// File: space_complexity.zig // Created Time: 2023-01-07 // Author: codingonion (coderonion@gmail.com), CreatorMetaSky (creator_meta_sky@163.com) const std = @import("std"); const utils = @import("utils"); const ListNode = utils.ListNode; const TreeNode = utils.TreeNode; // 函式 fn function() i32 { // 執行某些操作 return 0; } // 常數階 fn constant(n: i32) void { // 常數、變數、物件佔用 O(1) 空間 const a: i32 = 0; const b: i32 = 0; const nums = [_]i32{0} ** 10000; const node = ListNode(i32){ .val = 0 }; var i: i32 = 0; // 迴圈中的變數佔用 O(1) 空間 while (i < n) : (i += 1) { const c: i32 = 0; _ = c; } // 迴圈中的函式佔用 O(1) 空間 i = 0; while (i < n) : (i += 1) { _ = function(); } _ = a; _ = b; _ = nums; _ = node; } // 線性階 fn linear(comptime n: i32) !void { // 長度為 n 的陣列佔用 O(n) 空間 const nums = [_]i32{0} ** n; // 長度為 n 的串列佔用 O(n) 空間 var nodes = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator); defer nodes.deinit(); var i: i32 = 0; while (i < n) : (i += 1) { try nodes.append(i); } // 長度為 n 的雜湊表佔用 O(n) 空間 var map = std.AutoArrayHashMap(i32, []const u8).init(std.heap.page_allocator); defer map.deinit(); var j: i32 = 0; while (j < n) : (j += 1) { const string = try std.fmt.allocPrint(std.heap.page_allocator, "{d}", .{j}); defer std.heap.page_allocator.free(string); try map.put(i, string); } _ = nums; } // 線性階(遞迴實現) fn linearRecur(comptime n: i32) void { std.debug.print("遞迴 n = {}\n", .{n}); if (n == 1) return; linearRecur(n - 1); } // 平方階 fn quadratic(n: i32) !void { // 二維串列佔用 O(n^2) 空間 var nodes = std.ArrayList(std.ArrayList(i32)).init(std.heap.page_allocator); defer nodes.deinit(); var i: i32 = 0; while (i < n) : (i += 1) { var tmp = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator); defer tmp.deinit(); var j: i32 = 0; while (j < n) : (j += 1) { try tmp.append(0); } try nodes.append(tmp); } } // 平方階(遞迴實現) fn quadraticRecur(comptime n: i32) i32 { if (n <= 0) return 0; const nums = [_]i32{0} ** n; std.debug.print("遞迴 n = {} 中的 nums 長度 = {}\n", .{ n, nums.len }); return quadraticRecur(n - 1); } // 指數階(建立滿二元樹) fn buildTree(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, n: i32) !?*TreeNode(i32) { if (n == 0) return null; const root = try allocator.create(TreeNode(i32)); root.init(0); root.left = try buildTree(allocator, n - 1); root.right = try buildTree(allocator, n - 1); return root; } // 釋放樹的記憶體 fn freeTree(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, root: ?*const TreeNode(i32)) void { if (root == null) return; freeTree(allocator, root.?.left); freeTree(allocator, root.?.right); allocator.destroy(root.?); } // Driver Code pub fn run() !void { var gpa = std.heap.DebugAllocator(.{}){}; defer _ = gpa.deinit(); const allocator = gpa.allocator(); const n: i32 = 5; // 常數階 constant(n); // 線性階 try linear(n); linearRecur(n); // 平方階 try quadratic(n); _ = quadraticRecur(n); // 指數階 const root = try buildTree(allocator, n); defer freeTree(allocator, root); std.debug.print("{}\n", .{utils.fmt.tree(i32, root)}); std.debug.print("\n", .{}); } pub fn main() !void { try run(); } test "space_complexity" { try run(); }