code: update zig 0.14.1 for the chapter of array_and_linkedlist and computational_complexity (#1787)

* update zig array list chapter

* update not need change codes.

* fix some pr issues and update time space chapter

codes/zig/chapter_computational_complexity/iteration.zig

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // File: iteration.zig
 // Created Time: 2023-09-27
-// Author: QiLOL (pikaqqpika@gmail.com)
+// Author: QiLOL (pikaqqpika@gmail.com), CreatorMetaSky (creator_meta_sky@163.com)
 
 const std = @import("std");
 const Allocator = std.mem.Allocator;
@@ -9,20 +9,19 @@ const Allocator = std.mem.Allocator;
 fn forLoop(n: usize) i32 {
     var res: i32 = 0;
     // 循环求和 1, 2, ..., n-1, n
-    for (1..n+1) |i| {
-        res = res + @as(i32, @intCast(i));
+    for (1..n + 1) |i| {
+        res += @intCast(i);
     }
     return res;
-} 
+}
 
 // while 循环
 fn whileLoop(n: i32) i32 {
     var res: i32 = 0;
     var i: i32 = 1; // 初始化条件变量
     // 循环求和 1, 2, ..., n-1, n
-    while (i <= n) {
+    while (i <= n) : (i += 1) {
         res += @intCast(i);
-        i += 1;
     }
     return res;
 }
@@ -32,11 +31,12 @@ fn whileLoopII(n: i32) i32 {
     var res: i32 = 0;
     var i: i32 = 1; // 初始化条件变量
     // 循环求和 1, 4, 10, ...
-    while (i <= n) {
-        res += @intCast(i);
+    while (i <= n) : ({
         // 更新条件变量
         i += 1;
         i *= 2;
+    }) {
+        res += @intCast(i);
     }
     return res;
 }
@@ -47,31 +47,45 @@ fn nestedForLoop(allocator: Allocator, n: usize) ![]const u8 {
     defer res.deinit();
     var buffer: [20]u8 = undefined;
     // 循环 i = 1, 2, ..., n-1, n
-    for (1..n+1) |i| {
+    for (1..n + 1) |i| {
         // 循环 j = 1, 2, ..., n-1, n
-        for (1..n+1) |j| {
-            var _str = try std.fmt.bufPrint(&buffer, "({d}, {d}), ", .{i, j});
-            try res.appendSlice(_str);
+        for (1..n + 1) |j| {
+            const str = try std.fmt.bufPrint(&buffer, "({d}, {d}), ", .{ i, j });
+            try res.appendSlice(str);
         }
     }
     return res.toOwnedSlice();
 }
 
 // Driver Code
-pub fn main() !void {
+pub fn run() !void {
+    var gpa = std.heap.DebugAllocator(.{}){};
+    defer _ = gpa.deinit();
+    const allocator = gpa.allocator();
+
     const n: i32 = 5;
     var res: i32 = 0;
 
     res = forLoop(n);
-    std.debug.print("\nfor 循环的求和结果 res = {}\n", .{res});
+    std.debug.print("for 循环的求和结果 res = {}\n", .{res});
 
     res = whileLoop(n);
-    std.debug.print("\nwhile 循环的求和结果 res = {}\n", .{res});
+    std.debug.print("while 循环的求和结果 res = {}\n", .{res});
 
     res = whileLoopII(n);
-    std.debug.print("\nwhile 循环（两次更新）求和结果 res = {}\n", .{res});
+    std.debug.print("while 循环（两次更新）求和结果 res = {}\n", .{res});
 
-    const allocator = std.heap.page_allocator;
     const resStr = try nestedForLoop(allocator, n);
-    std.debug.print("\n双层 for 循环的遍历结果 {s}\n", .{resStr});
+    std.debug.print("双层 for 循环的遍历结果 {s}\n", .{resStr});
+    allocator.free(resStr);
+
+    std.debug.print("\n", .{});
+}
+
+pub fn main() !void {
+    try run();
+}
+
+test "interation" {
+    try run();
 }

codes/zig/chapter_computational_complexity/recursion.zig

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // File: recursion.zig
 // Created Time: 2023-09-27
-// Author: QiLOL (pikaqqpika@gmail.com)
- 
+// Author: QiLOL (pikaqqpika@gmail.com), CreatorMetaSky (creator_meta_sky@163.com)
+
 const std = @import("std");
 
