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<div class="headertitle"><div class="title">kohonen_som_topology.cpp File Reference<div class="ingroups"><a class="el" href="../../d9/d66/group__machine__learning.html">Machine Learning Algorithms</a></div></div></div>
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<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-organizing_map" target="_blank">Kohonen self organizing map</a> (topological map)
<a href="#details">More...</a></p>
<div class="textblock"><code>#include &lt;algorithm&gt;</code><br />
<code>#include &lt;array&gt;</code><br />
<code>#include &lt;cerrno&gt;</code><br />
<code>#include &lt;cmath&gt;</code><br />
<code>#include &lt;cstdlib&gt;</code><br />
<code>#include &lt;cstring&gt;</code><br />
<code>#include &lt;ctime&gt;</code><br />
<code>#include &lt;fstream&gt;</code><br />
<code>#include &lt;iostream&gt;</code><br />
<code>#include &lt;valarray&gt;</code><br />
<code>#include &lt;vector&gt;</code><br />
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Include dependency graph for kohonen_som_topology.cpp:</div>
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<tr class="memdesc:d8/d77/namespacemachine__learning"><td class="mdescLeft">&#160;</td><td class="mdescRight"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A*_search_algorithm" target="_blank">A* search algorithm</a> <br /></td></tr>
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<tr class="memitem:ae868ad43698a1d69ba46ea3827d7d2c3"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">double&#160;</td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="../../d8/d77/namespacemachine__learning.html#ae868ad43698a1d69ba46ea3827d7d2c3">machine_learning::update_weights</a> (const <a class="elRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/valarray.html">std::valarray</a>&lt; double &gt; &amp;X, <a class="elRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector.html">std::vector</a>&lt; <a class="elRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector.html">std::vector</a>&lt; <a class="elRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/valarray.html">std::valarray</a>&lt; double &gt; &gt; &gt; *W, <a class="elRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector.html">std::vector</a>&lt; <a class="elRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/valarray.html">std::valarray</a>&lt; double &gt; &gt; *D, double alpha, int R)</td></tr>
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<tr class="memitem:a48efb079040c7aaa3a4917a0e486cba9"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">void&#160;</td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="../../d4/def/kohonen__som__topology_8cpp.html#a48efb079040c7aaa3a4917a0e486cba9">test_2d_classes</a> (<a class="elRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector.html">std::vector</a>&lt; <a class="elRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/valarray.html">std::valarray</a>&lt; double &gt; &gt; *<a class="el" href="../../d1/df3/hash__search_8cpp.html#a6e1a77282bc65ad359d753d25df23243">data</a>)</td></tr>
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<tr class="memitem:a1302662a56ebf67a21249270b017297e"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">void&#160;</td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="../../d4/def/kohonen__som__topology_8cpp.html#a1302662a56ebf67a21249270b017297e">test_3d_classes1</a> (<a class="elRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector.html">std::vector</a>&lt; <a class="elRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/valarray.html">std::valarray</a>&lt; double &gt; &gt; *<a class="el" href="../../d1/df3/hash__search_8cpp.html#a6e1a77282bc65ad359d753d25df23243">data</a>)</td></tr>
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<tr class="memitem:a2256c10b16edba377b64a44b6c656908"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">double&#160;</td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="../../d4/def/kohonen__som__topology_8cpp.html#a2256c10b16edba377b64a44b6c656908">get_clock_diff</a> (clock_t start_t, clock_t end_t)</td></tr>
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<tr class="memitem:a3c04138a5bfe5d72780bb7e82a18e627"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">int&#160;</td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="../../d4/def/kohonen__som__topology_8cpp.html#a3c04138a5bfe5d72780bb7e82a18e627">main</a> (int argc, char **argv)</td></tr>
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Variables</h2></td></tr>
<tr class="memitem:a7220dbb7fa896d83bfb7a50e4fce1786"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">constexpr double&#160;</td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="../../d8/d77/namespacemachine__learning.html#a7220dbb7fa896d83bfb7a50e4fce1786">machine_learning::MIN_DISTANCE</a> = 1e-4</td></tr>
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<a name="details" id="details"></a><h2 class="groupheader">Detailed Description</h2>
<div class="textblock"><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-organizing_map" target="_blank">Kohonen self organizing map</a> (topological map) </p>
<dl class="section author"><dt>Author</dt><dd><a href="https://github.com/kvedala" target="_blank">Krishna Vedala</a></dd></dl>
<p>This example implements a powerful unsupervised learning algorithm called as a self organizing map. The algorithm creates a connected network of weights that closely follows the given data points. This thus creates a topological map of the given data i.e., it maintains the relationship between varipus data points in a much higher dimesional space by creating an equivalent in a 2-dimensional space. <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/TheAlgorithms/C-Plus-Plus/docs/images/machine_learning/2D_Kohonen_SOM.svg" alt="Trained topological maps for the test cases in the program" style="pointer-events: none;" class="inline"/> </p><dl class="section note"><dt>Note</dt><dd>This C++ version of the program is considerable slower than its <a href="https://github.com/kvedala/C/blob/master/machine_learning/kohonen_som_trace.c" target="_blank">C counterpart</a> </dd>
<dd>
The compiled code is much slower when compiled with MS Visual C++ 2019 than with GCC on windows </dd></dl>
<dl class="section see"><dt>See also</dt><dd><a class="el" href="../../d9/d49/kohonen__som__trace_8cpp.html" title="Kohonen self organizing map (data tracing)">kohonen_som_trace.cpp</a> </dd></dl>
