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第 8 章 &nbsp; ヒープ
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第 9 章 &nbsp; グラフ
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第 10 章 &nbsp; 探索
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10.3 &nbsp; 二分探索の境界
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第 11 章 &nbsp; ソート
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第 12 章 &nbsp; 分割統治
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第 13 章 &nbsp; バックトラッキング
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<h1 id="144-0-1">14.4 &nbsp; 0-1ナップサック問題<a class="headerlink" href="#144-0-1" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>ナップサック問題は動的プログラミングの優れた入門問題であり、動的プログラミングで最も一般的な問題タイプです。0-1ナップサック問題、無制限ナップサック問題、複数ナップサック問題など、多くの変種があります。</p>
<p>このセクションでは、まず最も一般的な0-1ナップサック問題を解決します。</p>
<div class="admonition question">
<p class="admonition-title">Question</p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(n\)</span> 個のアイテムが与えられ、<span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> 番目のアイテムの重量は <span class="arithmatex">\(wgt[i-1]\)</span> で値は <span class="arithmatex">\(val[i-1]\)</span> です。容量が <span class="arithmatex">\(cap\)</span> のナップサックがあります。各アイテムは1回のみ選択できます。容量制限下でナップサックに入れることができるアイテムの最大値は何ですか</p>
</div>
<p>下の図を観察すると、アイテム番号 <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> は1から数え始め、配列インデックスは0から始まるため、アイテム <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> の重量は <span class="arithmatex">\(wgt[i-1]\)</span> に対応し、値は <span class="arithmatex">\(val[i-1]\)</span> に対応します。</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_example.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="0-1ナップサックの例データ" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_example.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> 図 14-17 &nbsp; 0-1ナップサックの例データ </p>
<p>0-1ナップサック問題を <span class="arithmatex">\(n\)</span> ラウンドの決定から構成されるプロセスとして考えることができます。各アイテムについて入れない、または入れるという2つの決定があり、したがって問題は決定木モデルに適合します。</p>
<p>この問題の目的は「限られた容量の下でナップサックに入れることができるアイテムの値を最大化する」ことであり、動的プログラミング問題である可能性が高いです。</p>
<p><strong>第1ステップ各ラウンドの決定を考え、状態を定義し、それにより <span class="arithmatex">\(dp\)</span> テーブルを得る</strong></p>
<p>各アイテムについて、ナップサックに入れなければ容量は変わらず、入れれば容量は減少します。これから状態定義を得ることができます:現在のアイテム番号 <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> とナップサック容量 <span class="arithmatex">\(c\)</span><span class="arithmatex">\([i, c]\)</span> と表記されます。</p>
<p>状態 <span class="arithmatex">\([i, c]\)</span> は部分問題に対応します:<strong>容量 <span class="arithmatex">\(c\)</span> のナップサックでの最初の <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> 個のアイテムの最大値</strong><span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i, c]\)</span> と表記されます。</p>
<p>探している解は <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[n, cap]\)</span> であるため、サイズ <span class="arithmatex">\((n+1) \times (cap+1)\)</span> の二次元 <span class="arithmatex">\(dp\)</span> テーブルが必要です。</p>
<p><strong>第2ステップ最適部分構造を特定し、状態遷移方程式を導出する</strong></p>
<p>アイテム <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> の決定を行った後、残るのは最初の <span class="arithmatex">\(i-1\)</span> 個のアイテムの決定の部分問題であり、これは2つのケースに分けることができます。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>アイテム <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> を入れない</strong>:ナップサック容量は変わらず、状態は <span class="arithmatex">\([i-1, c]\)</span> に変わります。</li>
<li><strong>アイテム <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> を入れる</strong>:ナップサック容量は <span class="arithmatex">\(wgt[i-1]\)</span> だけ減少し、値は <span class="arithmatex">\(val[i-1]\)</span> だけ増加し、状態は <span class="arithmatex">\([i-1, c-wgt[i-1]]\)</span> に変わります。</li>
</ul>
<p>上記の分析により、この問題の最適部分構造が明らかになります:<strong>最大値 <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i, c]\)</span> は、アイテム <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> を入れない方案とアイテム <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> を入れる方案の2つのうち、より大きな値に等しい</strong>。これから状態遷移方程式を導出できます:</p>
<div class="arithmatex">\[
dp[i, c] = \max(dp[i-1, c], dp[i-1, c - wgt[i-1]] + val[i-1])
\]</div>
<p>現在のアイテムの重量 <span class="arithmatex">\(wgt[i - 1]\)</span> が残りのナップサック容量 <span class="arithmatex">\(c\)</span> を超える場合、唯一の選択肢はナップサックに入れないことであることに注意することが重要です。</p>
<p><strong>第3ステップ境界条件と状態遷移の順序を決定する</strong></p>
<p>アイテムがない場合またはナップサック容量が <span class="arithmatex">\(0\)</span> の場合、最大値は <span class="arithmatex">\(0\)</span> です。つまり、最初の列 <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i, 0]\)</span> と最初の行 <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[0, c]\)</span> はどちらも <span class="arithmatex">\(0\)</span> に等しいです。</p>
<p>現在の状態 <span class="arithmatex">\([i, c]\)</span> は直接上の状態 <span class="arithmatex">\([i-1, c]\)</span> と左上の状態 <span class="arithmatex">\([i-1, c-wgt[i-1]]\)</span> から遷移するため、2層のループを通じて <span class="arithmatex">\(dp\)</span> テーブル全体を順序通りに走査します。</p>
<p>上記の分析に従って、次に力任せ探索、メモ化探索、動的プログラミングの順序で解法を実装します。</p>
<h3 id="1-1">1. &nbsp; 方法1力任せ探索<a class="headerlink" href="#1-1" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>探索コードには以下の要素が含まれます。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>再帰パラメータ</strong>:状態 <span class="arithmatex">\([i, c]\)</span></li>
<li><strong>戻り値</strong>:部分問題 <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i, c]\)</span> の解。</li>
<li><strong>終了条件</strong>:アイテム番号が範囲外 <span class="arithmatex">\(i = 0\)</span> またはナップサックの残り容量が <span class="arithmatex">\(0\)</span> のとき、再帰を終了し値 <span class="arithmatex">\(0\)</span> を返す。</li>
<li><strong>枝刈り</strong>:現在のアイテムの重量がナップサックの残り容量を超える場合、唯一の選択肢はナップサックに入れないことです。</li>
</ul>
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.py</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">knapsack_dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;0-1 ナップサック:ブルートフォース探索&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a> <span class="c1"># すべてのアイテムが選択されたかナップサックに残り容量がない場合、値 0 を返す</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5" href="#__codelineno-0-5"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a> <span class="c1"># ナップサック容量を超える場合、ナップサックに入れないことしか選択できない</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7" href="#__codelineno-0-7"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8" href="#__codelineno-0-8"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">knapsack_dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9" href="#__codelineno-0-9"></a> <span class="c1"># アイテム i を入れないのと入れるのとの最大値を計算</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10" href="#__codelineno-0-10"></a> <span class="n">no</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">knapsack_dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11" href="#__codelineno-0-11"></a> <span