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chapter_backtracking/permutations_problem/index.html
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<p>观察上图发现，该剪枝操作将搜索空间大小从 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(n^n)\)</span> 降低至 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(n!)\)</span> 。</p>
<h3 id="_2">代码实现<a class="headerlink" href="#_2" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>想清楚以上信息之后，我们就可以在框架代码中做“完形填空”了。为了缩短代码行数，我们不单独实现框架代码中的各个函数，而是将他们展开在 <code>backtrack()</code> 函数中。</p>
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">permutations_i.java</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 回溯算法：全排列 I */</span>
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<h3 id="_4">代码实现<a class="headerlink" href="#_4" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>在上一题的代码的基础上，我们考虑在每一轮选择中开启一个哈希表 <code>duplicated</code> ，用于记录该轮中已经尝试过的元素，并将重复元素剪枝。</p>
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="2:12"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_2_1" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_2" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_3" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_4" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_5" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_6" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_7" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_8" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_9" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_10" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_11" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_12" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_2_1">Java</label><label for="__tabbed_2_2">C++</label><label for="__tabbed_2_3">Python</label><label for="__tabbed_2_4">Go</label><label for="__tabbed_2_5">JavaScript</label><label for="__tabbed_2_6">TypeScript</label><label for="__tabbed_2_7">C</label><label for="__tabbed_2_8">C#</label><label for="__tabbed_2_9">Swift</label><label for="__tabbed_2_10">Zig</label><label for="__tabbed_2_11">Dart</label><label for="__tabbed_2_12">Rust</label></div>
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="2:12"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_2_1" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_2" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_3" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_4" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_5" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_6" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_7" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_8" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_9" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_10" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_11" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_12" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_2_1">Java</label><label for="__tabbed_2_2">C++</label><label for="__tabbed_2_3">Python</label><label for="__tabbed_2_4">Go</label><label for="__tabbed_2_5">JS</label><label for="__tabbed_2_6">TS</label><label for="__tabbed_2_7">C</label><label for="__tabbed_2_8">C#</label><label for="__tabbed_2_9">Swift</label><label for="__tabbed_2_10">Zig</label><label for="__tabbed_2_11">Dart</label><label for="__tabbed_2_12">Rust</label></div>
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">permutations_ii.java</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1" href="#__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 回溯算法：全排列 II */</span>