</div><h2 class="groupheader">Function Documentation</h2>
<a id="a2256c10b16edba377b64a44b6c656908" name="a2256c10b16edba377b64a44b6c656908"></a>
<h2 class="memtitle"><span class="permalink"><a href="#a2256c10b16edba377b64a44b6c656908">&#9670;&#160;</a></span>get_clock_diff()</h2>
<div class="memitem">
<div class="memproto">
<table class="memname">
<tr>
<td class="memname">double get_clock_diff </td>
<td>(</td>
<td class="paramtype">clock_t&#160;</td>
<td class="paramname"><em>start_t</em>, </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="paramkey"></td>
<td></td>
<td class="paramtype">clock_t&#160;</td>
<td class="paramname"><em>end_t</em>&#160;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>)</td>
<td></td><td></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div><div class="memdoc">
<p>Convert clock cycle difference to time in seconds</p>
<dl class="params"><dt>Parameters</dt><dd>
<table class="params">
<tr><td class="paramdir">[in]</td><td class="paramname">start_t</td><td>start clock </td></tr>
<tr><td class="paramdir">[in]</td><td class="paramname">end_t</td><td>end clock </td></tr>
</table>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="section return"><dt>Returns</dt><dd>time difference in seconds </dd></dl>
<div class="fragment"><div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 577</span> {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 578</span> <span class="keywordflow">return</span> <span class="keyword">static_cast&lt;</span><span class="keywordtype">double</span><span class="keyword">&gt;</span>(end_t - start_t) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 579</span>}</div>
</div><!-- fragment -->
</div>
</div>
<a id="a3c04138a5bfe5d72780bb7e82a18e627" name="a3c04138a5bfe5d72780bb7e82a18e627"></a>
<h2 class="memtitle"><span class="permalink"><a href="#a3c04138a5bfe5d72780bb7e82a18e627">&#9670;&#160;</a></span>main()</h2>
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<td class="memname">int main </td>
<td>(</td>
<td class="paramtype">int&#160;</td>
<td class="paramname"><em>argc</em>, </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="paramkey"></td>
<td></td>
<td class="paramtype">char **&#160;</td>
<td class="paramname"><em>argv</em>&#160;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>)</td>
<td></td><td></td>
</tr>
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</div><div class="memdoc">
<p>Main function </p>
<div class="fragment"><div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 582</span> {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 583</span><span class="preprocessor">#ifdef _OPENMP</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 584</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> &lt;&lt; <span class="stringliteral">&quot;Using OpenMP based parallelization\n&quot;</span>;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 585</span><span class="preprocessor">#else</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 586</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> &lt;&lt; <span class="stringliteral">&quot;NOT using OpenMP based parallelization\n&quot;</span>;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 587</span><span class="preprocessor">#endif</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 588</span> </div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 589</span> <a class="code hl_functionRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/random/srand.html">std::srand</a>(<a class="code hl_functionRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/c/time.html">std::time</a>(<span class="keyword">nullptr</span>));</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 590</span> </div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 591</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/c/clock_t.html">std::clock_t</a> start_clk = <a class="code hl_functionRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/c/clock.html">std::clock</a>();</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 592</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d4/def/kohonen__som__topology_8cpp.html#a1440a7779ac56f47a3f355ce4a8c7da0">test1</a>();</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 593</span> <span class="keyword">auto</span> end_clk = <a class="code hl_functionRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/c/clock.html">std::clock</a>();</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 594</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> &lt;&lt; <span class="stringliteral">&quot;Test 1 completed in &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d4/def/kohonen__som__topology_8cpp.html#a2256c10b16edba377b64a44b6c656908">get_clock_diff</a>(start_clk, end_clk)</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 595</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="stringliteral">&quot; sec\n&quot;</span>;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 596</span> </div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 597</span> start_clk = <a class="code hl_functionRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/c/clock.html">std::clock</a>();</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 598</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d4/def/kohonen__som__topology_8cpp.html#a0283886819c7c140a023582b7269e2d0">test2</a>();</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 599</span> end_clk = <a class="code hl_functionRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/c/clock.html">std::clock</a>();</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 600</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> &lt;&lt; <span class="stringliteral">&quot;Test 2 completed in &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d4/def/kohonen__som__topology_8cpp.html#a2256c10b16edba377b64a44b6c656908">get_clock_diff</a>(start_clk, end_clk)</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 601</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="stringliteral">&quot; sec\n&quot;</span>;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 602</span> </div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 603</span> start_clk = <a class="code hl_functionRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/c/clock.html">std::clock</a>();</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 