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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../chapter4/3sv39-implementation-1.html">实现 SV39 多级页表机制（上）</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../chapter7/2cmdargs-and-redirection.html">命令行参数与标准 I/O 重定向</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../appendix-d/index.html">附录 D：RISC-V相关信息</a></li>
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<h1>引言<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h1>
<div class="section" id="id2">
<h2>本章导读<a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<p>大多数程序员的职业生涯都从 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Hello,</span> <span class="pre">world!</span></code> 开始。</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>printf("Hello world!\n");
cout &lt;&lt; "Hello world!\n";
print("Hello world!")
System.out.println("Hello world!");
echo "Hello world!"
println!("Hello world!");
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>然而，要用几行代码向世界问好，并不像表面上那么简单。
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Hello,</span> <span class="pre">world!</span></code> 程序能够编译运行，靠的是以 <strong>编译器</strong> 为主的开发环境和以 <strong>操作系统</strong> 为主的执行环境。</p>
<p>在本章中，我们将抽丝剥茧，一步步让 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Hello,</span> <span class="pre">world!</span></code> 程序脱离其依赖的执行环境，
编写一个能打印 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Hello,</span> <span class="pre">world!</span></code> 的 OS。这趟旅途将让我们对应用程序及其执行环境有更深入的理解。</p>
<div class="admonition attention">
<p class="admonition-title">注意</p>
<p>实验指导书存在的目的是帮助读者理解框架代码。</p>
<p>为便于测试，完成编程实验时，请以框架代码为基础，不必跟着文档从零开始编写内核。</p>
</div>
<p>为了做到这一步，首先需要让程序不依赖于标准库，
并通过编译。</p>
<p>接下来要让脱离了标准库的程序能输出（即支持 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">println!</span></code>)，这对程序的开发和调试至关重要。
我们先在用户态下实现该功能，在 <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/LearningOS/rCore-Tutorial-Book-2021Autumn/tree/ch2-U-nostd">此处</a> 获取相关代码。</p>
<p>最后把程序移植到内核态，构建在裸机上支持输出的最小运行时环境。</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id4">
<h2>实践体验<a class="headerlink" href="#id4" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">注解</p>
<p>基于github classroom的开发方式</p>
<p>基于github classroom，可方便建立开发用的git repository，并可基于github的 codespace （在线版ubuntu +vscode）在线开发使用。整个开发环境仅仅需要一个网络浏览器。</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>在网络浏览器中用自己的 github id 登录 github.com</p></li>
<li><p>接收 <a class="reference external" href="https://classroom.github.com/a/hnoWuKGF">第一个实验练习 setup-env-run-os1 的github classroom在线邀请</a> ，根据提示一路选择OK即可。</p></li>
<li><p>完成第二步后，你的第一个实验练习 setup-env-run-os1 的 github repository 会被自动建立好，点击此github repository的链接，就可看到你要完成的第一个实验了。</p></li>
<li><p>在你的第一个实验练习的网页的中上部可以看到一个醒目的 <cite>code</cite> 绿色按钮，点击后，可以进一步看到 <cite>codespace</cite> 标签和醒目的 <cite>create codesapce on main</cite> 绿色按钮。请点击这个绿色按钮，就可以进入到在线的ubuntu +vscode环境中</p></li>
<li><p>再按照下面的环境安装提示在vscode的 <cite>console</cite> 中安装配置开发环境：rustc，qemu等工具。注：也可在vscode的 <cite>console</cite> 中执行 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">codespaces_setenv</span></code> 来自动安装配置开发环境（执行``sudo``需要root权限，仅需要执行一次）。</p></li>
<li><p>在vscode的 <cite>console</cite> 中执行 <cite>make setupclassroom_test1</cite> （该命令仅执行一次）配置githubclassroom 自动评分功能。</p></li>
<li><p>然后就可以基于在线vscode进行开发、运行、提交等完整的实验过程了。</p></li>
</ol>
<p>上述的3，4，5步不是必须的，你也可以线下本地开发。</p>
<p>注：如果是本地的ubuntu中建立开发环境，可在shell中执行 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">ubuntu_local_setenv</span></code> 来自动安装配置开发环境（执行``sudo``需要root权限，仅需要执行一次）。</p>
</div>
<p>本章一步步实现了支持打印字符串的简单操作系统。</p>
<p>获取本章代码：</p>
<div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>git clone https://github.com/LearningOS/rust-based-os-comp2022.git
<span class="gp">$ </span><span class="nb">cd</span> rust-based-os-comp2022/
<span class="gp">$ </span>make setupclassroom_test1 //注意：这一步很重要，是用于github classroom自动评测你的工作。这一步只需在首次克隆项目仓库时执行一次，以后一般就不用执行了，除非 .github/workflows/classroom.yml发生了变化。
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>运行本章代码，并设置日志级别为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TRACE</span></code>：</p>
<div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span><span class="nb">cd</span> os1
<span class="gp">$ </span>make run <span class="nv">LOG</span><span class="o">=</span>TRACE
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>预期输出：</p>
<div class="figure align-center">
<img alt="../_images/color-demo.png" src="../_images/color-demo.png"/>
</div>
<p>除了 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Hello,</span> <span class="pre">world!</span></code> 之外还有一些额外的信息，最后关机。</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id5">
<h2>本章代码树<a class="headerlink" href="#id5" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>├── bootloader (内核依赖的运行在 M 特权级的 SBI 实现，本项目中我们使用 RustSBI)
│   └── rustsbi-qemu.bin
├── os
│   ├── Cargo.toml (cargo 项目配置文件)
│   ├── Makefile
│   └── src
│   ├── console.rs (将打印字符的 SBI 接口进一步封装实现更加强大的格式化输出)
│   ├── entry.asm (设置内核执行环境的的一段汇编代码)
│   ├── lang_items.rs (需要我们提供给 Rust 编译器的一些语义项，目前包含内核 panic 时的处理逻辑)
│   ├── linker.ld (控制内核内存布局的链接脚本以使内核运行在 qemu 虚拟机上)
│   ├── logging.rs (为本项目实现了日志功能)
│   ├── main.rs (内核主函数)
│   └── sbi.rs (封装底层 SBI 实现提供的 SBI 接口)
└── rust-toolchain (整个项目的工具链版本)
cloc os
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Language files blank comment code
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rust 5 25 6 155
make 1 11 4 34
Assembly 1 1 0 11
TOML 1 2 1 7
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUM: 8 39 11 207
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</pre></div>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">引言</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id2">本章导读</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id4">实践体验</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id5">本章代码树</a></li>
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