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krahets
2024-05-01 07:30:15 +08:00
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<p class="admonition-title">Question</p>
<p>Given <span class="arithmatex">\(n\)</span> items, the weight of the <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span>-th item is <span class="arithmatex">\(wgt[i-1]\)</span> and its value is <span class="arithmatex">\(val[i-1]\)</span>, and a knapsack with a capacity of <span class="arithmatex">\(cap\)</span>. Each item can be chosen only once. What is the maximum value of items that can be placed in the knapsack under the capacity limit?</p>
</div>
<p>Observe the following figure, since the item number <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> starts counting from 1, and the array index starts from 0, thus the weight of item <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> corresponds to <span class="arithmatex">\(wgt[i-1]\)</span> and the value corresponds to <span class="arithmatex">\(val[i-1]\)</span>.</p>
<p>Observe Figure 14-17, since the item number <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> starts counting from 1, and the array index starts from 0, thus the weight of item <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> corresponds to <span class="arithmatex">\(wgt[i-1]\)</span> and the value corresponds to <span class="arithmatex">\(val[i-1]\)</span>.</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_example.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Example data of the 0-1 knapsack" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_example.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> Figure 14-17 &nbsp; Example data of the 0-1 knapsack </p>
@@ -3933,7 +3933,7 @@ dp[i, c] = \max(dp[i-1, c], dp[i-1, c - wgt[i-1]] + val[i-1])
<p><div style="height: 549px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20knapsack_dfs%28wgt%3A%20list%5Bint%5D,%20val%3A%20list%5Bint%5D,%20i%3A%20int,%20c%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%220-1%20%E8%83%8C%E5%8C%85%EF%BC%9A%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%8B%A5%E5%B7%B2%E9%80%89%E5%AE%8C%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E7%89%A9%E5%93%81%E6%88%96%E8%83%8C%E5%8C%85%E6%97%A0%E5%89%A9%E4%BD%99%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F%EF%BC%8C%E5%88%99%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%200%0A%20%20%20%20if%20i%20%3D%3D%200%20or%20c%20%3D%3D%200%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%200%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%8B%A5%E8%B6%85%E8%BF%87%E8%83%8C%E5%8C%85%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F%EF%BC%8C%E5%88%99%E5%8F%AA%E8%83%BD%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E4%B8%8D%E6%94%BE%E5%85%A5%E8%83%8C%E5%8C%85%0A%20%20%20%20if%20wgt%5Bi%20-%201%5D%20%3E%20c%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20knapsack_dfs%28wgt,%20val,%20i%20-%201,%20c%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E4%B8%8D%E6%94%BE%E5%85%A5%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BE%E5%85%A5%E7%89%A9%E5%93%81%20i%20%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%0A%20%20%20%20no%20%3D%20knapsack_dfs%28wgt,%20val,%20i%20-%201,%20c%29%0A%20%20%20%20yes%20%3D%20knapsack_dfs%28wgt,%20val,%20i%20-%201,%20c%20-%20wgt%5Bi%20-%201%5D%29%20%2B%20val%5Bi%20-%201%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E4%B8%A4%E7%A7%8D%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88%E4%B8%AD%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%E6%9B%B4%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%84%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%0A%20%20%20%20return%20max%28no,%20yes%29%0A%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20wgt%20%3D%20%5B10,%2020,%2030,%2040,%2050%5D%0A%20%20%20%20val%20%3D%20%5B50,%20120,%20150,%20210,%20240%5D%0A%20%20%20%20cap%20%3D%2050%0A%20%20%20%20n%20%3D%20len%28wgt%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20knapsack_dfs%28wgt,%20val,%20n,%20cap%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28f%22%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%85%E8%BF%87%E8%83%8C%E5%8C%85%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E7%89%A9%E5%93%81%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%E4%B8%BA%20%7Bres%7D%22%29&codeDivHeight=472&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=7&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20knapsack_dfs%28wgt%3A%20list%5Bint%5D,%20val%3A%20list%5Bint%5D,%20i%3A%20int,%20c%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%220-1%20%E8%83%8C%E5%8C%85%EF%BC%9A%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%8B%A5%E5%B7%B2%E9%80%89%E5%AE%8C%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E7%89%A9%E5%93%81%E6%88%96%E8%83%8C%E5%8C%85%E6%97%A0%E5%89%A9%E4%BD%99%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F%EF%BC%8C%E5%88%99%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%200%0A%20%20%20%20if%20i%20%3D%3D%200%20or%20c%20%3D%3D%200%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%200%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%8B%A5%E8%B6%85%E8%BF%87%E8%83%8C%E5%8C%85%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F%EF%BC%8C%E5%88%99%E5%8F%AA%E8%83%BD%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E4%B8%8D%E6%94%BE%E5%85%A5%E8%83%8C%E5%8C%85%0A%20%20%20%20if%20wgt%5Bi%20-%201%5D%20%3E%20c%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20knapsack_dfs%28wgt,%20val,%20i%20-%201,%20c%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E4%B8%8D%E6%94%BE%E5%85%A5%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BE%E5%85%A5%E7%89%A9%E5%93%81%20i%20%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%0A%20%20%20%20no%20%3D%20knapsack_dfs%28wgt,%20val,%20i%20-%201,%20c%29%0A%20%20%20%20yes%20%3D%20knapsack_dfs%28wgt,%20val,%20i%20-%201,%20c%20-%20wgt%5Bi%20-%201%5D%29%20%2B%20val%5Bi%20-%201%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E4%B8%A4%E7%A7%8D%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88%E4%B8%AD%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%E6%9B%B4%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%84%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%0A%20%20%20%20return%20max%28no,%20yes%29%0A%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20wgt%20%3D%20%5B10,%2020,%2030,%2040,%2050%5D%0A%20%20%20%20val%20%3D%20%5B50,%20120,%20150,%20210,%20240%5D%0A%20%20%20%20cap%20%3D%2050%0A%20%20%20%20n%20%3D%20len%28wgt%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20knapsack_dfs%28wgt,%20val,%20n,%20cap%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28f%22%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%85%E8%BF%87%E8%83%8C%E5%8C%85%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E7%89%A9%E5%93%81%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%E4%B8%BA%20%7Bres%7D%22%29&codeDivHeight=800&codeDivWidth=600&cumulative=false&curInstr=7&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Full Screen &gt;</a></div></p>
