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<div class="fragment"><div class="line"><a id="l00001" name="l00001"></a><span class="lineno"> 1</span><span class="preprocessor">#include &lt;cassert&gt;</span> </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00002" name="l00002"></a><span class="lineno"> 2</span><span class="preprocessor">#include &lt;iostream&gt;</span> </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00003" name="l00003"></a><span class="lineno"> 3</span><span class="preprocessor">#include &lt;memory&gt;</span> </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00004" name="l00004"></a><span class="lineno"> 4</span><span class="preprocessor">#include &lt;stdexcept&gt;</span> </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00005" name="l00005"></a><span class="lineno"> 5</span> </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00010" name="l00010"></a><span class="lineno"> 10</span><span class="keyword">namespace </span><a class="code hl_namespace" href="../../d5/d3c/namespacedata__structures.html">data_structures</a> {</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00015" name="l00015"></a><span class="lineno"> 15</span><span class="keyword">template</span> &lt;<span class="keyword">typename</span> T&gt;</div>
<div class="foldopen" id="foldopen00016" data-start="{" data-end="};">
<div class="line"><a id="l00016" name="l00016"></a><span class="lineno"><a class="line" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html"> 16</a></span><span class="keyword">class </span><a class="code hl_class" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html">Stack</a> {</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00017" name="l00017"></a><span class="lineno"> 17</span> <span class="keyword">private</span>:</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00018" name="l00018"></a><span class="lineno"><a class="line" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a3f912a0e9bed5b24b206584e3010dce3"> 18</a></span> std::unique_ptr&lt;T[]&gt; <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a3f912a0e9bed5b24b206584e3010dce3">stack</a>; </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00019" name="l00019"></a><span class="lineno"><a class="line" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a88a10062c0662a385f172669f2f19b86"> 19</a></span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a88a10062c0662a385f172669f2f19b86">stackSize</a>; </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00020" name="l00020"></a><span class="lineno"><a class="line" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a71afc94746d47fb2c0c4fa4b612edee6"> 20</a></span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a71afc94746d47fb2c0c4fa4b612edee6">stackIndex</a>; </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00021" name="l00021"></a><span class="lineno"> 21</span> </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00022" name="l00022"></a><span class="lineno"> 22</span> <span class="keyword">public</span>:</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00028" name="l00028"></a><span class="lineno"><a class="line" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a8cb0602c8a9c1603d0315938177ecc6a"> 28</a></span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a8cb0602c8a9c1603d0315938177ecc6a">Stack</a>(<span class="keywordtype">int</span> size) : <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a88a10062c0662a385f172669f2f19b86">stackSize</a>(size), <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a71afc94746d47fb2c0c4fa4b612edee6">stackIndex</a>(-1), <a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>(new T[size]) {}</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00029" name="l00029"></a><span class="lineno"> 29</span> </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00035" name="l00035"></a><span class="lineno"><a class="line" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#aa753346c8ee5f21d4f4482398fe6d5c1"> 35</a></span> <span class="keywordtype">bool</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#aa753346c8ee5f21d4f4482398fe6d5c1">full</a>()<span class="keyword"> const </span>{ <span class="keywordflow">return</span> <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a71afc94746d47fb2c0c4fa4b612edee6">stackIndex</a> == <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a88a10062c0662a385f172669f2f19b86">stackSize</a> - 1; }</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00036" name="l00036"></a><span class="lineno"> 36</span> </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00041" name="l00041"></a><span class="lineno"><a class="line" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a04e2e7cb58b2de6d3a15053bfaaf6080"> 41</a></span> <span class="keywordtype">bool</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a04e2e7cb58b2de6d3a15053bfaaf6080">empty</a>()<span class="keyword"> const </span>{ <span class="keywordflow">return</span> <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a71afc94746d47fb2c0c4fa4b612edee6">stackIndex</a> == -1; }</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00042" name="l00042"></a><span class="lineno"> 42</span> </div>
<div class="foldopen" id="foldopen00048" data-start="{" data-end="}">