class="n">yes</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">knapsack_dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12" href="#__codelineno-0-12"></a> <span class="c1"># 2 つの選択肢のうち大きい値を返す</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13" href="#__codelineno-0-13"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">no</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">yes</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.cpp</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 0-1 ナップサック:ブルートフォース探索 */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">knapsackDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3" href="#__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// すべてのアイテムが選択されたか、ナップサックに残り容量がない場合、値 0 を返す</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4" href="#__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5" href="#__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6" href="#__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7" href="#__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// ナップサックの容量を超える場合、ナップサックに入れないことしか選択できない</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8" href="#__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9" href="#__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">knapsackDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10" href="#__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11" href="#__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// アイテム i を入れない場合と入れる場合の最大値を計算</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12" href="#__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">no</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">knapsackDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13" href="#__codelineno-1-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">yes</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">knapsackDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-14" name="__codelineno-1-14" href="#__codelineno-1-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 2つの選択肢のより大きい値を返す</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-15" name="__codelineno-1-15" href="#__codelineno-1-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">no</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">yes</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-16" name="__codelineno-1-16" href="#__codelineno-1-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.java</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 0-1 ナップサック:ブルートフォース探索 */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2" href="#__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">knapsackDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3" href="#__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// すべてのアイテムが選択されたか、ナップサックに残り容量がない場合、値 0 を返す</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4" href="#__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5" href="#__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6" href="#__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7" href="#__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// ナップサックの容量を超える場合、ナップサックに入れないことしか選択できない</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8" href="#__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9" href="#__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">knapsackDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10" href="#__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11" href="#__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// アイテム i を入れない場合と入れる場合の最大値を計算</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12" href="#__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">no</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">knapsackDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13" href="#__codelineno-2-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">yes</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">knapsackDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14" href="#__codelineno-2-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 2つの選択肢のより大きい値を返す</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-15" name="__codelineno-2-15" href="#__codelineno-2-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">no</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">yes</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-16" name="__codelineno-2-16" href="#__codelineno-2-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.cs</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="na">[class]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">knapsack</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">KnapsackDFS</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.go</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1" href="#__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="nx">knapsackDFS</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.swift</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1" href="#__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">knapsackDFS</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.js</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1" href="#__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="nx">knapsackDFS</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.ts</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1" href="#__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="nx">knapsackDFS</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.dart</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1" href="#__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">knapsackDFS</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.rs</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1" href="#__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">knapsack_dfs</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.c</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1" href="#__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">knapsackDFS</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.kt</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1" href="#__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">knapsackDFS</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1" href="#__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">knapsack_dfs</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>下の図に示すように、各アイテムは選択しないと選択するという2つの探索分岐を生成するため、時間計算量は <span class="arithmatex">\(O(2^n)\)</span> です。</p>
