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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../appendix-d/index.html">附录 D：RISC-V相关信息</a></li>
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<div class="section" id="id2">
<h2>本章导读<a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<p><strong>批处理系统</strong> (Batch System) 出现于计算资源匮乏的年代，其核心思想是：
将多个程序打包到一起输入计算机；当一个程序运行结束后，计算机会 <em>自动</em> 执行下一个程序。</p>
<p>应用程序难免会出错，如果一个程序的错误导致整个操作系统都无法运行，那就太糟糕了。
<em>保护</em> 操作系统不受出错程序破坏的机制被称为 <strong>特权级</strong> (Privilege) 机制，
它实现了用户态和内核态的隔离。</p>
<p>本章在上一章的基础上，让我们的 OS 内核能以批处理的形式一次运行多个应用程序，同时利用特权级机制，
令 OS 不因出错的用户态程序而崩溃。</p>
<p>本章首先为批处理操作系统设计用户程序，再阐述如何将这些应用程序链接到内核中，最后介绍如何利用特权级机制处理 Trap.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id3">
<h2>实践体验<a class="headerlink" href="#id3" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">注解</p>
<p>基于github classroom的开发方式</p>
<p>基于github classroom，可方便建立开发用的git repository，并可基于github的 codespace （在线版ubuntu +vscode）在线开发使用。整个开发环境仅仅需要一个网络浏览器。</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>在网络浏览器中用自己的 github id 登录 github.com</p></li>
<li><p>接收 <a class="reference external" href="https://classroom.github.com/a/UEOvz4qO">第二个实验练习的github classroom在线邀请</a> ，根据提示一路选择OK即可。</p></li>
<li><p>完成第二步后，你的第二个实验练习的 github repository 会被自动建立好，点击此github repository的链接，就可看到你要完成的第一个实验了。</p></li>
<li><p>在你的第二个实验练习的网页的中上部可以看到一个醒目的 <cite>code</cite> 绿色按钮，点击后，可以进一步看到 <cite>codespace</cite> 标签和醒目的 <cite>create codesapce on main</cite> 绿色按钮。请点击这个绿色按钮，就可以进入到在线的ubuntu +vscode环境中</p></li>
<li><p>再按照下面的环境安装提示在vscode的 <cite>console</cite> 中安装配置开发环境：rustc，qemu等工具。注：也可在vscode的 <cite>console</cite> 中执行 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">codespaces_setenv</span></code> 来自动安装配置开发环境（执行``sudo``需要root权限，仅需要执行一次）。</p></li>
<li><p>在vscode的 <cite>console</cite> 中执行 <cite>make setupclassroom_test2</cite> （该命令仅执行一次）配置githubclassroom 自动评分功能，以后一般就不用执行了，除非 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.github/workflows/classroom.yml</span></code> 发生了变化。</p></li>
<li><p>然后就可以基于在线vscode进行开发、运行、提交等完整的实验过程了。</p></li>
</ol>
<p>上述的3，4，5步不是必须的，你也可以线下本地开发。</p>
<p>注：如果是本地的ubuntu中建立开发环境，可在shell中执行 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">ubuntu_local_setenv</span></code> 来自动安装配置开发环境（执行``sudo``需要root权限，仅需要执行一次）。</p>
</div>
<p>本章我们引入了用户程序。</p>
<p>获取本章代码：</p>
<div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>git clone <span class="sb">``</span>gitaddr of github-classroom-build-lab0-1<span class="sb">``</span>
<span class="gp">$ </span><span class="nb">cd</span> <span class="sb">``</span>github-classroom-build-lab0-1<span class="sb">``</span>
<span class="gp">$ </span>make setupclassroom_test2 //注意：这一步很重要，是用于github classroom自动评测你的工作。这一步只需在首次克隆项目仓库时执行一次，以后一般就不用执行了，除非 .github/workflows/classroom.yml发生了变化。
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">注解</p>
<p>实验名称 ：实验编号</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>lab0-0 : test1</p></li>
<li><p>lab0-1：test2</p></li>
<li><p>lab1：test3</p></li>
<li><p>lab2：test4</p></li>
<li><p>lab3：test5</p></li>
<li><p>lab4：test6</p></li>
<li><p>lab5：test8</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>在 qemu 模拟器上运行本章代码：</p>
<div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span><span class="nb">cd</span> os2
<span class="gp">$ </span>make run <span class="nv">LOG</span><span class="o">=</span>INFO
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>批处理系统自动加载并运行了所有的用户程序，尽管某些程序出错了：</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> [rustsbi] RustSBI version 0.2.0-alpha.4
.______ __ __ _______.___________. _______..______ __
| _ \ | | | | / | | / || _ \ | |
| |_) | | | | | | (----`---| |----`| (----`| |_) || |
| / | | | | \ \ | | \ \ | _ &lt; | |
| |\ \----.| `--' |.----) | | | .----) | | |_) || |
| _| `._____| \______/ |_______/ |__| |_______/ |______/ |__|
[rustsbi] Implementation: RustSBI-QEMU Version 0.0.1
[rustsbi-dtb] Hart count: cluster0 with 1 cores
[rustsbi] misa: RV64ACDFIMSU
[rustsbi] mideleg: ssoft, stimer, sext (0x222)
[rustsbi] medeleg: ima, ia, bkpt, la, sa, uecall, ipage, lpage, spage (0xb1ab)
[rustsbi] pmp0: 0x80000000 ..= 0x800fffff (rwx)
[rustsbi] pmp1: 0x80000000 ..= 0x807fffff (rwx)
[rustsbi] pmp2: 0x0 ..= 0xffffffffffffff (---)
[rustsbi] enter supervisor 0x80200000
[kernel] Hello, world!