<div class="line"><a id="l00048" name="l00048"></a><span class="lineno"><a class="line" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#aa9f9b087e9e7c00628e1289f0f1de3b2"> 48</a></span> <span class="keywordtype">void</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#aa9f9b087e9e7c00628e1289f0f1de3b2">push</a>(T element) {</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00049" name="l00049"></a><span class="lineno"> 49</span> <span class="keywordflow">if</span> (<a class="code hl_function" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#aa753346c8ee5f21d4f4482398fe6d5c1">full</a>()) {</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00050" name="l00050"></a><span class="lineno"> 50</span> <span class="keywordflow">throw</span> std::out_of_range(<span class="stringliteral">&quot;Stack overflow&quot;</span>);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00051" name="l00051"></a><span class="lineno"> 51</span> } <span class="keywordflow">else</span> {</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00052" name="l00052"></a><span class="lineno"> 52</span> <a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>[++<a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a71afc94746d47fb2c0c4fa4b612edee6">stackIndex</a>] = element;</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00053" name="l00053"></a><span class="lineno"> 53</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00054" name="l00054"></a><span class="lineno"> 54</span> }</div>
</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00055" name="l00055"></a><span class="lineno"> 55</span> </div>
<div class="foldopen" id="foldopen00062" data-start="{" data-end="}">
<div class="line"><a id="l00062" name="l00062"></a><span class="lineno"><a class="line" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#ac46842bdd9c655d84f865fa3a03da19b"> 62</a></span> T <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#ac46842bdd9c655d84f865fa3a03da19b">pop</a>() {</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00063" name="l00063"></a><span class="lineno"> 63</span> <span class="keywordflow">if</span> (<a class="code hl_function" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a04e2e7cb58b2de6d3a15053bfaaf6080">empty</a>()) {</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00064" name="l00064"></a><span class="lineno"> 64</span> <span class="keywordflow">throw</span> std::out_of_range(<span class="stringliteral">&quot;Stack underflow&quot;</span>);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00065" name="l00065"></a><span class="lineno"> 65</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00066" name="l00066"></a><span class="lineno"> 66</span> <span class="keywordflow">return</span> <a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>[<a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a71afc94746d47fb2c0c4fa4b612edee6">stackIndex</a>--];</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00067" name="l00067"></a><span class="lineno"> 67</span> }</div>
</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00068" name="l00068"></a><span class="lineno"> 68</span> </div>
<div class="foldopen" id="foldopen00072" data-start="{" data-end="}">
<div class="line"><a id="l00072" name="l00072"></a><span class="lineno"><a class="line" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#abb86ed67d9d97112897a09cfb10ff586"> 72</a></span> <span class="keywordtype">void</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#abb86ed67d9d97112897a09cfb10ff586">show</a>()<span class="keyword"> const </span>{</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00073" name="l00073"></a><span class="lineno"> 73</span> <span class="keywordflow">for</span> (<span class="keywordtype">int</span> i = 0; i &lt;= <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a71afc94746d47fb2c0c4fa4b612edee6">stackIndex</a>; i++) {</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00074" name="l00074"></a><span class="lineno"> 74</span> std::cout &lt;&lt; <a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>[i] &lt;&lt; <span class="stringliteral">&quot;\n&quot;</span>;</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00075" name="l00075"></a><span class="lineno"> 75</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00076" name="l00076"></a><span class="lineno"> 76</span> }</div>
</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00077" name="l00077"></a><span class="lineno"> 77</span> </div>
<div class="foldopen" id="foldopen00084" data-start="{" data-end="}">
<div class="line"><a id="l00084" name="l00084"></a><span class="lineno"><a class="line" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a61dc70e128ee64c9684f03a4c04818b0"> 84</a></span> T <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a61dc70e128ee64c9684f03a4c04818b0">topmost</a>()<span class="keyword"> const </span>{</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00085" name="l00085"></a><span class="lineno"> 85</span> <span class="keywordflow">if</span> (<a class="code hl_function" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a04e2e7cb58b2de6d3a15053bfaaf6080">empty</a>()) {</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00086" name="l00086"></a><span class="lineno"> 86</span> <span class="keywordflow">throw</span> std::out_of_range(<span class="stringliteral">&quot;Stack underflow&quot;</span>);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00087" name="l00087"></a><span class="lineno"> 87</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00088" name="l00088"></a><span class="lineno"> 88</span> <span class="keywordflow">return</span> <a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>[<a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a71afc94746d47fb2c0c4fa4b612edee6">stackIndex</a>];</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00089" name="l00089"></a><span class="lineno"> 89</span> }</div>
</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00090" name="l00090"></a><span class="lineno"> 90</span> </div>
<div class="foldopen" id="foldopen00097" data-start="{" data-end="}">
