add zig codes for Section 'Stack', 'Bubble Sort' and 'Insertion Sort'

codes/zig/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.zig

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+// File: stack.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-08
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// 基于数组实现的栈
+// 编译期泛型
+pub fn ArrayStack(comptime T: type) type {
+    return struct {
+        const Self = @This();
+
+        stack: ?std.ArrayList(T) = null,     
+
+        // 构造函数（分配内存+初始化栈）
+        pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) void {
+            if (self.stack == null) {
+                self.stack = std.ArrayList(T).init(allocator);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 析构函数（释放内存）
+        pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
+            if (self.stack == null) return;
+            self.stack.?.deinit();
+        }
+
+        // 获取栈的长度
+        pub fn size(self: *Self) usize {
+            return self.stack.?.items.len;
+        }
+
+        // 判断栈是否为空
+        pub fn empty(self: *Self) bool {
+            return self.size() == 0;
+        }
+
+        // 访问栈顶元素
+        pub fn top(self: *Self) T {
+            if (self.size() == 0) @panic("栈为空");
+            return self.stack.?.items[self.size() - 1];
+        }  
+
+        // 入栈
+        pub fn push(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
+            try self.stack.?.append(num);
+        } 
+
+        // 出栈
+        pub fn pop(self: *Self) T {
+            var num = self.stack.?.pop();
+            return num;
+        } 
+
+        // 返回 ArrayList
+        pub fn toList(self: *Self) std.ArrayList(T) {
+            return self.stack.?;
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    // 初始化栈
+    var stack = ArrayStack(i32){};
+    stack.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    // 延迟释放内存
+    defer stack.deinit();
+
+    // 元素入栈
+    try stack.push(1);
+    try stack.push(3);
+    try stack.push(2);
+    try stack.push(5);
+    try stack.push(4);
+    std.debug.print("栈 stack = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, stack.toList());
+
+    // 访问栈顶元素
+    var top = stack.top();
+    std.debug.print("\n栈顶元素 top = {}", .{top});
+
+    // 元素出栈
+    top = stack.pop();
+    std.debug.print("\n出栈元素 pop = {}，出栈后 stack = ", .{top});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, stack.toList());
+
+    // 获取栈的长度
+    var size = stack.size();
+    std.debug.print("\n栈的长度 size = {}", .{size});
+
+    // 判断栈是否为空
+    var empty = stack.empty();
+    std.debug.print("\n栈是否为空 = {}", .{empty});
+
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}

codes/zig/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.zig

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+// File: linkedlist_stack.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-08
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// 基于链表实现的栈
+// 编译期泛型
+pub fn LinkedListStack(comptime T: type) type {
+    return struct {
+        const Self = @This();
+
+        stackTop: ?*inc.ListNode(T) = null,             // 将头结点作为栈顶
+        stkSize: usize = 0,                             // 栈的长度
+        mem_arena: ?std.heap.ArenaAllocator = null,
+        mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator = undefined,   // 内存分配器
+
+        // 构造函数（分配内存+初始化栈）
+        pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) !void {
+            if (self.mem_arena == null) {
+                self.mem_arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(allocator);
+                self.mem_allocator = self.mem_arena.?.allocator();
+            }
+            self.stackTop = null;
+            self.stkSize = 0;
+        }
+
+        // 析构函数（释放内存）
+        pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
+            if (self.mem_arena == null) return;
+            self.mem_arena.?.deinit();
+        }
+
+        // 获取栈的长度
+        pub fn size(self: *Self) usize {
+            return self.stkSize;
+        }
+
+        // 判断栈是否为空
+        pub fn empty(self: *Self) bool {
+            return self.size() == 0;
+        }
+
+        // 访问栈顶元素
+        pub fn top(self: *Self) T {
+            if (self.size() == 0) @panic("栈为空");
+            return self.stackTop.?.val;
+        }  
+
+        // 入栈
+        pub fn push(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
+            var node = try self.mem_allocator.create(inc.ListNode(T));
+            node.init(num);
+            node.next = self.stackTop;
+            self.stackTop = node;
+            self.stkSize += 1;
+        } 
+
+        // 出栈
+        pub fn pop(self: *Self) T {
+            var num = self.top();
+            self.stackTop = self.stackTop.?.next;
+            self.stkSize -= 1;
+            return num;
+        } 
+
+        // 将栈转换为数组
+        pub fn toArray(self: *Self) ![]T {
+            var node = self.stackTop;
+            var res = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, self.size());
+            std.mem.set(T, res, @as(T, 0));
+            var i: usize = 0;
+            while (i < res.len) : (i += 1) {
+                res[res.len - i - 1] = node.?.val;
+                node = node.?.next;
+            }
+            return res;
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    // 初始化栈
+    var stack = LinkedListStack(i32){};
+    try stack.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    // 延迟释放内存
+    defer stack.deinit();
+
+    // 元素入栈
+    try stack.push(1);
+    try stack.push(3);
+    try stack.push(2);
+    try stack.push(5);
+    try stack.push(4);
+    std.debug.print("栈 stack = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try stack.toArray());
+
+    // 访问栈顶元素
+    var top = stack.top();
+    std.debug.print("\n栈顶元素 top = {}", .{top});
+
+    // 元素出栈
+    top = stack.pop();
+    std.debug.print("\n出栈元素 pop = {}，出栈后 stack = ", .{top});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try stack.toArray());
+
+    // 获取栈的长度
+    var size = stack.size();
+    std.debug.print("\n栈的长度 size = {}", .{size});
+
+    // 判断栈是否为空
+    var empty = stack.empty();
+    std.debug.print("\n栈是否为空 = {}", .{empty});
+
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}
+

codes/zig/chapter_stack_and_queue/stack.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// File: stack.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-08
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    // 初始化栈
+    // 在 zig 中，推荐将 ArrayList 当作栈来使用
+    var stack = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    // 延迟释放内存
+    defer stack.deinit();
+
+    // 元素入栈
+    try stack.append(1);
+    try stack.append(3);
+    try stack.append(2);
+    try stack.append(5);
+    try stack.append(4);
+    std.debug.print("栈 stack = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, stack);
+
+    // 访问栈顶元素
+    var top = stack.items[stack.items.len - 1];
+    std.debug.print("\n栈顶元素 top = {}", .{top});
+
+    // 元素出栈
+    top = stack.pop();
+    std.debug.print("\n出栈元素 pop = {}，出栈后 stack = ", .{top});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, stack);
+
+    // 获取栈的长度
+    var size = stack.items.len;
+    std.debug.print("\n栈的长度 size = {}", .{size});
+
+    // 判断栈是否为空
+    var empty = if (stack.items.len == 0) true else false;
+    std.debug.print("\n栈是否为空 = {}", .{empty});
+
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}