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@@ -361,6 +361,41 @@ comments: true
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[class]{}-[func]{permutationsI}
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```
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=== "Rust"
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```rust title="permutations_i.rs"
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/* 回溯算法:全排列 I */
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fn backtrack(mut state: Vec<i32>, choices: &[i32], selected: &mut [bool], res: &mut Vec<Vec<i32>>) {
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// 当状态长度等于元素数量时,记录解
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if state.len() == choices.len() {
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res.push(state);
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return;
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}
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// 遍历所有选择
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for i in 0..choices.len() {
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let choice = choices[i];
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// 剪枝:不允许重复选择元素 且 不允许重复选择相等元素
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if !selected[i] {
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// 尝试:做出选择,更新状态
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selected[i] = true;
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state.push(choice);
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// 进行下一轮选择
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backtrack(state.clone(), choices, selected, res);
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// 回退:撤销选择,恢复到之前的状态
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selected[i] = false;
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state.remove(state.len() - 1);
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}
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}
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}
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/* 全排列 I */
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fn permutations_i(nums: &mut [i32]) -> Vec<Vec<i32>> {
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let mut res = Vec::new(); // 状态(子集)
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backtrack(Vec::new(), nums, &mut vec![false; nums.len()], &mut res);
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res
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}
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```
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## 13.2.2. 考虑相等元素的情况
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!!! question
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@@ -718,6 +753,43 @@ comments: true
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[class]{}-[func]{permutationsII}
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```
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=== "Rust"
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```rust title="permutations_ii.rs"
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/* 回溯算法:全排列 II */
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fn backtrack(mut state: Vec<i32>, choices: &[i32], selected: &mut [bool], res: &mut Vec<Vec<i32>>) {
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// 当状态长度等于元素数量时,记录解
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if state.len() == choices.len() {
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res.push(state);
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return;
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}
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// 遍历所有选择
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let mut duplicated = HashSet::<i32>::new();
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for i in 0..choices.len() {
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let choice = choices[i];
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// 剪枝:不允许重复选择元素 且 不允许重复选择相等元素
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if !selected[i] && !duplicated.contains(&choice) {
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// 尝试:做出选择,更新状态
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duplicated.insert(choice); // 记录选择过的元素值
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selected[i] = true;
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state.push(choice);
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// 进行下一轮选择
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backtrack(state.clone(), choices, selected, res);
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// 回退:撤销选择,恢复到之前的状态
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selected[i] = false;
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state.remove(state.len() - 1);
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}
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}
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}
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/* 全排列 II */
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fn permutations_ii(nums: &mut [i32]) -> Vec<Vec<i32>> {
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let mut res = Vec::new();
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backtrack(Vec::new(), nums, &mut vec![false; nums.len()], &mut res);
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res
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}
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```
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假设元素两两之间互不相同,则 $n$ 个元素共有 $n!$ 种排列(阶乘);在记录结果时,需要复制长度为 $n$ 的列表,使用 $O(n)$ 时间。因此,**时间复杂度为 $O(n!n)$** 。
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最大递归深度为 $n$ ,使用 $O(n)$ 栈帧空间。`selected` 使用 $O(n)$ 空间。同一时刻最多共有 $n$ 个 `duplicated` ,使用 $O(n^2)$ 空间。**因此空间复杂度为 $O(n^2)$** 。
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