<div class="line"><a id="l00097" name="l00097"></a><span class="lineno"><a class="line" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a2ac469fcc2229d273450e429139d90e6"> 97</a></span> T <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a2ac469fcc2229d273450e429139d90e6">bottom</a>()<span class="keyword"> const </span>{</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00098" name="l00098"></a><span class="lineno"> 98</span> <span class="keywordflow">if</span> (<a class="code hl_function" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a04e2e7cb58b2de6d3a15053bfaaf6080">empty</a>()) {</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00099" name="l00099"></a><span class="lineno"> 99</span> <span class="keywordflow">throw</span> std::out_of_range(<span class="stringliteral">&quot;Stack underflow&quot;</span>);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00100" name="l00100"></a><span class="lineno"> 100</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00101" name="l00101"></a><span class="lineno"> 101</span> <span class="keywordflow">return</span> <a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>[0];</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00102" name="l00102"></a><span class="lineno"> 102</span> }</div>
</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00103" name="l00103"></a><span class="lineno"> 103</span>};</div>
</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00104" name="l00104"></a><span class="lineno"> 104</span>} <span class="comment">// namespace data_structures</span></div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00105" name="l00105"></a><span class="lineno"> 105</span> </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00110" name="l00110"></a><span class="lineno"> 110</span><span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keywordtype">void</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d6/d2c/caesar__cipher_8cpp.html#ae1a3968e7947464bee7714f6d43b7002">test</a>() {</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00111" name="l00111"></a><span class="lineno"> 111</span> <a class="code hl_class" href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html">data_structures::Stack&lt;int&gt;</a> <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../dc/dc5/paranthesis__matching_8cpp.html#aa37d24a036d239b3b528f13b9de880c7">stack</a>(5);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00112" name="l00112"></a><span class="lineno"> 112</span> </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00113" name="l00113"></a><span class="lineno"> 113</span> <span class="comment">// Test empty and full operations</span></div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00114" name="l00114"></a><span class="lineno"> 114</span> assert(<a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.empty());</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00115" name="l00115"></a><span class="lineno"> 115</span> assert(!<a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.full());</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00116" name="l00116"></a><span class="lineno"> 116</span> </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00117" name="l00117"></a><span class="lineno"> 117</span> <span class="comment">// Test pushing elements and checking topmost</span></div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00118" name="l00118"></a><span class="lineno"> 118</span> <a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.<a class="code hl_function" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html#a90df277532c23519aa7ac3c08ed90a1d">push</a>(10);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00119" name="l00119"></a><span class="lineno"> 119</span> assert(<a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.topmost() == 10);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00120" name="l00120"></a><span class="lineno"> 120</span> </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00121" name="l00121"></a><span class="lineno"> 121</span> <a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.<a class="code hl_function" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html#a90df277532c23519aa7ac3c08ed90a1d">push</a>(20);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00122" name="l00122"></a><span class="lineno"> 122</span> assert(<a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.topmost() == 20);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00123" name="l00123"></a><span class="lineno"> 123</span> </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00124" name="l00124"></a><span class="lineno"> 124</span> <a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.<a class="code hl_function" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html#a90df277532c23519aa7ac3c08ed90a1d">push</a>(30);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00125" name="l00125"></a><span class="lineno"> 125</span> <a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.<a class="code hl_function" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html#a90df277532c23519aa7ac3c08ed90a1d">push</a>(40);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00126" name="l00126"></a><span class="lineno"> 126</span> <a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.