到目标节点。也就是说，如果想要访问链表中第 <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> 个节点，则需要向后遍历 <span class="arithmatex">\(i - 1\)</span> 轮。</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="_4">访问节点<a class="headerlink" href="#_4" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
||||
<p><strong>在链表访问节点的效率较低</strong>。如上节所述，我们可以在 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(1)\)</span> 时间下访问数组中的任意元素。链表则不然，程序需要从头节点出发，逐个向后遍历，直至找到目标节点。也就是说，访问链表的第 <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> 个节点需要循环 <span class="arithmatex">\(i - 1\)</span> 轮，时间复杂度为 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(n)\)</span> 。</p>
|
||||
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="5:12"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_5_1" name="__tabbed_5" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_5_2" name="__tabbed_5" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_5_3" name="__tabbed_5" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_5_4" name="__tabbed_5" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_5_5" name="__tabbed_5" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_5_6" name="__tabbed_5" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_5_7" name="__tabbed_5" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_5_8" name="__tabbed_5" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_5_9" name="__tabbed_5" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_5_10" name="__tabbed_5" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_5_11" name="__tabbed_5" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_5_12" name="__tabbed_5" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_5_1">Java</label><label for="__tabbed_5_2">C++</label><label for="__tabbed_5_3">Python</label><label for="__tabbed_5_4">Go</label><label for="__tabbed_5_5">JS</label><label for="__tabbed_5_6">TS</label><label for="__tabbed_5_7">C</label><label for="__tabbed_5_8">C#</label><label for="__tabbed_5_9">Swift</label><label for="__tabbed_5_10">Zig</label><label for="__tabbed_5_11">Dart</label><label for="__tabbed_5_12">Rust</label></div>
|
||||
<div class="tabbed-content">
|
||||
<div class="tabbed-block">
|
||||
@@ -4223,9 +4301,8 @@
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p><strong>链表的内存占用较大</strong>。链表以节点为单位，每个节点除了包含值，还需额外保存下一节点的引用（指针）。这意味着在相同数据量的情况下，链表比数组需要占用更多的内存空间。</p>
|
||||
<h2 id="423">4.2.3. 链表常用操作<a class="headerlink" href="#423" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<p><strong>遍历链表查找</strong>。遍历链表，查找链表内值为 <code>target</code> 的节点，输出节点在链表中的索引。</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="_5">查找节点<a class="headerlink" href="#_5" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
||||
<p>遍历链表，查找链表内值为 <code>target</code> 的节点，输出节点在链表中的索引。此过程也属于「线性查找」。</p>
|
||||
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="6:12"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_6_1" name="__tabbed_6" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_6_2" name="__tabbed_6" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_6_3" name="__tabbed_6" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_6_4" name="__tabbed_6" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_6_5" name="__tabbed_6" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_6_6" name="__tabbed_6" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_6_7" name="__tabbed_6" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_6_8" name="__tabbed_6" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_6_9" name="__tabbed_6" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_6_10" name="__tabbed_6" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_6_11" name="__tabbed_6" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_6_12" name="__tabbed_6" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_6_1">Java</label><label for="__tabbed_6_2">C++</label><label for="__tabbed_6_3">Python</label><label for="__tabbed_6_4">Go</label><label for="__tabbed_6_5">JS</label><label for="__tabbed_6_6">TS</label><label for="__tabbed_6_7">C</label><label for="__tabbed_6_8">C#</label><label for="__tabbed_6_9">Swift</label><label for="__tabbed_6_10">Zig</label><label for="__tabbed_6_11">Dart</label><label for="__tabbed_6_12">Rust</label></div>
|
||||
<div class="tabbed-content">
|
||||
<div class="tabbed-block">
|
||||
@@ -4399,18 +4476,68 @@
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<h2 id="424">4.2.4. 常见链表类型<a class="headerlink" href="#424" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<p><strong>单向链表</strong>。即上述介绍的普通链表。单向链表的节点包含值和指向下一节点的指针（引用）两项数据。我们将首个节点称为头节点，将最后一个节点成为尾节点，尾节点指向空 <span class="arithmatex">\(\text{None}\)</span> 。</p>
|
||||
<h2 id="422-vs">4.2.2. 数组 VS 链表<a class="headerlink" href="#422-vs" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>下表总结对比了数组和链表的各项特点与操作效率。由于它们采用两种相反的存储策略，因此各种性质和操作效率也呈现对立的特点。</p>
|
||||
<div class="center-table">
|
||||
<table>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th></th>
|
||||
<th>数组</th>
|
||||
<th>链表</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>存储方式</td>
|
||||
<td>连续内存空间</td>
|
||||
<td>离散内存空间</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>缓存局部性</td>
|
||||
<td>友好</td>
|
||||
<td>不友好</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>容量扩展</td>
|
||||
<td>长度不可变</td>
|
||||
<td>可灵活扩展</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>内存效率</td>
|
||||
<td>占用内存少、浪费部分空间</td>
|
||||
<td>占用内存多</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>访问元素</td>
|
||||
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(O(1)\)</span></td>
|
||||
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(O(n)\)</span></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>添加元素</td>
|
||||
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(O(n)\)</span></td>
|
||||
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(O(1)\)</span></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>删除元素</td>
|
||||
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(O(n)\)</span></td>
|
||||
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(O(1)\)</span></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<h2 id="423">4.2.3. 常见链表类型<a class="headerlink" href="#423" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<p><strong>单向链表</strong>。即上述介绍的普通链表。单向链表的节点包含值和指向下一节点的引用两项数据。我们将首个节点称为头节点，将最后一个节点成为尾节点，尾节点指向空 <span class="arithmatex">\(\text{None}\)</span> 。</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>环形链表</strong>。如果我们令单向链表的尾节点指向头节点（即首尾相接），则得到一个环形链表。在环形链表中，任意节点都可以视作头节点。</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>双向链表</strong>。与单向链表相比，双向链表记录了两个方向的指针（引用）。双向链表的节点定义同时包含指向后继节点（下一节点）和前驱节点（上一节点）的指针。相较于单向链表，双向链表更具灵活性，可以朝两个方向遍历链表，但相应地也需要占用更多的内存空间。</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>双向链表</strong>。与单向链表相比，双向链表记录了两个方向的引用。双向链表的节点定义同时包含指向后继节点（下一个节点）和前驱节点（上一个节点）的引用（指针）。相较于单向链表，双向链表更具灵活性，可以朝两个方向遍历链表，但相应地也需要占用更多的内存空间。</p>
|
||||