<p>再帰木を観察すると、<span class="arithmatex">\(dp[1, 10]\)</span> などの重複する部分問題があることが容易にわかります。アイテムが多く、ナップサック容量が大きい場合、特に同じ重量のアイテムが多い場合、重複する部分問題の数は大幅に増加します。</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dfs.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="0-1ナップサック問題の力任せ探索再帰木" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dfs.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> 図 14-18 &nbsp; 0-1ナップサック問題の力任せ探索再帰木 </p>
<h3 id="2-2">2. &nbsp; 方法2メモ化探索<a class="headerlink" href="#2-2" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>重複する部分問題が一度だけ計算されることを確保するために、部分問題の解を記録するメモ化リスト <code>mem</code> を使用します。ここで <code>mem[i][c]</code><span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i, c]\)</span> に対応します。</p>
<p>メモ化を導入した後、**時間計算量は部分問題の数に依存**し、<span class="arithmatex">\(O(n \times cap)\)</span> になります。実装コードは以下の通りです:</p>
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.py</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1" href="#__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">knapsack_dfs_mem</span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2" href="#__codelineno-13-2"></a> <span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">mem</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">]],</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3" href="#__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4" href="#__codelineno-13-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;0-1 ナップサック:記憶化探索&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5" href="#__codelineno-13-5"></a> <span class="c1"># すべてのアイテムが選択されたかナップサックに残り容量がない場合、値 0 を返す</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-6" name="__codelineno-13-6" href="#__codelineno-13-6"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-7" name="__codelineno-13-7" href="#__codelineno-13-7"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-8" name="__codelineno-13-8" href="#__codelineno-13-8"></a> <span class="c1"># 記録がある場合、それを返す</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-9" name="__codelineno-13-9" href="#__codelineno-13-9"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">mem</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-10" name="__codelineno-13-10" href="#__codelineno-13-10"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">mem</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-11" name="__codelineno-13-11" href="#__codelineno-13-11"></a> <span class="c1"># ナップサック容量を超える場合、ナップサックに入れないことしか選択できない</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-12" name="__codelineno-13-12" href="#__codelineno-13-12"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-13" name="__codelineno-13-13" href="#__codelineno-13-13"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">knapsack_dfs_mem</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mem</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-14" name="__codelineno-13-14" href="#__codelineno-13-14"></a> <span class="c1"># アイテム i を入れないのと入れるのとの最大値を計算</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-15" name="__codelineno-13-15" href="#__codelineno-13-15"></a> <span class="n">no</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">knapsack_dfs_mem</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mem</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-16" name="__codelineno-13-16" href="#__codelineno-13-16"></a> <span class="n">yes</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">knapsack_dfs_mem</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mem</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-17" name="__codelineno-13-17" href="#__codelineno-13-17"></a> <span class="c1"># 2 つの選択肢のうち大きい値を記録して返す</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-18" name="__codelineno-13-18" href="#__codelineno-13-18"></a> <span class="n">mem</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">no</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">yes</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-19" name="__codelineno-13-19" href="#__codelineno-13-19"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">mem</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">]</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.cpp</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1" href="#__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="k">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">knapsackDFSMem</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.java</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1" href="#__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 0-1 ナップサック:メモ化探索 */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2" href="#__codelineno-15-2"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">knapsackDFSMem</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">[][]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mem</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3" href="#__codelineno-15-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// すべてのアイテムが選択されたか、ナップサックに残り容量がない場合、値 0 を返す</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4" href="#__codelineno-15-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-5" name="__codelineno-15-5" href="#__codelineno-15-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-6" name="__codelineno-15-6" href="#__codelineno-15-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-7" name="__codelineno-15-7" href="#__codelineno-15-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 記録がある場合、それを返す</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-8" name="__codelineno-15-8" href="#__codelineno-15-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mem</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-9" name="__codelineno-15-9" href="#__codelineno-15-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mem</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-10" name="__codelineno-15-10" href="#__codelineno-15-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-11" name="__codelineno-15-11" href="#__codelineno-15-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// ナップサックの容量を超える場合、ナップサックに入れないことしか選択できない</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-12" name="__codelineno-15-12" href="#__codelineno-15-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-13" name="__codelineno-15-13" href="#__codelineno-15-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">knapsackDFSMem</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mem</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-14" name="__codelineno-15-14" href="#__codelineno-15-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-15" name="__codelineno-15-15" href="#__codelineno-15-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// アイテム