<a class="code hl_function" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html#a90df277532c23519aa7ac3c08ed90a1d">push</a>(50);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00127" name="l00127"></a><span class="lineno"> 127</span> assert(<a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.full());</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00128" name="l00128"></a><span class="lineno"> 128</span> </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00129" name="l00129"></a><span class="lineno"> 129</span> <span class="comment">// Test stack overflow</span></div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00130" name="l00130"></a><span class="lineno"> 130</span> <span class="keywordflow">try</span> {</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00131" name="l00131"></a><span class="lineno"> 131</span> <a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.<a class="code hl_function" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html#a90df277532c23519aa7ac3c08ed90a1d">push</a>(60);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00132" name="l00132"></a><span class="lineno"> 132</span> } <span class="keywordflow">catch</span> (<span class="keyword">const</span> std::out_of_range&amp; e) {</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00133" name="l00133"></a><span class="lineno"> 133</span> assert(std::string(e.what()) == <span class="stringliteral">&quot;Stack overflow&quot;</span>);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00134" name="l00134"></a><span class="lineno"> 134</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00135" name="l00135"></a><span class="lineno"> 135</span> </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00136" name="l00136"></a><span class="lineno"> 136</span> <span class="comment">// Test popping elements</span></div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00137" name="l00137"></a><span class="lineno"> 137</span> assert(<a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.<a class="code hl_function" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html#a3647fb4418890f19e0dc414b8092b8b0">pop</a>() == 50);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00138" name="l00138"></a><span class="lineno"> 138</span> assert(<a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.<a class="code hl_function" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html#a3647fb4418890f19e0dc414b8092b8b0">pop</a>() == 40);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00139" name="l00139"></a><span class="lineno"> 139</span> assert(<a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.<a class="code hl_function" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html#a3647fb4418890f19e0dc414b8092b8b0">pop</a>() == 30);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00140" name="l00140"></a><span class="lineno"> 140</span> </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00141" name="l00141"></a><span class="lineno"> 141</span> <span class="comment">// Check topmost and bottom elements</span></div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00142" name="l00142"></a><span class="lineno"> 142</span> assert(<a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.topmost() == 20);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00143" name="l00143"></a><span class="lineno"> 143</span> assert(<a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.bottom() == 10);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00144" name="l00144"></a><span class="lineno"> 144</span> </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00145" name="l00145"></a><span class="lineno"> 145</span> assert(<a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.<a class="code hl_function" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html#a3647fb4418890f19e0dc414b8092b8b0">pop</a>() == 20);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00146" name="l00146"></a><span class="lineno"> 146</span> assert(<a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.<a class="code hl_function" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html#a3647fb4418890f19e0dc414b8092b8b0">pop</a>() == 10);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00147" name="l00147"></a><span class="lineno"> 147</span> </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00148" name="l00148"></a><span class="lineno"> 148</span> assert(<a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.empty());</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00149" name="l00149"></a><span class="lineno"> 149</span> assert(!<a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.full());</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00150" name="l00150"></a><span class="lineno"> 150</span> </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00151" name="l00151"></a><span class="lineno"> 151</span> <span class="comment">// Test stack underflow</span></div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00152" name="l00152"></a><span class="lineno"> 152</span> <span class="keywordflow">try</span> {</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00153" name="l00153"></a><span class="lineno"> 153</span> <a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.<a class="code hl_function" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html#a3647fb4418890f19e0dc414b8092b8b0">pop</a>();</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00154" name="l00154"></a><span class="lineno"> 154</span> } <span class="keywordflow">catch</span> (<span class="keyword">const</span> std::out_of_range&amp; e) {</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00155" name="l00155"></a><span class="lineno"> 155</span> assert(std::string(e.what()) == <span class="stringliteral">&quot;Stack underflow&quot;</span>);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00156" name="l00156"></a><span class="lineno"> 156</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00157" name="l00157"></a><span class="lineno"> 157</span> </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00158" name="l00158"></a><span class="lineno"> 