/**
 * File: binary_search_tree.java
 * Created Time: 2022-11-25
 * Author: krahets (krahets@163.com)
 */

package chapter_tree;

import utils.*;

/* Binary search tree */
class BinarySearchTree {
    private TreeNode root;

    /* Constructor */
    public BinarySearchTree() {
        // Initialize an empty tree
        root = null;
    }

    /* Get the root of the binary tree */
    public TreeNode getRoot() {
        return root;
    }

    /* Find a node */
    public TreeNode search(int num) {
        TreeNode cur = root;
        // Search in a loop until reaching a null reference beyond a leaf
        while (cur != null) {
            // The target node lies in the right subtree of cur
            if (cur.val < num)
                cur = cur.right;
            // The target node lies in the left subtree of cur
            else if (cur.val > num)
                cur = cur.left;
            // The target node was found; exit the loop
            else
                break;
        }
        // Return the target node
        return cur;
    }

    /* Insert a node */
    public void insert(int num) {
        // If the tree is empty, initialize the root node
        if (root == null) {
            root = new TreeNode(num);
            return;
        }
        TreeNode cur = root, pre = null;
        // Search in a loop until reaching a null reference beyond a leaf
        while (cur != null) {
            // Return immediately if a duplicate node is found
            if (cur.val == num)
                return;
            pre = cur;
            // The insertion position lies in the right subtree of cur
            if (cur.val < num)
                cur = cur.right;
            // The insertion position lies in the left subtree of cur
            else
                cur = cur.left;
        }
        // Insert a node
        TreeNode node = new TreeNode(num);
        if (pre.val < num)
            pre.right = node;
        else
            pre.left = node;
    }

    /* Remove a node */
    public void remove(int num) {
        // Return immediately if the tree is empty
        if (root == null)
            return;
        TreeNode cur = root, pre = null;
        // Search in a loop until reaching a null reference beyond a leaf
        while (cur != null) {
            // The node to remove was found; exit the loop
            if (cur.val == num)
                break;
            pre = cur;
            // The node to remove lies in the right subtree of cur
            if (cur.val < num)
                cur = cur.right;
            // The node to remove lies in the left subtree of cur
            else
                cur = cur.left;
        }
        // Return immediately if the node to remove does not exist
        if (cur == null)
            return;
        // Number of children = 0 or 1
        if (cur.left == null || cur.right == null) {
            // With 0 / 1 children, child is null / the child node, respectively
            TreeNode child = cur.left != null ? cur.left : cur.right;
            // Remove node cur
            if (cur != root) {
                if (pre.left == cur)
                    pre.left = child;
                else
                    pre.right = child;
            } else {
                // If the removed node is the root, assign the new root
                root = child;
            }
        }
        // Number of children = 2
        else {
            // Get the inorder successor of cur
            TreeNode tmp = cur.right;
            while (tmp.left != null) {
                tmp = tmp.left;
            }
            // Recursively remove node tmp
            remove(tmp.val);
            // Replace the value of cur with the value of tmp
            cur.val = tmp.val;
        }
    }
}

public class binary_search_tree {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        /* Initialize the binary search tree */
        BinarySearchTree bst = new BinarySearchTree();
        // Different insertion orders produce different binary trees; this sequence produces a perfect binary tree
        int[] nums = { 8, 4, 12, 2, 6, 10, 14, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 };
        for (int num : nums) {
            bst.insert(num);
        }
        System.out.println("\nThe initialized binary tree is:\n");
        PrintUtil.printTree(bst.getRoot());

        /* Find a node */
        TreeNode node = bst.search(7);
        System.out.println("\nFound node object: " + node + ", node value = " + node.val);

        /* Insert a node */
        bst.insert(16);
        System.out.println("\nBinary tree after inserting node 16:\n");
        PrintUtil.printTree(bst.getRoot());

        /* Remove a node */
        bst.remove(1);
        System.out.println("\nBinary tree after removing node 1:\n");
        PrintUtil.printTree(bst.getRoot());
        bst.remove(2);
        System.out.println("\nBinary tree after removing node 2:\n");
        PrintUtil.printTree(bst.getRoot());
        bst.remove(4);
        System.out.println("\nBinary tree after removing node 4:\n");
        PrintUtil.printTree(bst.getRoot());
    }
}