i を入れない場合と入れる場合の最大値を計算</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-16" name="__codelineno-15-16" href="#__codelineno-15-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">no</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">knapsackDFSMem</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mem</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-17" name="__codelineno-15-17" href="#__codelineno-15-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">yes</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">knapsackDFSMem</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mem</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-18" name="__codelineno-15-18" href="#__codelineno-15-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 2つの選択肢のより大きい値を記録して返す</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-19" name="__codelineno-15-19" href="#__codelineno-15-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mem</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">no</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">yes</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-20" name="__codelineno-15-20" href="#__codelineno-15-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mem</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-21" name="__codelineno-15-21" href="#__codelineno-15-21"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.cs</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1" href="#__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="na">[class]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">knapsack</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">KnapsackDFSMem</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.go</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1" href="#__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="nx">knapsackDFSMem</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.swift</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1" href="#__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">knapsackDFSMem</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.js</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1" href="#__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="nx">knapsackDFSMem</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.ts</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1" href="#__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="nx">knapsackDFSMem</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.dart</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1" href="#__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">knapsackDFSMem</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.rs</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1" href="#__codelineno-22-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">knapsack_dfs_mem</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.c</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1" href="#__codelineno-23-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">knapsackDFSMem</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.kt</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1" href="#__codelineno-24-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">knapsackDFSMem</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1" href="#__codelineno-25-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">knapsack_dfs_mem</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>下の図はメモ化探索で枝刈りされる探索分岐を示しています。</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dfs_mem.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="0-1ナップサック問題のメモ化探索再帰木" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dfs_mem.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> 図 14-19 &nbsp; 0-1ナップサック問題のメモ化探索再帰木 </p>
<h3 id="3-3">3. &nbsp; 方法3動的プログラミング<a class="headerlink" href="#3-3" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>動的プログラミングは本質的に状態遷移中に <span class="arithmatex">\(dp\)</span> テーブルを埋めることを含みます。コードは下の図に示されています:</p>
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.py</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1" href="#__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">knapsack_dp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">cap</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2" href="#__codelineno-26-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;0-1 ナップサック:動的プログラミング&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-3" name="__codelineno-26-3" href="#__codelineno-26-3"></a> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-4" name="__codelineno-26-4" href="#__codelineno-26-4"></a> <span class="c1"># dp テーブルを初期化</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-5" name="__codelineno-26-5" href="#__codelineno-26-5"></a> <span class="n">dp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cap</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-6" name="__codelineno-26-6" href="#__codelineno-26-6"></a> <span class="c1"># 状態遷移</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-7" name="__codelineno-26-7" href="#__codelineno-26-7"></a> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-8" name="__codelineno-26-8" href="#__codelineno-26-8"></a> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cap</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-9" name="__codelineno-26-9" href="#__codelineno-26-9"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-10" name="__codelineno-26-10" href="#__codelineno-26-10"></a> <span class="c1"># ナップサック容量を超える場合、アイテム i を選択しない</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-11" name="__codelineno-26-11" href="#__codelineno-26-11"></a> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-12" name="__codelineno-26-12" href="#__codelineno-26-12"></a> <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-13" name="__codelineno-26-13" href="#__codelineno-26-13"></a> <span class="c1"># アイテム i を選択しないのと選択するのとで大きい値</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-14" name="__codelineno-26-14" href="#__codelineno-26-14"></a> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]]</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-15" name="__codelineno-26-15" href="#__codelineno-26-15"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="n">cap</span><span class="p">]</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.cpp</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-27-1" name="__codelineno-27-1" href="#__codelineno-27-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 