604</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d4/def/kohonen__som__topology_8cpp.html#a6d0455dd5c30adda100e95f0423c786e">test3</a>();</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 605</span> end_clk = <a class="code hl_functionRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/c/clock.html">std::clock</a>();</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 606</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> &lt;&lt; <span class="stringliteral">&quot;Test 3 completed in &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d4/def/kohonen__som__topology_8cpp.html#a2256c10b16edba377b64a44b6c656908">get_clock_diff</a>(start_clk, end_clk)</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 607</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="stringliteral">&quot; sec\n&quot;</span>;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 608</span> </div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 609</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 610</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="stringliteral">&quot;(Note: Calculated times include: creating test sets, training &quot;</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 611</span> <span class="stringliteral">&quot;model and writing files to disk.)\n\n&quot;</span>;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 612</span> <span class="keywordflow">return</span> 0;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 613</span>}</div>
<div class="ttc" id="abasic_ostream_html"><div class="ttname"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a></div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="aclock_html"><div class="ttname"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/c/clock.html">std::clock</a></div><div class="ttdeci">T clock(T... args)</div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="aclock_t_html"><div class="ttname"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/c/clock_t.html">std::clock_t</a></div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="akohonen__som__topology_8cpp_html_a0283886819c7c140a023582b7269e2d0"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d4/def/kohonen__som__topology_8cpp.html#a0283886819c7c140a023582b7269e2d0">test2</a></div><div class="ttdeci">void test2()</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition:</b> kohonen_som_topology.cpp:451</div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="akohonen__som__topology_8cpp_html_a1440a7779ac56f47a3f355ce4a8c7da0"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d4/def/kohonen__som__topology_8cpp.html#a1440a7779ac56f47a3f355ce4a8c7da0">test1</a></div><div class="ttdeci">void test1()</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition:</b> kohonen_som_topology.cpp:369</div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="akohonen__som__topology_8cpp_html_a2256c10b16edba377b64a44b6c656908"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d4/def/kohonen__som__topology_8cpp.html#a2256c10b16edba377b64a44b6c656908">get_clock_diff</a></div><div class="ttdeci">double get_clock_diff(clock_t start_t, clock_t end_t)</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition:</b> kohonen_som_topology.cpp:577</div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="akohonen__som__topology_8cpp_html_a6d0455dd5c30adda100e95f0423c786e"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d4/def/kohonen__som__topology_8cpp.html#a6d0455dd5c30adda100e95f0423c786e">test3</a></div><div class="ttdeci">void test3()</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition:</b> kohonen_som_topology.cpp:537</div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="asrand_html"><div class="ttname"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/random/srand.html">std::srand</a></div><div class="ttdeci">T srand(T... args)</div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="atime_html"><div class="ttname"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/c/time.html">std::time</a></div><div class="ttdeci">T time(T... args)</div></div>
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<h2 class="memtitle"><span class="permalink"><a href="#a1440a7779ac56f47a3f355ce4a8c7da0">&#9670;&#160;</a></span>test1()</h2>
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<td class="memname">void test1 </td>
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<p>Test that creates a random set of points distributed in four clusters in circumference of a circle and trains an SOM that finds that circular pattern. The following <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values" target="_blank">CSV</a> files are created to validate the execution:</p><ul>
<li><code>test1.csv</code>: random test samples points with a circular pattern</li>
<li><code>w11.csv</code>: initial random map</li>
<li><code>w12.csv</code>: trained SOM map </li>
</ul>
<div class="fragment"><div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 369</span> {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 370</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> j = 0, <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d6/d42/data__structures_2sparse__table_8cpp.html#a10f3ffb3f6f7e1b83d556b9c8de89a5d">N</a> = 300;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 371</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> features = 2;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 372</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> num_out = 30;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 373</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector.html">std::vector&lt;std::valarray&lt;double&gt;</a>&gt; X(N);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 374</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector.html">std::vector&lt;std::vector&lt;std::valarray&lt;double&gt;</a>&gt;&gt; W(num_out);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 375</span> <span class="keywordflow">for</span> (<span class="keywordtype">int</span> i = 0; i &lt; <a class="code hl_functionRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/algorithm/max.html">std::max</a>(num_out, N); i++) {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 376</span> <span class="comment">// loop till max(N, num_out)</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 377</span> <span class="keywordflow">if</span> (i &lt; N) { <span class="comment">// only add new arrays if i &lt; N</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 378</span> X[i] = <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/valarray.html">std::valarray&lt;double&gt;</a>(features);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 379</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 380</span> <span class="keywordflow">if</span> (i &lt; num_out) { <span class="comment">// only add new arrays if i &lt; num_out</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 381</span> W[i] = <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector.html">std::vector&lt;std::valarray&lt;double&gt;</a>&gt;(num_out);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 382</span> <span class="keywordflow">for</span> (<span class="keywordtype">int</span> k = 0; <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d4/d18/composite__simpson__rule_8cpp.html#a1b74d828b33760094906797042b89442">k</a> &lt; num_out; <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d4/d18/composite__simpson__rule_8cpp.html#a1b74d828b33760094906797042b89442">k</a>++) {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 383</span> W[i][<a class="code hl_function" href="../../d4/d18/composite__simpson__rule_8cpp.html#a1b74d828b33760094906797042b89442">k</a>] = <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/valarray.html">std::valarray&lt;double&gt;</a>(features);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 384</span><span class="preprocessor">#ifdef _OPENMP</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 385</span><span class="preprocessor">#pragma omp for</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 386</span><span class="preprocessor">#endif</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 387</span> <span class="keywordflow">for</span> (j = 0; j &lt; features; j++) {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 388</span> <span class="comment">// preallocate with random initial weights</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 389</span> W[i][<a class="code hl_function" href="../../d4/d18/composite__simpson__rule_8cpp.html#a1b74d828b33760094906797042b89442">k</a>][j] = <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d9/d66/group__machine__learning.html#gaf5ce14f026d6d231bef29161bac2b485">_random</a>(-10, 10);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 390</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 391</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 392</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 393</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 394</span> </div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 395</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d4/def/kohonen__som__topology_8cpp.html#a48efb079040c7aaa3a4917a0e486cba9">test_2d_classes</a>(&amp;X); <span class="comment">// create test data around circumference of a circle</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 396</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d9/d66/group__machine__learning.html#gabc90175770bf0d5853c466e14993a08c">save_2d_data</a>(<span class="stringliteral">&quot;test1.csv&quot;</span>, X); <span class="comment">// save test data points</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 397</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d8/d77/namespacemachine__learning.html#aa72a53c88203fde278f1fe6c3afe5b07">save_u_matrix</a>(<span class="stringliteral">&quot;w11.csv&quot;</span>, W); <span class="comment">// save initial random weights</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 398</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d8/d77/namespacemachine__learning.html#ac43d294e21a0c4fa33c53757df054576">kohonen_som</a>(X, &amp;W, 1e-4); <span class="comment">// train the SOM</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 399</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d8/d77/namespacemachine__learning.html#aa72a53c88203fde278f1fe6c3afe5b07">save_u_matrix</a>(<span class="stringliteral">&quot;w12.csv&quot;</span>, W); <span class="comment">// save the resultant weights</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 400</span>}</div>
<div class="ttc" id="acomposite__simpson__rule_8cpp_html_a1b74d828b33760094906797042b89442"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d4/d18/composite__simpson__rule_8cpp.html#a1b74d828b33760094906797042b89442">numerical_methods::simpson_method::k</a></div><div class="ttdeci">double k(double x)</div><div class="ttdoc">Another test function.</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition:</b> composite_simpson_rule.cpp:117</div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="adata__structures_2sparse__table_8cpp_html_a10f3ffb3f6f7e1b83d556b9c8de89a5d"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d6/d42/data__structures_2sparse__table_8cpp.html#a10f3ffb3f6f7e1b83d556b9c8de89a5d">data_structures::sparse_table::N</a></div><div class="ttdeci">constexpr uint32_t N</div><div class="ttdoc">A struct to represent sparse table for min() as their invariant function, for the given array A....</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition:</b> sparse_table.cpp:47</div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="agroup__machine__learning_html_gabc90175770bf0d5853c466e14993a08c"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d9/d66/group__machine__learning.html#gabc90175770bf0d5853c466e14993a08c">save_2d_data</a></div><div class="ttdeci">int save_2d_data(const char *fname, const std::vector&lt; std::valarray&lt; double &gt; &gt; &amp;X)</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition:</b> kohonen_som_topology.cpp:65</div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="agroup__machine__learning_html_gaf5ce14f026d6d231bef29161bac2b485"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d9/d66/group__machine__learning.html#gaf5ce14f026d6d231bef29161bac2b485">_random</a></div><div class="ttdeci">double _random(double a, double b)</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition:</b> kohonen_som_topology.cpp:53</div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="akohonen__som__topology_8cpp_html_a48efb079040c7aaa3a4917a0e486cba9"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d4/def/kohonen__som__topology_8cpp.html#a48efb079040c7aaa3a4917a0e486cba9">test_2d_classes</a></div><div