[ INFO] [kernel] num_app = 6
[ INFO] [kernel] app_0 [0x8020b040, 0x8020f868)
[ INFO] [kernel] app_1 [0x8020f868, 0x80214090)
[ INFO] [kernel] app_2 [0x80214090, 0x80218988)
[ INFO] [kernel] app_3 [0x80218988, 0x8021d160)
[ INFO] [kernel] app_4 [0x8021d160, 0x80221a68)
[ INFO] [kernel] app_5 [0x80221a68, 0x80226538)
[ INFO] [kernel] Loading app_0
[ERROR] [kernel] PageFault in application, core dumped.
[ INFO] [kernel] Loading app_1
[ERROR] [kernel] IllegalInstruction in application, core dumped.
[ INFO] [kernel] Loading app_2
[ERROR] [kernel] IllegalInstruction in application, core dumped.
[ INFO] [kernel] Loading app_3
[ INFO] [kernel] Application exited with code 1234
[ INFO] [kernel] Loading app_4
Hello, world from user mode program!
[ INFO] [kernel] Application exited with code 0
[ INFO] [kernel] Loading app_5
3^10000=5079(MOD 10007)
3^20000=8202(MOD 10007)
3^30000=8824(MOD 10007)
3^40000=5750(MOD 10007)
3^50000=3824(MOD 10007)
3^60000=8516(MOD 10007)
3^70000=2510(MOD 10007)
3^80000=9379(MOD 10007)
3^90000=2621(MOD 10007)
3^100000=2749(MOD 10007)
Test power OK!
[ INFO] [kernel] Application exited with code 0
Panicked at src/batch.rs:68 All applications completed!
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id4">
<h2>本章代码树<a class="headerlink" href="#id4" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>── os2
│   ├── Cargo.toml
│   ├── Makefile (修改：构建内核之前先构建应用)
│   ├── build.rs (新增：生成 link_app.S 将应用作为一个数据段链接到内核)
│   └── src
│   ├── batch.rs(新增：实现了一个简单的批处理系统)
│   ├── console.rs
│   ├── entry.asm
│   ├── lang_items.rs
│   ├── link_app.S(构建产物，由 os/build.rs 输出)
│   ├── linker.ld
│   ├── logging.rs
│   ├── main.rs(修改：主函数中需要初始化 Trap 处理并加载和执行应用)
│   ├── sbi.rs
│   ├── sync(新增：包装了RefCell，暂时不用关心)
│   │   ├── mod.rs
│   │   └── up.rs
│   ├── syscall(新增：系统调用子模块 syscall)
│   │   ├── fs.rs(包含文件 I/O 相关的 syscall)
│   │   ├── mod.rs(提供 syscall 方法根据 syscall ID 进行分发处理)
│   │   └── process.rs(包含任务处理相关的 syscall)
│   └── trap(新增：Trap 相关子模块 trap)
│   ├── context.rs(包含 Trap 上下文 TrapContext)
│   ├── mod.rs(包含 Trap 处理入口 trap_handler)
│   └── trap.S(包含 Trap 上下文保存与恢复的汇编代码)
└── user(新增：应用测例保存在 user 目录下)
├── Cargo.toml
├── Makefile
└── src
├── bin(基于用户库 user_lib 开发的应用，每个应用放在一个源文件中)
│   ├── ...
├── console.rs
├── lang_items.rs
├── lib.rs(用户库 user_lib)
├── linker.ld(应用的链接脚本)
└── syscall.rs(包含 syscall 方法生成实际用于系统调用的汇编指令，
各个具体的 syscall 都是通过 syscall 来实现的)
cloc os
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Language files blank comment code
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rust 14 62 21 435
Assembly 3 9 16 106
make 1 12 4 36
TOML 1 2 1 9
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUM: 19 85 42 586
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</pre></div>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">引言</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id2">本章导读</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id3">实践体验</a></li>
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