158</span> <span class="keywordflow">try</span> {</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00159" name="l00159"></a><span class="lineno"> 159</span> <a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.topmost();</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00160" name="l00160"></a><span class="lineno"> 160</span> } <span class="keywordflow">catch</span> (<span class="keyword">const</span> std::out_of_range&amp; e) {</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00161" name="l00161"></a><span class="lineno"> 161</span> assert(std::string(e.what()) == <span class="stringliteral">&quot;Stack underflow&quot;</span>);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00162" name="l00162"></a><span class="lineno"> 162</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00163" name="l00163"></a><span class="lineno"> 163</span> </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00164" name="l00164"></a><span class="lineno"> 164</span> <span class="keywordflow">try</span> {</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00165" name="l00165"></a><span class="lineno"> 165</span> <a class="code hl_class" href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a>.bottom();</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00166" name="l00166"></a><span class="lineno"> 166</span> } <span class="keywordflow">catch</span> (<span class="keyword">const</span> std::out_of_range&amp; e) {</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00167" name="l00167"></a><span class="lineno"> 167</span> assert(std::string(e.what()) == <span class="stringliteral">&quot;Stack underflow&quot;</span>);</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00168" name="l00168"></a><span class="lineno"> 168</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00169" name="l00169"></a><span class="lineno"> 169</span>}</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00170" name="l00170"></a><span class="lineno"> 170</span> </div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00175" name="l00175"></a><span class="lineno"> 175</span><span class="keywordtype">int</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../dd/d1e/generate__parentheses_8cpp.html#gae66f6b31b5ad750f1fe042a706a4e3d4">main</a>() {</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00176" name="l00176"></a><span class="lineno"> 176</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d6/d2c/caesar__cipher_8cpp.html#ae1a3968e7947464bee7714f6d43b7002">test</a>(); <span class="comment">// run self-test implementations</span></div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00177" name="l00177"></a><span class="lineno"> 177</span> std::cout &lt;&lt; <span class="stringliteral">&quot;All tests passed!&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; std::endl;</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00178" name="l00178"></a><span class="lineno"> 178</span> <span class="keywordflow">return</span> 0;</div>
<div class="line"><a id="l00179" name="l00179"></a><span class="lineno"> 179</span>}</div>
<div class="ttc" id="acaesar__cipher_8cpp_html_ae1a3968e7947464bee7714f6d43b7002"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d6/d2c/caesar__cipher_8cpp.html#ae1a3968e7947464bee7714f6d43b7002">test</a></div><div class="ttdeci">void test()</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition</b> <a href="../../d6/d2c/caesar__cipher_8cpp_source.html#l00100">caesar_cipher.cpp:100</a></div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="aclassdata__structures_1_1_stack_html"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html">data_structures::Stack</a></div><div class="ttdoc">Class representation of a stack.</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition</b> <a href="#l00016">stack_using_array.cpp:16</a></div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="aclassdata__structures_1_1_stack_html_a04e2e7cb58b2de6d3a15053bfaaf6080"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a04e2e7cb58b2de6d3a15053bfaaf6080">data_structures::Stack::empty</a></div><div class="ttdeci">bool empty() const</div><div class="ttdoc">Checks if the stack is empty.</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition</b> <a href="#l00041">stack_using_array.cpp:41</a></div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="aclassdata__structures_1_1_stack_html_a2ac469fcc2229d273450e429139d90e6"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a2ac469fcc2229d273450e429139d90e6">data_structures::Stack::bottom</a></div><div class="ttdeci">T bottom() const</div><div class="ttdoc">Displays the bottom element of the stack.</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition</b> <a href="#l00097">stack_using_array.cpp:97</a></div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="aclassdata__structures_1_1_stack_html_a3f912a0e9bed5b24b206584e3010dce3"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a3f912a0e9bed5b24b206584e3010dce3">data_structures::Stack::stack</a></div><div class="ttdeci">std::unique_ptr&lt; T[]&gt; stack</div><div class="ttdoc">Smart pointer to the stack array.</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition</b> <a href="#l00018">stack_using_array.cpp:18</a></div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="aclassdata__structures_1_1_stack_html_a61dc70e128ee64c9684f03a4c04818b0"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a61dc70e128ee64c9684f03a4c04818b0">data_structures::Stack::topmost</a></div><div class="ttdeci">T topmost() const</div><div class="ttdoc">Displays the topmost element of the stack.