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="7:12"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_7_1" name="__tabbed_7" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_7_2" name="__tabbed_7" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_7_3" name="__tabbed_7" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_7_4" name="__tabbed_7" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_7_5" name="__tabbed_7" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_7_6" name="__tabbed_7" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_7_7" name="__tabbed_7" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_7_8" name="__tabbed_7" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_7_9" name="__tabbed_7" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_7_10" name="__tabbed_7" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_7_11" name="__tabbed_7" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_7_12" name="__tabbed_7" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_7_1">Java</label><label for="__tabbed_7_2">C++</label><label for="__tabbed_7_3">Python</label><label for="__tabbed_7_4">Go</label><label for="__tabbed_7_5">JS</label><label for="__tabbed_7_6">TS</label><label for="__tabbed_7_7">C</label><label for="__tabbed_7_8">C#</label><label for="__tabbed_7_9">Swift</label><label for="__tabbed_7_10">Zig</label><label for="__tabbed_7_11">Dart</label><label for="__tabbed_7_12">Rust</label></div>
|
||||
<div class="tabbed-content">
|
||||
<div class="tabbed-block">
|
||||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-72-1" name="__codelineno-72-1" href="#__codelineno-72-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 双向链表节点类 */</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-72-2" name="__codelineno-72-2" href="#__codelineno-72-2"></a><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-72-3" name="__codelineno-72-3" href="#__codelineno-72-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 节点值</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-72-4" name="__codelineno-72-4" href="#__codelineno-72-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向后继节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-72-5" name="__codelineno-72-5" href="#__codelineno-72-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">prev</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向前驱节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-72-4" name="__codelineno-72-4" href="#__codelineno-72-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向后继节点的引用</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-72-5" name="__codelineno-72-5" href="#__codelineno-72-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">prev</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向前驱节点的引用</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-72-6" name="__codelineno-72-6" href="#__codelineno-72-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 构造函数</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-72-7" name="__codelineno-72-7" href="#__codelineno-72-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
||||
</code></pre></div>
|
||||
@@ -4419,8 +4546,8 @@
|
||||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-73-1" name="__codelineno-73-1" href="#__codelineno-73-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 双向链表节点结构体 */</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-73-2" name="__codelineno-73-2" href="#__codelineno-73-2"></a><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-73-3" name="__codelineno-73-3" href="#__codelineno-73-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 节点值</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-73-4" name="__codelineno-73-4" href="#__codelineno-73-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向后继节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-73-5" name="__codelineno-73-5" href="#__codelineno-73-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">prev</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向前驱节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-73-4" name="__codelineno-73-4" href="#__codelineno-73-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向后继节点的指针</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-73-5" name="__codelineno-73-5" href="#__codelineno-73-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">prev</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向前驱节点的指针</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-73-6" name="__codelineno-73-6" href="#__codelineno-73-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">nullptr</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">prev</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">nullptr</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 构造函数</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-73-7" name="__codelineno-73-7" href="#__codelineno-73-7"></a><span class="p">};</span>
|
||||
</code></pre></div>
|
||||
@@ -4430,16 +4557,16 @@
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-74-2" name="__codelineno-74-2" href="#__codelineno-74-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""双向链表节点类"""</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-74-3" name="__codelineno-74-3" href="#__codelineno-74-3"></a> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-74-4" name="__codelineno-74-4" href="#__codelineno-74-4"></a> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">val</span> <span class="c1"># 节点值</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-74-5" name="__codelineno-74-5" href="#__codelineno-74-5"></a> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Optional</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="c1"># 指向后继节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-74-6" name="__codelineno-74-6" href="#__codelineno-74-6"></a> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prev</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Optional</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="c1"># 指向前驱节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-74-5" name="__codelineno-74-5" href="#__codelineno-74-5"></a> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Optional</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="c1"># 指向后继节点的引用</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-74-6" name="__codelineno-74-6" href="#__codelineno-74-6"></a> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prev</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Optional</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="c1"># 指向前驱节点的引用</span>
|
||||
</code></pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="tabbed-block">
|