class="ttdeci">void test_2d_classes(std::vector&lt; std::valarray&lt; double &gt; &gt; *data)</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition:</b> kohonen_som_topology.cpp:330</div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="amax_html"><div class="ttname"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/algorithm/max.html">std::max</a></div><div class="ttdeci">T max(T... args)</div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="anamespacemachine__learning_html_aa72a53c88203fde278f1fe6c3afe5b07"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d8/d77/namespacemachine__learning.html#aa72a53c88203fde278f1fe6c3afe5b07">machine_learning::save_u_matrix</a></div><div class="ttdeci">int save_u_matrix(const char *fname, const std::vector&lt; std::vector&lt; std::valarray&lt; double &gt; &gt; &gt; &amp;W)</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition:</b> kohonen_som_topology.cpp:142</div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="anamespacemachine__learning_html_ac43d294e21a0c4fa33c53757df054576"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d8/d77/namespacemachine__learning.html#ac43d294e21a0c4fa33c53757df054576">machine_learning::kohonen_som</a></div><div class="ttdeci">void kohonen_som(const std::vector&lt; std::valarray&lt; double &gt; &gt; &amp;X, std::vector&lt; std::vector&lt; std::valarray&lt; double &gt; &gt; &gt; *W, double alpha_min)</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition:</b> kohonen_som_topology.cpp:269</div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="avalarray_html"><div class="ttname"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/valarray.html">std::valarray</a></div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="avector_html"><div class="ttname"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector.html">std::vector</a></div></div>
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<h2 class="memtitle"><span class="permalink"><a href="#a0283886819c7c140a023582b7269e2d0">&#9670;&#160;</a></span>test2()</h2>
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<td class="memname">void test2 </td>
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<p>Test that creates a random set of points distributed in 4 clusters in 3D space and trains an SOM that finds the topological pattern. The following <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values" target="_blank">CSV</a> files are created to validate the execution:</p><ul>
<li><code>test2.csv</code>: random test samples points with a lamniscate pattern</li>
<li><code>w21.csv</code>: initial random map</li>
<li><code>w22.csv</code>: trained SOM map </li>
</ul>
<div class="fragment"><div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 451</span> {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 452</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> j = 0, <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d6/d42/data__structures_2sparse__table_8cpp.html#a10f3ffb3f6f7e1b83d556b9c8de89a5d">N</a> = 300;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 453</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> features = 3;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 454</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> num_out = 30;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 455</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector.html">std::vector&lt;std::valarray&lt;double&gt;</a>&gt; X(N);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 456</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector.html">std::vector&lt;std::vector&lt;std::valarray&lt;double&gt;</a>&gt;&gt; W(num_out);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 457</span> <span class="keywordflow">for</span> (<span class="keywordtype">int</span> i = 0; i &lt; <a class="code hl_functionRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/algorithm/max.html">std::max</a>(num_out, N); i++) {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 458</span> <span class="comment">// loop till max(N, num_out)</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 459</span> <span class="keywordflow">if</span> (i &lt; N) { <span class="comment">// only add new arrays if i &lt; N</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 460</span> X[i] = <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/valarray.html">std::valarray&lt;double&gt;</a>(features);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 461</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 462</span> <span class="keywordflow">if</span> (i &lt; num_out) { <span class="comment">// only add new arrays if i &lt; num_out</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 463</span> W[i] = <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector.html">std::vector&lt;std::valarray&lt;double&gt;</a>&gt;(num_out);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 464</span> <span class="keywordflow">for</span> (<span class="keywordtype">int</span> k = 0; <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d4/d18/composite__simpson__rule_8cpp.html#a1b74d828b33760094906797042b89442">k</a> &lt; num_out; <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d4/d18/composite__simpson__rule_8cpp.html#a1b74d828b33760094906797042b89442">k</a>++) {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 465</span> W[i][<a class="code hl_function" href="../../d4/d18/composite__simpson__rule_8cpp.html#a1b74d828b33760094906797042b89442">k</a>] = <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/valarray.html">std::valarray&lt;double&gt;</a>(features);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 466</span><span class="preprocessor">#ifdef _OPENMP</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 467</span><span class="preprocessor">#pragma omp for</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 468</span><span class="preprocessor">#endif</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 469</span> <span class="keywordflow">for</span> (j = 0; j &lt; features; j++) {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 470</span> <span class="comment">// preallocate with random initial weights</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 471</span> W[i][<a class="code hl_function" href="../../d4/d18/composite__simpson__rule_8cpp.html#a1b74d828b33760094906797042b89442">k</a>][j] = <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d9/d66/group__machine__learning.html#gaf5ce14f026d6d231bef29161bac2b485">_random</a>(-10, 