</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition</b> <a href="#l00084">stack_using_array.cpp:84</a></div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="aclassdata__structures_1_1_stack_html_a71afc94746d47fb2c0c4fa4b612edee6"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a71afc94746d47fb2c0c4fa4b612edee6">data_structures::Stack::stackIndex</a></div><div class="ttdeci">int stackIndex</div><div class="ttdoc">Index pointing to the top element of the stack.</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition</b> <a href="#l00020">stack_using_array.cpp:20</a></div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="aclassdata__structures_1_1_stack_html_a88a10062c0662a385f172669f2f19b86"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a88a10062c0662a385f172669f2f19b86">data_structures::Stack::stackSize</a></div><div class="ttdeci">int stackSize</div><div class="ttdoc">Maximum size of the stack.</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition</b> <a href="#l00019">stack_using_array.cpp:19</a></div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="aclassdata__structures_1_1_stack_html_a8cb0602c8a9c1603d0315938177ecc6a"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#a8cb0602c8a9c1603d0315938177ecc6a">data_structures::Stack::Stack</a></div><div class="ttdeci">Stack(int size)</div><div class="ttdoc">Constructs a new Stack object.</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition</b> <a href="#l00028">stack_using_array.cpp:28</a></div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="aclassdata__structures_1_1_stack_html_aa753346c8ee5f21d4f4482398fe6d5c1"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#aa753346c8ee5f21d4f4482398fe6d5c1">data_structures::Stack::full</a></div><div class="ttdeci">bool full() const</div><div class="ttdoc">Checks if the stack is full.</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition</b> <a href="#l00035">stack_using_array.cpp:35</a></div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="aclassdata__structures_1_1_stack_html_aa9f9b087e9e7c00628e1289f0f1de3b2"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#aa9f9b087e9e7c00628e1289f0f1de3b2">data_structures::Stack::push</a></div><div class="ttdeci">void push(T element)</div><div class="ttdoc">Pushes an element onto the stack.</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition</b> <a href="#l00048">stack_using_array.cpp:48</a></div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="aclassdata__structures_1_1_stack_html_abb86ed67d9d97112897a09cfb10ff586"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#abb86ed67d9d97112897a09cfb10ff586">data_structures::Stack::show</a></div><div class="ttdeci">void show() const</div><div class="ttdoc">Displays all elements in the stack.</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition</b> <a href="#l00072">stack_using_array.cpp:72</a></div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="aclassdata__structures_1_1_stack_html_ac46842bdd9c655d84f865fa3a03da19b"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d2/dc8/classdata__structures_1_1_stack.html#ac46842bdd9c655d84f865fa3a03da19b">data_structures::Stack::pop</a></div><div class="ttdeci">T pop()</div><div class="ttdoc">Pops an element from the stack.</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition</b> <a href="#l00062">stack_using_array.cpp:62</a></div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="aclassstack_html"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html">stack</a></div><div class="ttdoc">for std::invalid_argument</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition</b> <a href="../../df/d47/stack_8hpp_source.html#l00019">stack.hpp:19</a></div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="aclassstack_html_a3647fb4418890f19e0dc414b8092b8b0"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html#a3647fb4418890f19e0dc414b8092b8b0">stack::pop</a></div><div class="ttdeci">void pop()</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition</b> <a href="../../df/d47/stack_8hpp_source.html#l00062">stack.hpp:62</a></div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="aclassstack_html_a90df277532c23519aa7ac3c08ed90a1d"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d1/dc2/classstack.html#a90df277532c23519aa7ac3c08ed90a1d">stack::push</a></div><div class="ttdeci">void push(const value_type &amp;item)</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition</b> <a href="../../df/d47/stack_8hpp_source.html#l00047">stack.hpp:47</a></div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="agenerate__parentheses_8cpp_html_gae66f6b31b5ad750f1fe042a706a4e3d4"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../dd/d1e/generate__parentheses_8cpp.html#gae66f6b31b5ad750f1fe042a706a4e3d4">main</a></div><div class="ttdeci">int main()</div><div class="ttdoc">Main function.</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition</b> <a href="../../dd/d1e/generate__parentheses_8cpp_source.html#l00110">generate_parentheses.cpp:110</a></div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="anamespacedata__structures_html"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d5/d3c/namespacedata__structures.html">data_structures</a></div><div class="ttdoc">for IO operations</div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="aparanthesis__matching_8cpp_html_aa37d24a036d239b3b528f13b9de880c7"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../dc/dc5/paranthesis__matching_8cpp.html#aa37d24a036d239b3b528f13b9de880c7">stack</a></div><div class="ttdeci">char stack[MAX]</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition</b> <a href="../../dc/dc5/paranthesis__matching_8cpp_source.html#l00020">paranthesis_matching.cpp:20</a></div></div>
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