 // 递归函数
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ fn recur(n: i32) i32 {
         return 1;
     }
     // 递：递归调用
-    var res: i32 = recur(n - 1);
+    const res = recur(n - 1);
     // 归：返回结果
     return n + res;
 }
@@ -54,25 +54,35 @@ fn fib(n: i32) i32 {
         return n - 1;
     }
     // 递归调用 f(n) = f(n-1) + f(n-2)
-    var res: i32 = fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2);
+    const res: i32 = fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2);
     // 返回结果 f(n)
     return res;
 }
 
 // Driver Code
-pub fn main() !void {
+pub fn run() void {
     const n: i32 = 5;
     var res: i32 = 0;
 
     res = recur(n);
-    std.debug.print("\n递归函数的求和结果 res = {}\n", .{recur(n)});
+    std.debug.print("递归函数的求和结果 res = {}\n", .{recur(n)});
 
     res = forLoopRecur(n);
-    std.debug.print("\n使用迭代模拟递归的求和结果 res = {}\n", .{forLoopRecur(n)});
+    std.debug.print("使用迭代模拟递归的求和结果 res = {}\n", .{forLoopRecur(n)});
 
     res = tailRecur(n, 0);
-    std.debug.print("\n尾递归函数的求和结果 res = {}\n", .{tailRecur(n, 0)});
+    std.debug.print("尾递归函数的求和结果 res = {}\n", .{tailRecur(n, 0)});
 
     res = fib(n);
-    std.debug.print("\n斐波那契数列的第 {} 项为 {}\n", .{n, fib(n)});
+    std.debug.print("斐波那契数列的第 {} 项为 {}\n", .{ n, fib(n) });
+
+    std.debug.print("\n", .{});
+}
+
+pub fn main() void {
+    run();
+}
+
+test "recursion" {
+    run();
 }

codes/zig/chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.zig

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 // File: space_complexity.zig
 // Created Time: 2023-01-07
-// Author: codingonion (coderonion@gmail.com)
+// Author: codingonion (coderonion@gmail.com), CreatorMetaSky (creator_meta_sky@163.com)
 
 const std = @import("std");
-const inc = @import("include");
+const utils = @import("utils");
+const ListNode = utils.ListNode;
+const TreeNode = utils.TreeNode;
 
 // 函数
 fn function() i32 {
@@ -15,13 +17,13 @@ fn function() i32 {
 fn constant(n: i32) void {
     // 常量、变量、对象占用 O(1) 空间
     const a: i32 = 0;
-    var b: i32 = 0;
-    var nums = [_]i32{0}**10000;
-    var node = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 0};
+    const b: i32 = 0;
+    const nums = [_]i32{0} ** 10000;
+    const node = ListNode(i32){ .val = 0 };
     var i: i32 = 0;
     // 循环中的变量占用 O(1) 空间
     while (i < n) : (i += 1) {
-        var c: i32 = 0;
+        const c: i32 = 0;
         _ = c;
     }
     // 循环中的函数占用 O(1) 空间
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ fn constant(n: i32) void {
 // 线性阶
 fn linear(comptime n: i32) !void {
     // 长度为 n 的数组占用 O(n) 空间
-    var nums = [_]i32{0}**n;
+    const nums = [_]i32{0} ** n;
     // 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间
     var nodes = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
     defer nodes.deinit();
@@ -85,23 +87,35 @@ fn quadratic(n: i32) !void {
 // 平方阶（递归实现）
 fn quadraticRecur(comptime n: i32) i32 {
     if (n <= 0) return 0;
-    var nums = [_]i32{0}**n;
-    std.debug.print("递归 n = {} 中的 nums 长度 = {}\n", .{n, nums.len});
+    const nums = [_]i32{0} ** n;
+    std.debug.print("递归 n = {} 中的 nums 长度 = {}\n", .{ n, nums.len });
     return quadraticRecur(n - 1);
 }
 