0-1 ナップサック:動的プログラミング */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-2" name="__codelineno-27-2" href="#__codelineno-27-2"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">knapsackDP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cap</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-3" name="__codelineno-27-3" href="#__codelineno-27-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-4" name="__codelineno-27-4" href="#__codelineno-27-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// DPテーブルを初期化</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-5" name="__codelineno-27-5" href="#__codelineno-27-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cap</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">));</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-6" name="__codelineno-27-6" href="#__codelineno-27-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 状態遷移</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-7" name="__codelineno-27-7" href="#__codelineno-27-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-8" name="__codelineno-27-8" href="#__codelineno-27-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cap</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-9" name="__codelineno-27-9" href="#__codelineno-27-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-10" name="__codelineno-27-10" href="#__codelineno-27-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// ナップサックの容量を超える場合、アイテム i を選択しない</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-11" name="__codelineno-27-11" href="#__codelineno-27-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-12" name="__codelineno-27-12" href="#__codelineno-27-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-13" name="__codelineno-27-13" href="#__codelineno-27-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 選択しない場合とアイテム i を選択する場合のより大きい値</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-14" name="__codelineno-27-14" href="#__codelineno-27-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">],</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-15" name="__codelineno-27-15" href="#__codelineno-27-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-16" name="__codelineno-27-16" href="#__codelineno-27-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-17" name="__codelineno-27-17" href="#__codelineno-27-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-18" name="__codelineno-27-18" href="#__codelineno-27-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="n">cap</span><span class="p">];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-19" name="__codelineno-27-19" href="#__codelineno-27-19"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.java</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-28-1" name="__codelineno-28-1" href="#__codelineno-28-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 0-1 ナップサック:動的プログラミング */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-2" name="__codelineno-28-2" href="#__codelineno-28-2"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">knapsackDP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cap</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-3" name="__codelineno-28-3" href="#__codelineno-28-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">length</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-4" name="__codelineno-28-4" href="#__codelineno-28-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// DPテーブルを初期化</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-5" name="__codelineno-28-5" href="#__codelineno-28-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">[][]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="n">cap</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-6" name="__codelineno-28-6" href="#__codelineno-28-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 状態遷移</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-7" name="__codelineno-28-7" href="#__codelineno-28-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-8" name="__codelineno-28-8" href="#__codelineno-28-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cap</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-9" name="__codelineno-28-9" href="#__codelineno-28-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-10" name="__codelineno-28-10" href="#__codelineno-28-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// ナップサックの容量を超える場合、アイテム i を選択しない</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-11" name="__codelineno-28-11" href="#__codelineno-28-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-12" name="__codelineno-28-12" href="#__codelineno-28-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-13" name="__codelineno-28-13" href="#__codelineno-28-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 選択しない場合とアイテム i を選択する場合のより大きい値</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-14" name="__codelineno-28-14" href="#__codelineno-28-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-15" name="__codelineno-28-15" href="#__codelineno-28-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-16" name="__codelineno-28-16" href="#__codelineno-28-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-17" name="__codelineno-28-17" href="#__codelineno-28-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-18" name="__codelineno-28-18" href="#__codelineno-28-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="n">cap</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-19" name="__codelineno-28-19" href="#__codelineno-28-19"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.cs</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-29-1" name="__codelineno-29-1" href="#__codelineno-29-1"></a><span