||||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-75-1" name="__codelineno-75-1" href="#__codelineno-75-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 双向链表节点结构体 */</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-75-2" name="__codelineno-75-2" href="#__codelineno-75-2"></a><span class="kd">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">DoublyListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-75-3" name="__codelineno-75-3" href="#__codelineno-75-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 节点值</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-75-4" name="__codelineno-75-4" href="#__codelineno-75-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">DoublyListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向后继节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-75-5" name="__codelineno-75-5" href="#__codelineno-75-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Prev</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">DoublyListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向前驱节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-75-4" name="__codelineno-75-4" href="#__codelineno-75-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">DoublyListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向后继节点的指针</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-75-5" name="__codelineno-75-5" href="#__codelineno-75-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Prev</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">DoublyListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向前驱节点的指针</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-75-6" name="__codelineno-75-6" href="#__codelineno-75-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-75-7" name="__codelineno-75-7" href="#__codelineno-75-7"></a>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-75-8" name="__codelineno-75-8" href="#__codelineno-75-8"></a><span class="c1">// NewDoublyListNode 初始化</span>
|
||||
@@ -4460,8 +4587,8 @@
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-76-5" name="__codelineno-76-5" href="#__codelineno-76-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">prev</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-76-6" name="__codelineno-76-6" href="#__codelineno-76-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">constructor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">val</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">next</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">prev</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-76-7" name="__codelineno-76-7" href="#__codelineno-76-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">===</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">undefined</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">val</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 节点值</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-76-8" name="__codelineno-76-8" href="#__codelineno-76-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">===</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">undefined</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向后继节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-76-9" name="__codelineno-76-9" href="#__codelineno-76-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">prev</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">prev</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">===</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">undefined</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">prev</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向前驱节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-76-8" name="__codelineno-76-8" href="#__codelineno-76-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">===</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">undefined</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向后继节点的引用</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-76-9" name="__codelineno-76-9" href="#__codelineno-76-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">prev</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">prev</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">===</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">undefined</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">prev</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向前驱节点的引用</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-76-10" name="__codelineno-76-10" href="#__codelineno-76-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-76-11" name="__codelineno-76-11" href="#__codelineno-76-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
||||
</code></pre></div>
|
||||
@@ -4474,8 +4601,8 @@
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-77-5" name="__codelineno-77-5" href="#__codelineno-77-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">prev</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-77-6" name="__codelineno-77-6" href="#__codelineno-77-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">constructor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">val?</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">next?</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">prev?</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-77-7" name="__codelineno-77-7" href="#__codelineno-77-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">===</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">undefined</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">val</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 节点值</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-77-8" name="__codelineno-77-8" href="#__codelineno-77-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">===</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">undefined</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">null</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向后继节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-77-9" name="__codelineno-77-9" href="#__codelineno-77-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">prev</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">prev</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">===</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">undefined</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">null</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">prev</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向前驱节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-77-8" name="__codelineno-77-8" href="#__codelineno-77-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">===</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">undefined</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">null</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向后继节点的引用</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-77-9" name="__codelineno-77-9" href="#__codelineno-77-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">prev</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">prev</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">===</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">undefined</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">null</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">prev</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向前驱节点的引用</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-77-10" name="__codelineno-77-10" href="#__codelineno-77-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-77-11" name="__codelineno-77-11" href="#__codelineno-77-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