10);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 472</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 473</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 474</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 475</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 476</span> </div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 477</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d4/def/kohonen__som__topology_8cpp.html#a1302662a56ebf67a21249270b017297e">test_3d_classes1</a>(&amp;X); <span class="comment">// create test data around circumference of a circle</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 478</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d9/d66/group__machine__learning.html#gabc90175770bf0d5853c466e14993a08c">save_2d_data</a>(<span class="stringliteral">&quot;test2.csv&quot;</span>, X); <span class="comment">// save test data points</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 479</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d8/d77/namespacemachine__learning.html#aa72a53c88203fde278f1fe6c3afe5b07">save_u_matrix</a>(<span class="stringliteral">&quot;w21.csv&quot;</span>, W); <span class="comment">// save initial random weights</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 480</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d8/d77/namespacemachine__learning.html#ac43d294e21a0c4fa33c53757df054576">kohonen_som</a>(X, &amp;W, 1e-4); <span class="comment">// train the SOM</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 481</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d8/d77/namespacemachine__learning.html#aa72a53c88203fde278f1fe6c3afe5b07">save_u_matrix</a>(<span class="stringliteral">&quot;w22.csv&quot;</span>, W); <span class="comment">// save the resultant weights</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 482</span>}</div>
<div class="ttc" id="akohonen__som__topology_8cpp_html_a1302662a56ebf67a21249270b017297e"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d4/def/kohonen__som__topology_8cpp.html#a1302662a56ebf67a21249270b017297e">test_3d_classes1</a></div><div class="ttdeci">void test_3d_classes1(std::vector&lt; std::valarray&lt; double &gt; &gt; *data)</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition:</b> kohonen_som_topology.cpp:411</div></div>
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<h2 class="memtitle"><span class="permalink"><a href="#a6d0455dd5c30adda100e95f0423c786e">&#9670;&#160;</a></span>test3()</h2>
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<td class="memname">void test3 </td>
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<p>Test that creates a random set of points distributed in eight clusters in 3D space and trains an SOM that finds the topological pattern. The following <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values" target="_blank">CSV</a> files are created to validate the execution:</p><ul>
<li><code>test3.csv</code>: random test samples points with a circular pattern</li>
<li><code>w31.csv</code>: initial random map</li>
<li><code>w32.csv</code>: trained SOM map </li>
</ul>
<div class="fragment"><div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 537</span> {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 538</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> j = 0, <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d6/d42/data__structures_2sparse__table_8cpp.html#a10f3ffb3f6f7e1b83d556b9c8de89a5d">N</a> = 500;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 539</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> features = 3;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 540</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> num_out = 30;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 541</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector.html">std::vector&lt;std::valarray&lt;double&gt;</a>&gt; X(N);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 542</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector.html">std::vector&lt;std::vector&lt;std::valarray&lt;double&gt;</a>&gt;&gt; W(num_out);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 543</span> <span class="keywordflow">for</span> (<span class="keywordtype">int</span> i = 0; i &lt; <a class="code hl_functionRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/algorithm/max.html">std::max</a>(num_out, N); i++) {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 544</span> <span class="comment">// loop till max(N, num_out)</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 545</span> <span class="keywordflow">if</span> (i &lt; N) { <span class="comment">// only add new arrays if i &lt; N</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 546</span> X[i] = <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/valarray.html">std::valarray&lt;double&gt;</a>(features);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 547</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 548</span> <span class="keywordflow">if</span> (i &lt; num_out) { <span class="comment">// only add new arrays if i &lt; num_out</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 549</span> W[i] = <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector.html">std::vector&lt;std::valarray&lt;double&gt;</a>&gt;(num_out);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 550</span> <span class="keywordflow">for</span> (<span class="keywordtype">int</span> k = 0; <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d4/d18/composite__simpson__rule_8cpp.html#a1b74d828b33760094906797042b89442">k</a> &lt; num_out; <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d4/d18/composite__simpson__rule_8cpp.html#a1b74d828b33760094906797042b89442">k</a>++) {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 551</span> W[i][<a class="code hl_function" href="../../d4/d18/composite__simpson__rule_8cpp.html#a1b74d828b33760094906797042b89442">k</a>] = <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/valarray.html">std::valarray&lt;double&gt;</a>(features);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 552</span><span class="preprocessor">#ifdef _OPENMP</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 553</span><span class="preprocessor">#pragma omp for</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 