class="na">[class]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">knapsack</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">KnapsackDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.go</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-30-1" name="__codelineno-30-1" href="#__codelineno-30-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="nx">knapsackDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.swift</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-31-1" name="__codelineno-31-1" href="#__codelineno-31-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">knapsackDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.js</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-32-1" name="__codelineno-32-1" href="#__codelineno-32-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="nx">knapsackDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.ts</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-33-1" name="__codelineno-33-1" href="#__codelineno-33-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="nx">knapsackDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.dart</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-34-1" name="__codelineno-34-1" href="#__codelineno-34-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">knapsackDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.rs</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-35-1" name="__codelineno-35-1" href="#__codelineno-35-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">knapsack_dp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.c</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-36-1" name="__codelineno-36-1" href="#__codelineno-36-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">knapsackDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.kt</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-37-1" name="__codelineno-37-1" href="#__codelineno-37-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">knapsackDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-38-1" name="__codelineno-38-1" href="#__codelineno-38-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">knapsack_dp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>下の図に示すように、時間計算量と空間計算量の両方が配列 <code>dp</code> のサイズ、つまり <span class="arithmatex">\(O(n \times cap)\)</span> によって決定されます。</p>
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="4:14"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_4_1" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_2" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_3" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_4" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_5" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_6" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_7" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_8" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_9" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_10" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_11" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_12" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_13" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_14" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_4_1">&lt;1&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_4_2">&lt;2&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_4_3">&lt;3&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_4_4">&lt;4&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_4_5">&lt;5&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_4_6">&lt;6&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_4_7">&lt;7&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_4_8">&lt;8&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_4_9">&lt;9&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_4_10">&lt;10&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_4_11">&lt;11&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_4_12">&lt;12&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_4_13">&lt;13&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_4_14">&lt;14&gt;</label></div>
<div class="tabbed-content">
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step1.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="0-1ナップサック問題の動的プログラミングプロセス" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step1.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step2.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="knapsack_dp_step2" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step2.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step3.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="knapsack_dp_step3" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step3.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step4.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="knapsack_dp_step4" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step4.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step5.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="knapsack_dp_step5" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step5.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step6.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="knapsack_dp_step6" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step6.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step7.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="knapsack_dp_step7" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step7.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step8.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="knapsack_dp_step8" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step8.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step9.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="knapsack_dp_step9" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step9.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step10.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="knapsack_dp_step10" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step10.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step11.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="knapsack_dp_step11" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step11.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step12.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="knapsack_dp_step12" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step12.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step13.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="knapsack_dp_step13" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step13.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step14.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="knapsack_dp_step14" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_step14.png" /></a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p align="center"> 図 14-20 &nbsp; 0-1ナップサック問題の動的プログラミングプロセス </p>
<h3 id="4">4. &nbsp; 空間最適化<a class="headerlink" href="#4" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>各状態は上の行の状態のみに関連するため、2つの配列を使用してローリング前進させ、空間計算量を <span class="arithmatex">\(O(n^2)\)</span> から <span class="arithmatex">\(O(n)\)</span> に削減できます。</p>
<p>さらに考えてみると、1つの配列だけで空間最適化を達成できるでしょうか各状態が直接上のセルまたは左上のセルから遷移することが観察できます。配列が1つしかない場合、<span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> 行目の走査を開始するとき、その配列はまだ <span class="arithmatex">\(i-1\)</span> 行目の状態を保存しています。</p>
<ul>