||||
</code></pre></div>
|
||||
@@ -4484,8 +4611,8 @@
|
||||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-78-1" name="__codelineno-78-1" href="#__codelineno-78-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 双向链表节点结构体 */</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-78-2" name="__codelineno-78-2" href="#__codelineno-78-2"></a><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-78-3" name="__codelineno-78-3" href="#__codelineno-78-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 节点值</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-78-4" name="__codelineno-78-4" href="#__codelineno-78-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向后继节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-78-5" name="__codelineno-78-5" href="#__codelineno-78-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">prev</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向前驱节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-78-4" name="__codelineno-78-4" href="#__codelineno-78-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向后继节点的指针</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-78-5" name="__codelineno-78-5" href="#__codelineno-78-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">prev</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向前驱节点的指针</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-78-6" name="__codelineno-78-6" href="#__codelineno-78-6"></a><span class="p">};</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-78-7" name="__codelineno-78-7" href="#__codelineno-78-7"></a>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-78-8" name="__codelineno-78-8" href="#__codelineno-78-8"></a><span class="k">typedef</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
||||
@@ -4505,8 +4632,8 @@
|
||||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-79-1" name="__codelineno-79-1" href="#__codelineno-79-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 双向链表节点类 */</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-79-2" name="__codelineno-79-2" href="#__codelineno-79-2"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-79-3" name="__codelineno-79-3" href="#__codelineno-79-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 节点值</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-79-4" name="__codelineno-79-4" href="#__codelineno-79-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向后继节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-79-5" name="__codelineno-79-5" href="#__codelineno-79-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">prev</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向前驱节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-79-4" name="__codelineno-79-4" href="#__codelineno-79-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向后继节点的引用</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-79-5" name="__codelineno-79-5" href="#__codelineno-79-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">prev</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向前驱节点的引用</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-79-6" name="__codelineno-79-6" href="#__codelineno-79-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 构造函数</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-79-7" name="__codelineno-79-7" href="#__codelineno-79-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
||||
</code></pre></div>
|
||||
@@ -4515,8 +4642,8 @@
|
||||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-80-1" name="__codelineno-80-1" href="#__codelineno-80-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 双向链表节点类 */</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-80-2" name="__codelineno-80-2" href="#__codelineno-80-2"></a><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">ListNode</span> <span class="p">{</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-80-3" name="__codelineno-80-3" href="#__codelineno-80-3"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">val</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">Int</span> <span class="c1">// 节点值</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-80-4" name="__codelineno-80-4" href="#__codelineno-80-4"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">next</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">?</span> <span class="c1">// 指向后继节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-80-5" name="__codelineno-80-5" href="#__codelineno-80-5"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">prev</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">?</span> <span class="c1">// 指向前驱节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-80-4" name="__codelineno-80-4" href="#__codelineno-80-4"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">next</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">?</span> <span class="c1">// 指向后继节点的引用</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-80-5" name="__codelineno-80-5" href="#__codelineno-80-5"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">prev</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">?</span> <span class="c1">// 指向前驱节点的引用</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-80-6" name="__codelineno-80-6" href="#__codelineno-80-6"></a>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-80-7" name="__codelineno-80-7" href="#__codelineno-80-7"></a> <span class="kd">init</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">Int</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="c1">// 构造函数</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-80-8" name="__codelineno-80-8" href="#__codelineno-80-8"></a> <span class="n">val</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">x</span>
|
||||
@@ -4531,8 +4658,8 @@