554</span><span class="preprocessor">#endif</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 555</span> <span class="keywordflow">for</span> (j = 0; j &lt; features; j++) {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 556</span> <span class="comment">// preallocate with random initial weights</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 557</span> W[i][<a class="code hl_function" href="../../d4/d18/composite__simpson__rule_8cpp.html#a1b74d828b33760094906797042b89442">k</a>][j] = <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d9/d66/group__machine__learning.html#gaf5ce14f026d6d231bef29161bac2b485">_random</a>(-10, 10);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 558</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 559</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 560</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 561</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 562</span> </div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 563</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d4/def/kohonen__som__topology_8cpp.html#a4b7ab643f6a5002f991837de46f70653">test_3d_classes2</a>(&amp;X); <span class="comment">// create test data around circumference of a circle</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 564</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d9/d66/group__machine__learning.html#gabc90175770bf0d5853c466e14993a08c">save_2d_data</a>(<span class="stringliteral">&quot;test3.csv&quot;</span>, X); <span class="comment">// save test data points</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 565</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d8/d77/namespacemachine__learning.html#aa72a53c88203fde278f1fe6c3afe5b07">save_u_matrix</a>(<span class="stringliteral">&quot;w31.csv&quot;</span>, W); <span class="comment">// save initial random weights</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 566</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d8/d77/namespacemachine__learning.html#ac43d294e21a0c4fa33c53757df054576">kohonen_som</a>(X, &amp;W, 1e-4); <span class="comment">// train the SOM</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 567</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d8/d77/namespacemachine__learning.html#aa72a53c88203fde278f1fe6c3afe5b07">save_u_matrix</a>(<span class="stringliteral">&quot;w32.csv&quot;</span>, W); <span class="comment">// save the resultant weights</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 568</span>}</div>
<div class="ttc" id="akohonen__som__topology_8cpp_html_a4b7ab643f6a5002f991837de46f70653"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d4/def/kohonen__som__topology_8cpp.html#a4b7ab643f6a5002f991837de46f70653">test_3d_classes2</a></div><div class="ttdeci">void test_3d_classes2(std::vector&lt; std::valarray&lt; double &gt; &gt; *data)</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition:</b> kohonen_som_topology.cpp:493</div></div>
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<h2 class="memtitle"><span class="permalink"><a href="#a48efb079040c7aaa3a4917a0e486cba9">&#9670;&#160;</a></span>test_2d_classes()</h2>
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<td class="memname">void test_2d_classes </td>
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<td class="paramtype"><a class="elRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector.html">std::vector</a>&lt; <a class="elRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/valarray.html">std::valarray</a>&lt; double &gt; &gt; *&#160;</td>
<td class="paramname"><em>data</em></td><td>)</td>
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<p>Creates a random set of points distributed in four clusters in 3D space with centroids at the points</p><ul>
<li>\((0,5, 0.5, 0.5)\)</li>
<li>\((0,5,-0.5, -0.5)\)</li>
<li>\((-0,5, 0.5, 0.5)\)</li>
<li>\((-0,5,-0.5, -0.5)\)</li>
</ul>
<dl class="params"><dt>Parameters</dt><dd>
<table class="params">
<tr><td class="paramdir">[out]</td><td class="paramname">data</td><td>matrix to store data in </td></tr>
</table>
</dd>
</dl>
<div class="fragment"><div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 330</span> {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 331</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d6/d42/data__structures_2sparse__table_8cpp.html#a10f3ffb3f6f7e1b83d556b9c8de89a5d">N</a> = <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d1/df3/hash__search_8cpp.html#a6e1a77282bc65ad359d753d25df23243">data</a>-&gt;size();</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 332</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keywordtype">double</span> R = 0.3; <span class="comment">// radius of cluster</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 333</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> i = 0;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 334</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> num_classes = 4;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 335</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array.html">std::array&lt;std::array&lt;double, 2&gt;</a>, num_classes&gt; centres = {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 336</span> <span class="comment">// centres of each class cluster</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 337</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array.html">std::array&lt;double, 2&gt;</a>({.5, .5}), <span class="comment">// centre of class 1</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 338</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array.html">std::array&lt;double, 2&gt;</a>({.5, -.5}), <span class="comment">// centre of class 2</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 339</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array.html">std::array&lt;double, 2&gt;</a>({-.5, .5}), <span class="comment">// centre of class 3</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 340</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array.html">std::array&lt;double, 2&gt;</a>({-.5, -.5}) <span class="comment">// centre of class 4</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 341</span> };</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 342</span> </div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 343</span><span class="preprocessor">#ifdef _OPENMP</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 