<li>通常の順序で走査する場合、<span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i, j]\)</span> に走査したとき、左上の <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i-1, 1]\)</span> <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i-1, j-1]\)</span> の値がすでに上書きされている可能性があり、正しい状態遷移結果を得ることができません。</li>
<li>逆順で走査する場合、上書き問題はなく、状態遷移を正しく実行できます。</li>
</ul>
<p>下の図は単一配列での <span class="arithmatex">\(i = 1\)</span> 行目から <span class="arithmatex">\(i = 2\)</span> 行目への遷移プロセスを示しています。通常順序走査と逆順走査の違いについて考えてみてください。</p>
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="5:6"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_5_1" name="__tabbed_5" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_5_2" name="__tabbed_5" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_5_3" name="__tabbed_5" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_5_4" name="__tabbed_5" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_5_5" name="__tabbed_5" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_5_6" name="__tabbed_5" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_5_1">&lt;1&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_5_2">&lt;2&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_5_3">&lt;3&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_5_4">&lt;4&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_5_5">&lt;5&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_5_6">&lt;6&gt;</label></div>
<div class="tabbed-content">
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_comp_step1.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="0-1ナップサックの空間最適化動的プログラミングプロセス" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_comp_step1.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_comp_step2.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="knapsack_dp_comp_step2" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_comp_step2.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_comp_step3.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="knapsack_dp_comp_step3" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_comp_step3.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_comp_step4.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="knapsack_dp_comp_step4" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_comp_step4.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_comp_step5.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="knapsack_dp_comp_step5" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_comp_step5.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_comp_step6.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="knapsack_dp_comp_step6" class="animation-figure" src="../knapsack_problem.assets/knapsack_dp_comp_step6.png" /></a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p align="center"> 図 14-21 &nbsp; 0-1ナップサックの空間最適化動的プログラミングプロセス </p>
<p>コード実装では、配列 <code>dp</code> の最初の次元 <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> を削除し、内側のループを逆走査に変更するだけです:</p>
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.py</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-39-1" name="__codelineno-39-1" href="#__codelineno-39-1"></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">knapsack_dp_comp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">cap</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-39-2" name="__codelineno-39-2" href="#__codelineno-39-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;0-1 ナップサック:空間最適化動的プログラミング&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-39-3" name="__codelineno-39-3" href="#__codelineno-39-3"></a> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-39-4" name="__codelineno-39-4" href="#__codelineno-39-4"></a> <span class="c1"># dp テーブルを初期化</span>
<a id="__codelineno-39-5" name="__codelineno-39-5" href="#__codelineno-39-5"></a> <span class="n">dp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cap</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-39-6" name="__codelineno-39-6" href="#__codelineno-39-6"></a> <span class="c1"># 状態遷移</span>
<a id="__codelineno-39-7" name="__codelineno-39-7" href="#__codelineno-39-7"></a> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-39-8" name="__codelineno-39-8" href="#__codelineno-39-8"></a> <span class="c1"># 逆順で走査</span>
<a id="__codelineno-39-9" name="__codelineno-39-9" href="#__codelineno-39-9"></a> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cap</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-39-10" name="__codelineno-39-10" href="#__codelineno-39-10"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-39-11" name="__codelineno-39-11" href="#__codelineno-39-11"></a> <span class="c1"># ナップサック容量を超える場合、アイテム i を選択しない</span>
<a id="__codelineno-39-12" name="__codelineno-39-12" href="#__codelineno-39-12"></a> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-39-13" name="__codelineno-39-13" href="#__codelineno-39-13"></a> <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-39-14" name="__codelineno-39-14" href="#__codelineno-39-14"></a> <span class="c1"># アイテム i を選択しないのと選択するのとで大きい値</span>
<a id="__codelineno-39-15" name="__codelineno-39-15" href="#__codelineno-39-15"></a> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]]</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span>
<a id="__codelineno-39-16" name="__codelineno-39-16" href="#__codelineno-39-16"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">cap</span><span class="p">]</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.cpp</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-40-1" name="__codelineno-40-1" href="#__codelineno-40-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 0-1 ナップサック:空間最適化動的プログラミング */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-40-2" name="__codelineno-40-2" href="#__codelineno-40-2"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">knapsackDPComp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cap</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-40-3" name="__codelineno-40-3" href="#__codelineno-40-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-40-4" name="__codelineno-40-4" href="#__codelineno-40-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// DPテーブルを初期化</span>
<a id="__codelineno-40-5" name="__codelineno-40-5" href="#__codelineno-40-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cap</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-40-6" name="__codelineno-40-6" href="#__codelineno-40-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 状態遷移</span>
<a id="__codelineno-40-7" name="__codelineno-40-7" href="#__codelineno-40-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-40-8" name="__codelineno-40-8" href="#__codelineno-40-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 逆順で走査</span>