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-81-4" name="__codelineno-81-4" href="#__codelineno-81-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Self</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">@This</span><span class="p">();</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-81-5" name="__codelineno-81-5" href="#__codelineno-81-5"></a>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-81-6" name="__codelineno-81-6" href="#__codelineno-81-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 节点值</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-81-7" name="__codelineno-81-7" href="#__codelineno-81-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">?*</span><span class="n">Self</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向后继节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-81-8" name="__codelineno-81-8" href="#__codelineno-81-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">prev</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">?*</span><span class="n">Self</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向前驱节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-81-7" name="__codelineno-81-7" href="#__codelineno-81-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">?*</span><span class="n">Self</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向后继节点的指针</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-81-8" name="__codelineno-81-8" href="#__codelineno-81-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">prev</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">?*</span><span class="n">Self</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向前驱节点的指针</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-81-9" name="__codelineno-81-9" href="#__codelineno-81-9"></a>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-81-10" name="__codelineno-81-10" href="#__codelineno-81-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 构造函数</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-81-11" name="__codelineno-81-11" href="#__codelineno-81-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||
@@ -4548,8 +4675,8 @@
|
||||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-82-1" name="__codelineno-82-1" href="#__codelineno-82-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 双向链表节点类 */</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-82-2" name="__codelineno-82-2" href="#__codelineno-82-2"></a><span class="kd">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-82-3" name="__codelineno-82-3" href="#__codelineno-82-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 节点值</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-82-4" name="__codelineno-82-4" href="#__codelineno-82-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向后继节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-82-5" name="__codelineno-82-5" href="#__codelineno-82-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">prev</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向前驱节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-82-4" name="__codelineno-82-4" href="#__codelineno-82-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向后继节点的引用</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-82-5" name="__codelineno-82-5" href="#__codelineno-82-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">prev</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向前驱节点的引用</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-82-6" name="__codelineno-82-6" href="#__codelineno-82-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">prev</span><span class="p">]);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 构造函数</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-82-7" name="__codelineno-82-7" href="#__codelineno-82-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
||||
</code></pre></div>
|
||||
@@ -4562,8 +4689,8 @@
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-83-5" name="__codelineno-83-5" href="#__codelineno-83-5"></a><span class="cp">#[derive(Debug)]</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-83-6" name="__codelineno-83-6" href="#__codelineno-83-6"></a><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="nc">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-83-7" name="__codelineno-83-7" href="#__codelineno-83-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span>: <span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 节点值</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-83-8" name="__codelineno-83-8" href="#__codelineno-83-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span>: <span class="nb">Option</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Rc</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">RefCell</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="o">>>></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向后继节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-83-9" name="__codelineno-83-9" href="#__codelineno-83-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">prev</span>: <span class="nb">Option</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Rc</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">RefCell</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="o">>>></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向前驱节点的指针（引用）</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-83-8" name="__codelineno-83-8" href="#__codelineno-83-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span>: <span class="nb">Option</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Rc</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">RefCell</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="o">>>></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向后继节点的指针</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-83-9" name="__codelineno-83-9" href="#__codelineno-83-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">prev</span>: <span class="nb">Option</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Rc</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">RefCell</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="o">>>></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 指向前驱节点的指针</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-83-10" name="__codelineno-83-10" href="#__codelineno-83-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-83-11" name="__codelineno-83-11" href="#__codelineno-83-11"></a>
|
||||
<a id="__codelineno-83-12" name="__codelineno-83-12" href="#__codelineno-83-12"></a><span class="cm">/* 构造函数 */</span>
|
||||
@@ -4581,9 +4708,9 @@
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p><img alt="常见链表种类" src="../linked_list.assets/linkedlist_common_types.png" /></p>
|
||||
<p align="center"> Fig. 常见链表种类 </p>
|
||||
<p align="center"> 图：常见链表种类 </p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 id="425">4.2.5. 链表典型应用<a class="headerlink" href="#425" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<h2 id="424">4.2.4. 链表典型应用<a class="headerlink" href="#424" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>单向链表通常用于实现栈、队列、散列表和图等数据结构。</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><strong>栈与队列</strong>：当插入和删除操作都在链表的一端进行时，它表现出先进后出的的特性，对应栈；当插入操作在链表的一端进行，删除操作在链表的另一端进行，它表现出先进先出的特性，对应队列。</li>
|
||||
@@ -4592,7 +4719,7 @@
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>双向链表常被用于需要快速查找前一个和下一个元素的场景。</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><strong>高级数据结构</strong>：比如在红黑树、B 树中，我们需要知道一个节点的父节点，这可以通过在节点中保存一个指向父节点的指针来实现，类似于双向链表。</li>
|
||||
<li><strong>高级数据结构</strong>：比如在红黑树、B 树中，我们需要访问节点的父节点，这可以通过在节点中保存一个指向父节点的引用来实现，类似于双向链表。</li>
|
||||
<li><strong>浏览器历史</strong>：在网页浏览器中，当用户点击前进或后退按钮时，浏览器需要知道用户访问过的前一个和后一个网页。双向链表的特性使得这种操作变得简单。</li>
|
||||
<li><strong>LRU 算法</strong>：在缓存淘汰算法（LRU）中，我们需要快速找到最近最少使用的数据，以及支持快速地添加和删除节点。这时候使用双向链表就非常合适。</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user