</details>
<p>As shown in the Figure 14-18 , since each item generates two search branches of not selecting and selecting, the time complexity is <span class="arithmatex">\(O(2^n)\)</span>.</p>
<p>As shown in Figure 14-18, since each item generates two search branches of not selecting and selecting, the time complexity is <span class="arithmatex">\(O(2^n)\)</span>.</p>
<p>Observing the recursive tree, it is easy to see that there are overlapping sub-problems, such as <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[1, 10]\)</span>, etc. When there are many items and the knapsack capacity is large, especially when there are many items of the same weight, the number of overlapping sub-problems will increase significantly.</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dfs.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="The brute force search recursive tree of the 0-1 knapsack problem" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dfs.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> Figure 14-18 &nbsp; The brute force search recursive tree of the 0-1 knapsack problem </p>
@@ -4284,12 +4284,12 @@ dp[i, c] = \max(dp[i-1, c], dp[i-1, c - wgt[i-1]] + val[i-1])
<p><div style="height: 549px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20knapsack_dfs_mem%28%0A%20%20%20%20wgt%3A%20list%5Bint%5D,%20val%3A%20list%5Bint%5D,%20mem%3A%20list%5Blist%5Bint%5D%5D,%20i%3A%20int,%20c%3A%20int%0A%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%220-1%20%E8%83%8C%E5%8C%85%EF%BC%9A%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86%E5%8C%96%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%8B%A5%E5%B7%B2%E9%80%89%E5%AE%8C%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E7%89%A9%E5%93%81%E6%88%96%E8%83%8C%E5%8C%85%E6%97%A0%E5%89%A9%E4%BD%99%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F%EF%BC%8C%E5%88%99%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%200%0A%20%20%20%20if%20i%20%3D%3D%200%20or%20c%20%3D%3D%200%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%200%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%8B%A5%E5%B7%B2%E6%9C%89%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%EF%BC%8C%E5%88%99%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%0A%20%20%20%20if%20mem%5Bi%5D%5Bc%5D%20!%3D%20-1%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20mem%5Bi%5D%5Bc%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%8B%A5%E8%B6%85%E8%BF%87%E8%83%8C%E5%8C%85%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F%EF%BC%8C%E5%88%99%E5%8F%AA%E8%83%BD%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E4%B8%8D%E6%94%BE%E5%85%A5%E8%83%8C%E5%8C%85%0A%20%20%20%20if%20wgt%5Bi%20-%201%5D%20%3E%20c%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20knapsack_dfs_mem%28wgt,%20val,%20mem,%20i%20-%201,%20c%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E4%B8%8D%E6%94%BE%E5%85%A5%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BE%E5%85%A5%E7%89%A9%E5%93%81%20i%20%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%0A%20%20%20%20no%20%3D%20knapsack_dfs_mem%28wgt,%20val,%20mem,%20i%20-%201,%20c%29%0A%20%20%20%20yes%20%3D%20knapsack_dfs_mem%28wgt,%20val,%20mem,%20i%20-%201,%20c%20-%20wgt%5Bi%20-%201%5D%29%20%2B%20val%5Bi%20-%201%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%E5%B9%B6%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E4%B8%A4%E7%A7%8D%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88%E4%B8%AD%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%E6%9B%B4%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%84%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%0A%20%20%20%20mem%5Bi%5D%5Bc%5D%20%3D%20max%28no,%20yes%29%0A%20%20%20%20return%20mem%5Bi%5D%5Bc%5D%0A%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20wgt%20%3D%20%5B10,%2020,%2030,%2040,%2050%5D%0A%20%20%20%20val%20%3D%20%5B50,%20120,%20150,%20210,%20240%5D%0A%20%20%20%20cap%20%3D%2050%0A%20%20%20%20n%20%3D%20len%28wgt%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86%E5%8C%96%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2%0A%20%20%20%20mem%20%3D%20%5B%5B-1%5D%20*%20%28cap%20%2B%201%29%20for%20_%20in%20range%28n%20%2B%201%29%5D%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20knapsack_dfs_mem%28wgt,%20val,%20mem,%20n,%20cap%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28f%22%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%85%E8%BF%87%E8%83%8C%E5%8C%85%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E7%89%A9%E5%93%81%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%E4%B8%BA%20%7Bres%7D%22%29&codeDivHeight=472&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=20&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
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</details>
<p>The following figure shows the search branches that are pruned in memoized search.</p>
<p>Figure 14-19 shows the search branches that are pruned in memoized search.</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dfs_mem.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="The memoized search recursive tree of the 0-1 knapsack problem" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dfs_mem.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> Figure 14-19 &nbsp; The memoized search recursive tree of the 0-1 knapsack problem </p>
<h3 id="3-method-three-dynamic-programming">3. &nbsp; Method three: Dynamic programming<a class="headerlink" href="#3-method-three-dynamic-programming" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Dynamic programming essentially involves filling the <span class="arithmatex">\(dp\)</span> table during the state transition, the code is shown below:</p>
<p>Dynamic programming essentially involves filling the <span class="arithmatex">\(dp\)</span> table during the state transition, the code is shown in Figure 14-20:</p>
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