 // 指数阶（建立满二叉树）
-fn buildTree(mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator, n: i32) !?*inc.TreeNode(i32) {
+fn buildTree(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, n: i32) !?*TreeNode(i32) {
     if (n == 0) return null;
-    const root = try mem_allocator.create(inc.TreeNode(i32));
+    const root = try allocator.create(TreeNode(i32));
     root.init(0);
-    root.left = try buildTree(mem_allocator, n - 1);
-    root.right = try buildTree(mem_allocator, n - 1);
+    root.left = try buildTree(allocator, n - 1);
+    root.right = try buildTree(allocator, n - 1);
     return root;
 }
 
+// 释放树的内存
+fn freeTree(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, root: ?*const TreeNode(i32)) void {
+    if (root == null) return;
+    freeTree(allocator, root.?.left);
+    freeTree(allocator, root.?.right);
+    allocator.destroy(root.?);
+}
+
 // Driver Code
-pub fn main() !void {
+pub fn run() !void {
+    var gpa = std.heap.DebugAllocator(.{}){};
+    defer _ = gpa.deinit();
+    const allocator = gpa.allocator();
+
     const n: i32 = 5;
     // 常数阶
     constant(n);
@@ -112,13 +126,17 @@ pub fn main() !void {
     try quadratic(n);
     _ = quadraticRecur(n);
     // 指数阶
-    var mem_arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
-    defer mem_arena.deinit();
-    var root = blk_root: {
-        const mem_allocator = mem_arena.allocator();
-        break :blk_root try buildTree(mem_allocator, n);
-    };
-    try inc.PrintUtil.printTree(root, null, false);
+    const root = try buildTree(allocator, n);
+    defer freeTree(allocator, root);
+    std.debug.print("{}\n", .{utils.fmt.tree(i32, root)});
 
-    _ = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
-}
+    std.debug.print("\n", .{});
+}
+
+pub fn main() !void {
+    try run();
+}
+
+test "space_complexity" {
+    try run();
+}

codes/zig/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.zig

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // File: time_complexity.zig
 // Created Time: 2022-12-28
-// Author: codingonion (coderonion@gmail.com)
+// Author: codingonion (coderonion@gmail.com), CreatorMetaSky (creator_meta_sky@163.com)
 
 const std = @import("std");
 
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn constant(n: i32) i32 {
     var count: i32 = 0;
     const size: i32 = 100_000;
     var i: i32 = 0;
-    while(i<size) : (i += 1) {
+    while (i < size) : (i += 1) {
         count += 1;
     }
     return count;
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn quadratic(n: i32) i32 {
 
 // 平方阶（冒泡排序）
 fn bubbleSort(nums: []i32) i32 {
-    var count: i32 = 0;  // 计数器 
+    var count: i32 = 0; // 计数器
     // 外循环：未排序区间为 [0, i]
     var i: i32 = @as(i32, @intCast(nums.len)) - 1;
     while (i > 0) : (i -= 1) {
@@ -61,10 +61,10 @@ fn bubbleSort(nums: []i32) i32 {
         while (j < i) : (j += 1) {
             if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
                 // 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
-                var tmp = nums[j];
+                const tmp = nums[j];
                 nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
                 nums[j + 1] = tmp;
-                count += 3;  // 元素交换包含 3 个单元操作
+                count += 3; // 元素交换包含 3 个单元操作
             }
         }
     }
@@ -97,11 +97,9 @@ fn expRecur(n: i32) i32 {
 // 对数阶（循环实现）
 fn logarithmic(n: i32) i32 {
     var count: i32 = 0;
-    var n_var = n;
-    while (n_var > 1)
-    {
-        n_var = n_var / 2;
-        count +=1;
+    var n_var: i32 = n;
+    while (n_var > 1) : (n_var = @divTrunc(n_var, 2)) {
+        count += 1;
     }
     return count;
 }
@@ -109,13 +107,13 @@ fn logarithmic(n: i32) i32 {
 // 对数阶（递归实现）
 fn logRecur(n: i32) i32 {
     if (n <= 1) return 0;
-    return logRecur(n / 2) + 1;
+    return logRecur(@divTrunc(n, 2)) + 1;
 }
 
