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<title>5.2. 队列Queue - Hello 算法</title>
<title>5.2.   队列Queue - Hello 算法</title>
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
<div class="md-header__topic" data-md-component="header-topic">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
5.2. 队列Queue
5.2. &nbsp; 队列Queue
</span>
</div>
@@ -268,14 +268,14 @@
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_1" id="__nav_1_label" tabindex="0">
0. 写在前面
0. &nbsp; &nbsp; 写在前面
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
0. 写在前面
0. &nbsp; &nbsp; 写在前面
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_preface/about_the_book/" class="md-nav__link">
0.1. 关于本书
0.1. &nbsp; 关于本书
</a>
</li>
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_preface/suggestions/" class="md-nav__link">
0.2. 如何使用本书
0.2. &nbsp; 如何使用本书
</a>
</li>
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_preface/installation/" class="md-nav__link">
0.3. 编程环境安装
0.3. &nbsp; 编程环境安装
</a>
</li>
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_preface/contribution/" class="md-nav__link">
0.4. 一起参与创作
0.4. &nbsp; 一起参与创作
</a>
</li>
@@ -367,14 +367,14 @@
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_2" id="__nav_2_label" tabindex="0">
1. 引言
1. &nbsp; &nbsp; 引言
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
1. 引言
1. &nbsp; &nbsp; 引言
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_introduction/algorithms_are_everywhere/" class="md-nav__link">
1.1. 算法无处不在
1.1. &nbsp; 算法无处不在
</a>
</li>
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_introduction/what_is_dsa/" class="md-nav__link">
1.2. 算法是什么
1.2. &nbsp; 算法是什么
</a>
</li>
@@ -444,14 +444,14 @@
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_3" id="__nav_3_label" tabindex="0">
2. 计算复杂度
2. &nbsp; &nbsp; 计算复杂度
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
2. 计算复杂度
2. &nbsp; &nbsp; 计算复杂度
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/performance_evaluation/" class="md-nav__link">
2.1. 算法效率评估
2.1. &nbsp; 算法效率评估
</a>
</li>
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity/" class="md-nav__link">
2.2. 时间复杂度
2.2. &nbsp; 时间复杂度
</a>
</li>
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity/" class="md-nav__link">
2.3. 空间复杂度
2.3. &nbsp; 空间复杂度
</a>
</li>
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/space_time_tradeoff/" class="md-nav__link">
2.4. 权衡时间与空间
2.4. &nbsp; 权衡时间与空间
</a>
</li>
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
2.5. 小结
2.5. &nbsp; 小结
</a>
</li>
@@ -559,14 +559,14 @@
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4" id="__nav_4_label" tabindex="0">
3. 数据结构简介
3. &nbsp; &nbsp; 数据结构简介
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
3. 数据结构简介
3. &nbsp; &nbsp; 数据结构简介
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_data_structure/data_and_memory/" class="md-nav__link">
3.1. 数据与内存
3.1. &nbsp; 数据与内存
</a>
</li>
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_data_structure/classification_of_data_structure/" class="md-nav__link">
3.2. 数据结构分类
3.2. &nbsp; 数据结构分类
</a>
</li>
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_data_structure/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
3.3. 小结
3.3. &nbsp; 小结
</a>
</li>
@@ -648,14 +648,14 @@
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
4. 数组与链表
4. &nbsp; &nbsp; 数组与链表
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
4. 数组与链表
4. &nbsp; &nbsp; 数组与链表
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
@@ -666,7 +666,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array/" class="md-nav__link">
4.1. 数组Array
4.1. &nbsp; 数组Array
</a>
</li>
@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list/" class="md-nav__link">
4.2. 链表LinkedList
4.2. &nbsp; 链表LinkedList
</a>
</li>
@@ -694,7 +694,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list/" class="md-nav__link">
4.3. 列表List
4.3. &nbsp; 列表List
</a>
</li>
@@ -708,7 +708,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
4.4. 小结
4.4. &nbsp; 小结
</a>
</li>
@@ -753,14 +753,14 @@
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
5. 栈与队列
5. &nbsp; &nbsp; 栈与队列
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="true">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
5. 栈与队列
5. &nbsp; &nbsp; 栈与队列
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
@@ -771,7 +771,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../stack/" class="md-nav__link">
5.1. 栈Stack
5.1. &nbsp;Stack
</a>
</li>
@@ -794,12 +794,12 @@
<label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
5.2. 队列Queue
5.2. &nbsp; 队列Queue
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
5.2. 队列Queue
5.2. &nbsp; 队列Queue
</a>