<a id="__codelineno-40-9" name="__codelineno-40-9" href="#__codelineno-40-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cap</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">--</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-40-10" name="__codelineno-40-10" href="#__codelineno-40-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-40-11" name="__codelineno-40-11" href="#__codelineno-40-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 選択しない場合とアイテム i を選択する場合のより大きい値</span>
<a id="__codelineno-40-12" name="__codelineno-40-12" href="#__codelineno-40-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">],</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-40-13" name="__codelineno-40-13" href="#__codelineno-40-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-40-14" name="__codelineno-40-14" href="#__codelineno-40-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-40-15" name="__codelineno-40-15" href="#__codelineno-40-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-40-16" name="__codelineno-40-16" href="#__codelineno-40-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">cap</span><span class="p">];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-40-17" name="__codelineno-40-17" href="#__codelineno-40-17"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.java</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-41-1" name="__codelineno-41-1" href="#__codelineno-41-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 0-1 ナップサック:空間最適化動的プログラミング */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-2" name="__codelineno-41-2" href="#__codelineno-41-2"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">knapsackDPComp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cap</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-3" name="__codelineno-41-3" href="#__codelineno-41-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">length</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-4" name="__codelineno-41-4" href="#__codelineno-41-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// DPテーブルを初期化</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-5" name="__codelineno-41-5" href="#__codelineno-41-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">cap</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-6" name="__codelineno-41-6" href="#__codelineno-41-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 状態遷移</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-7" name="__codelineno-41-7" href="#__codelineno-41-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-8" name="__codelineno-41-8" href="#__codelineno-41-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 逆順で走査</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-9" name="__codelineno-41-9" href="#__codelineno-41-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cap</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">--</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-10" name="__codelineno-41-10" href="#__codelineno-41-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-11" name="__codelineno-41-11" href="#__codelineno-41-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 選択しない場合とアイテム i を選択する場合のより大きい値</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-12" name="__codelineno-41-12" href="#__codelineno-41-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">wgt</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-13" name="__codelineno-41-13" href="#__codelineno-41-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-14" name="__codelineno-41-14" href="#__codelineno-41-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-15" name="__codelineno-41-15" href="#__codelineno-41-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-16" name="__codelineno-41-16" href="#__codelineno-41-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">cap</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-17" name="__codelineno-41-17" href="#__codelineno-41-17"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.cs</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-42-1" name="__codelineno-42-1" href="#__codelineno-42-1"></a><span class="na">[class]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">knapsack</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">KnapsackDPComp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.go</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-43-1" name="__codelineno-43-1" href="#__codelineno-43-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="nx">knapsackDPComp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.swift</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-44-1" name="__codelineno-44-1" href="#__codelineno-44-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">knapsackDPComp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.js</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-45-1" name="__codelineno-45-1" href="#__codelineno-45-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="nx">knapsackDPComp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.ts</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-46-1" name="__codelineno-46-1" href="#__codelineno-46-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="nx">knapsackDPComp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.dart</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-47-1" name="__codelineno-47-1" href="#__codelineno-47-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">knapsackDPComp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.rs</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-48-1" name="__codelineno-48-1" href="#__codelineno-48-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">knapsack_dp_comp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.c</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-49-1" name="__codelineno-49-1" href="#__codelineno-49-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">knapsackDPComp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.kt</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-50-1" name="__codelineno-50-1" href="#__codelineno-50-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">knapsackDPComp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">knapsack.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-51-1" name="__codelineno-51-1" href="#__codelineno-51-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">knapsack_dp_comp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
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