 // 线性对数阶
 fn linearLogRecur(n: i32) i32 {
     if (n <= 1) return 1;
-    var count: i32 = linearLogRecur(n / 2) + linearLogRecur(n / 2);
+    var count: i32 = linearLogRecur(@divTrunc(n, 2)) + linearLogRecur(@divTrunc(n, 2));
     var i: i32 = 0;
     while (i < n) : (i += 1) {
         count += 1;
@@ -136,7 +134,7 @@ fn factorialRecur(n: i32) i32 {
 }
 
 // Driver Code
-pub fn main() !void {
+pub fn run() void {
     // 可以修改 n 运行，体会一下各种复杂度的操作数量变化趋势
     const n: i32 = 8;
     std.debug.print("输入数据大小 n = {}\n", .{n});
@@ -146,14 +144,14 @@ pub fn main() !void {
 
     count = linear(n);
     std.debug.print("线性阶的操作数量 = {}\n", .{count});
-    var nums = [_]i32{0}**n;
+    var nums = [_]i32{0} ** n;
     count = arrayTraversal(&nums);
     std.debug.print("线性阶（遍历数组）的操作数量 = {}\n", .{count});
 
     count = quadratic(n);
     std.debug.print("平方阶的操作数量 = {}\n", .{count});
     for (&nums, 0..) |*num, i| {
-        num.* = n - @as(i32, @intCast(i));  // [n,n-1,...,2,1]
+        num.* = n - @as(i32, @intCast(i)); // [n,n-1,...,2,1]
     }
     count = bubbleSort(&nums);
     std.debug.print("平方阶（冒泡排序）的操作数量 = {}\n", .{count});
@@ -174,6 +172,13 @@ pub fn main() !void {
     count = factorialRecur(n);
     std.debug.print("阶乘阶（递归实现）的操作数量 = {}\n", .{count});
 
-    _ = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    std.debug.print("\n", .{});
 }
 
+pub fn main() !void {
+    run();
+}
+
+test "time_complexity" {
+    run();
+}

codes/zig/chapter_computational_complexity/worst_best_time_complexity.zig

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 // File: worst_best_time_complexity.zig
 // Created Time: 2022-12-28
-// Author: codingonion (coderonion@gmail.com)
+// Author: codingonion (coderonion@gmail.com), CreatorMetaSky (creator_meta_sky@163.com)
 
 const std = @import("std");
-const inc = @import("include");
+const utils = @import("utils");
 
 // 生成一个数组，元素为 { 1, 2, ..., n }，顺序被打乱
 pub fn randomNumbers(comptime n: usize) [n]i32 {
@@ -29,17 +29,25 @@ pub fn findOne(nums: []i32) i32 {
 }
 
 // Driver Code
-pub fn main() !void {
+pub fn run() void {
     var i: i32 = 0;
     while (i < 10) : (i += 1) {
         const n: usize = 100;
         var nums = randomNumbers(n);
-        var index = findOne(&nums);
-        std.debug.print("\n数组 [ 1, 2, ..., n ] 被打乱后 = ", .{});
-        inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, &nums);
+        const index = findOne(&nums);
+        std.debug.print("数组 [ 1, 2, ..., n ] 被打乱后 = ", .{});
+        std.debug.print("{}\n", .{utils.fmt.slice(nums)});
+
         std.debug.print("数字 1 的索引为 {}\n", .{index});
     }
 
-    _ = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    std.debug.print("\n", .{});
 }
 
+pub fn main() !void {
+    run();
+}
+
+test "worst_best_time_complexity" {
+    run();
+}