@@ -819,17 +819,17 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#521" class="md-nav__link">
5.2.1. 队列常用操作
5.2.1. &nbsp; 队列常用操作
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#522" class="md-nav__link">
5.2.2. 队列实现
5.2.2. &nbsp; 队列实现
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="5.2.2. 队列实现">
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="5.2.2. &nbsp; 队列实现">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
@@ -853,14 +853,14 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#523" class="md-nav__link">
5.2.3. 两种实现对比
5.2.3. &nbsp; 两种实现对比
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#524" class="md-nav__link">
5.2.4. 队列典型应用
5.2.4. &nbsp; 队列典型应用
</a>
</li>
@@ -881,7 +881,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../deque/" class="md-nav__link">
5.3. 双向队列Deque
5.3. &nbsp; 双向队列Deque
</a>
</li>
@@ -895,7 +895,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../summary/" class="md-nav__link">
5.4. 小结
5.4. &nbsp; 小结
</a>
</li>
@@ -936,14 +936,14 @@
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_7" id="__nav_7_label" tabindex="0">
6. 散列表
6. &nbsp; &nbsp; 散列表
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_7">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
6. 散列表
6. &nbsp; &nbsp; 散列表
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
@@ -954,7 +954,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_map/" class="md-nav__link">
6.1. 哈希表HashMap
6.1. &nbsp; 哈希表HashMap
</a>
</li>
@@ -968,7 +968,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_collision/" class="md-nav__link">
6.2. 哈希冲突处理
6.2. &nbsp; 哈希冲突处理
</a>
</li>
@@ -982,7 +982,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_hashing/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
6.3. 小结
6.3. &nbsp; 小结
</a>
</li>
@@ -1027,14 +1027,14 @@
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_8" id="__nav_8_label" tabindex="0">
7. 二叉树
7. &nbsp; &nbsp; 二叉树
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_8">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
7. 二叉树
7. &nbsp; &nbsp; 二叉树
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
@@ -1045,7 +1045,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
7.1. 二叉树Binary Tree
7.1. &nbsp; 二叉树Binary Tree
</a>
</li>
@@ -1059,7 +1059,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_tree_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
7.2. 二叉树遍历
7.2. &nbsp; 二叉树遍历
</a>
</li>
@@ -1073,7 +1073,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_search_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
7.3. 二叉搜索树
7.3. &nbsp; 二叉搜索树
</a>
</li>
@@ -1087,7 +1087,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_tree/avl_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
7.4. AVL 树 *
7.4. &nbsp; AVL 树 *
</a>
</li>
@@ -1101,7 +1101,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_tree/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
7.5. 小结
7.5. &nbsp; 小结
</a>
</li>
@@ -1138,14 +1138,14 @@
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_9" id="__nav_9_label" tabindex="0">
8. 堆
8. &nbsp; &nbsp;
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_9">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
8. 堆
8. &nbsp; &nbsp;
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
@@ -1156,7 +1156,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_heap/heap/" class="md-nav__link">
8.1. 堆Heap
8.1. &nbsp;Heap
</a>
</li>
@@ -1197,14 +1197,14 @@
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_10" id="__nav_10_label" tabindex="0">
9. 图
9. &nbsp; &nbsp;
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_10">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
9. 图
9. &nbsp; &nbsp;
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
@@ -1215,7 +1215,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph/" class="md-nav__link">
9.1. 图Graph
9.1. &nbsp;Graph
</a>
</li>
@@ -1229,7 +1229,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph_operations/" class="md-nav__link">
9.2. 图基础操作
9.2. &nbsp; 图基础操作
</a>
</li>
@@ -1243,7 +1243,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
9.3. 图的遍历
9.3. &nbsp; 图的遍历
</a>
</li>
@@ -1286,14 +1286,14 @@
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_11" id="__nav_11_label" tabindex="0">
10. 查找算法
10. &nbsp; &nbsp; 查找算法
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_11">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
10. 查找算法
10. &nbsp; &nbsp; 查找算法
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
@@ -1304,7 +1304,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_searching/linear_search/" class="md-nav__link">
10.1. 线性查找
10.1. &nbsp; 线性查找
</a>
</li>
@@ -1318,7 +1318,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search/" class="md-nav__link">
10.2. 二分查找
10.2. &nbsp; 二分查找
</a>
</li>
@@ -1332,7 +1332,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_searching/hashing_search/" class="md-nav__link">
10.3. 哈希查找
10.3. &nbsp; 哈希查找
</a>
</li>
@@ -1346,7 +1346,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_searching/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
10.4. 小结
10.4. &nbsp; 小结
</a>
</li>
@@ -1393,14 +1393,14 @@
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_12" id="__nav_12_label" tabindex="0">
11. 排序算法
11. &nbsp; &nbsp; 排序算法
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_12">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
11. 排序算法
11. &nbsp; &nbsp; 排序算法
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
@@ -1411,7 +1411,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/intro_to_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
11.1. 排序简介
11.1. &nbsp; 排序简介
</a>
</li>
@@ -1425,7 +1425,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bubble_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
11.2. 冒泡排序
11.2. &nbsp; 冒泡排序
</a>
</li>
@@ -1439,7 +1439,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/insertion_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
11.3. 插入排序
11.3. &nbsp; 插入排序
</a>
</li>
@@ -1453,7 +1453,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/quick_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
11.4. 快速排序
11.4. &nbsp; 快速排序
</a>
</li>
@@ -1467,7 +1467,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/merge_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
11.5. 归并排序
11.5. &nbsp; 归并排序
</a>
</li>
@@ -1481,7 +1481,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
11.6. 小结
11.6. &nbsp; 小结
</a>
</li>
@@ -1569,17 +1569,17 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#521" class="md-nav__link">
5.2.1. 队列常用操作
5.2.1. &nbsp; 队列常用操作
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#522" class="md-nav__link">
5.2.2. 队列实现
5.2.2. &nbsp; 队列实现
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="5.2.2. 队列实现">
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="5.2.2. &nbsp; 队列实现">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
@@ -1603,14 +1603,14 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#523" class="md-nav__link">
5.2.3. 两种实现对比
5.2.3. &nbsp; 两种实现对比
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#524" class="md-nav__link">
5.2.4. 队列典型应用
5.2.4. &nbsp; 队列典型应用
</a>
</li>
@@ -1639,13 +1639,13 @@
<h1 id="52">5.2. 队列<a class="headerlink" href="#52" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<h1 id="52">5.2. &nbsp; 队列<a class="headerlink" href="#52" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>「队列 Queue」是一种遵循「先入先出 first in, first out」数据操作规则的线性数据结构。顾名思义队列模拟的是排队现象即外面的人不断加入队列尾部而处于队列头部的人不断地离开。</p>
<p>我们将队列头部称为「队首」,队列尾部称为「队尾」,将把元素加入队尾的操作称为「入队」,删除队首元素的操作称为「出队」。</p>
<p><img alt="queue_operations" src="../queue.assets/queue_operations.png" /></p>
<p align="center"> Fig. 队列的先入先出特性 </p>
<h2 id="521">5.2.1. 队列常用操作<a class="headerlink" href="#521" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<h2 id="521">5.2.1. &nbsp; 队列常用操作<a class="headerlink" href="#521" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>队列的常用操作见下表,方法名需根据特定语言来确定。</p>
<p align="center"> Table. 队列的常用操作 </p>
@@ -1902,7 +1902,7 @@
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 id="522">5.2.2. 队列实现<a class="headerlink" href="#522" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<h2 id="522">5.2.2. &nbsp; 队列实现<a class="headerlink" href="#522" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>队列需要一种可以在一端添加,并在另一端删除的数据结构,也可以使用链表或数组来实现。</p>
<h3 id="_1">基于链表的实现<a class="headerlink" href="#_1" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>我们将链表的「头结点」和「尾结点」分别看作是队首和队尾,并规定队尾只可添加结点,队首只可删除结点。</p>
@@ -3232,9 +3232,9 @@
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<p>以上实现的队列仍存在局限性,即长度不可变。不过这个问题很容易解决,我们可以将数组替换为列表(即动态数组),从而引入扩容机制。有兴趣的同学可以尝试自行实现。</p>
<h2 id="523">5.2.3. 两种实现对比<a class="headerlink" href="#523" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<h2 id="523">5.2.3. &nbsp; 两种实现对比<a class="headerlink" href="#523" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>与栈的结论一致,在此不再赘述。</p>
<h2 id="524">5.2.4. 队列典型应用<a class="headerlink" href="#524" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<h2 id="524">5.2.4. &nbsp; 队列典型应用<a class="headerlink" href="#524" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>淘宝订单</strong>。购物者下单后,订单就被加入到队列之中,随后系统再根据顺序依次处理队列中的订单。在双十一时,在短时间内会产生海量的订单,如何处理「高并发」则是工程师们需要重点思考的问题。</li>
<li><strong>各种待办事项</strong>。任何需要实现“先来后到”的功能,例如打印机的任务队列、餐厅的出餐队列等等。</li>
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