344</span><span class="preprocessor">#pragma omp for</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 345</span><span class="preprocessor">#endif</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 346</span> <span class="keywordflow">for</span> (i = 0; i &lt; <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d6/d42/data__structures_2sparse__table_8cpp.html#a10f3ffb3f6f7e1b83d556b9c8de89a5d">N</a>; i++) {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 347</span> <span class="comment">// select a random class for the point</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 348</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> cls = <a class="code hl_functionRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/random/rand.html">std::rand</a>() % num_classes;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 349</span> </div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 350</span> <span class="comment">// create random coordinates (x,y,z) around the centre of the class</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 351</span> <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d1/df3/hash__search_8cpp.html#a6e1a77282bc65ad359d753d25df23243">data</a>[0][i][0] = <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d9/d66/group__machine__learning.html#gaf5ce14f026d6d231bef29161bac2b485">_random</a>(centres[cls][0] - R, centres[cls][0] + R);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 352</span> <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d1/df3/hash__search_8cpp.html#a6e1a77282bc65ad359d753d25df23243">data</a>[0][i][1] = <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d9/d66/group__machine__learning.html#gaf5ce14f026d6d231bef29161bac2b485">_random</a>(centres[cls][1] - R, centres[cls][1] + R);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 353</span> </div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 354</span> <span class="comment">/* The follosing can also be used</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 355</span><span class="comment"> for (int j = 0; j &lt; 2; j++)</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 356</span><span class="comment"> data[i][j] = _random(centres[class][j] - R, centres[class][j] + R);</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 357</span><span class="comment"> */</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 358</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 359</span>}</div>
<div class="ttc" id="aarray_html"><div class="ttname"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array.html">std::array</a></div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="ahash__search_8cpp_html_a6e1a77282bc65ad359d753d25df23243"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d1/df3/hash__search_8cpp.html#a6e1a77282bc65ad359d753d25df23243">data</a></div><div class="ttdeci">int data[MAX]</div><div class="ttdoc">test data</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition:</b> hash_search.cpp:24</div></div>
<div class="ttc" id="arand_html"><div class="ttname"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/random/rand.html">std::rand</a></div><div class="ttdeci">T rand(T... args)</div></div>
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<h2 class="memtitle"><span class="permalink"><a href="#a1302662a56ebf67a21249270b017297e">&#9670;&#160;</a></span>test_3d_classes1()</h2>
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<td class="memname">void test_3d_classes1 </td>
<td>(</td>
<td class="paramtype"><a class="elRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector.html">std::vector</a>&lt; <a class="elRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/valarray.html">std::valarray</a>&lt; double &gt; &gt; *&#160;</td>
<td class="paramname"><em>data</em></td><td>)</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
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</div><div class="memdoc">
<p>Creates a random set of points distributed in four clusters in 3D space with centroids at the points</p><ul>
<li>\((0,5, 0.5, 0.5)\)</li>
<li>\((0,5,-0.5, -0.5)\)</li>
<li>\((-0,5, 0.5, 0.5)\)</li>
<li>\((-0,5,-0.5, -0.5)\)</li>
</ul>
<dl class="params"><dt>Parameters</dt><dd>
<table class="params">
<tr><td class="paramdir">[out]</td><td class="paramname">data</td><td>matrix to store data in </td></tr>
</table>
</dd>
</dl>
<div class="fragment"><div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 411</span> {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 412</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keywordtype">size_t</span> <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d6/d42/data__structures_2sparse__table_8cpp.html#a10f3ffb3f6f7e1b83d556b9c8de89a5d">N</a> = <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d1/df3/hash__search_8cpp.html#a6e1a77282bc65ad359d753d25df23243">data</a>-&gt;size();</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 413</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keywordtype">double</span> R = 0.3; <span class="comment">// radius of cluster</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 414</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> i = 0;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 415</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> num_classes = 4;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 416</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array.html">std::array&lt;std::array&lt;double, 3&gt;</a>, num_classes&gt; centres = {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 417</span> <span class="comment">// centres of each class cluster</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 418</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array.html">std::array&lt;double, 3&gt;</a>({.5, .5, .5}), <span class="comment">// centre of class 1</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 419</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array.html">std::array&lt;double, 3&gt;</a>({.5, -.5, -.5}), <span class="comment">// centre of class 2</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 420</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array.html">std::array&lt;double, 3&gt;</a>({-.5, .5, .5}), <span class="comment">// centre of class 3</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 421</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array.html">std::array&lt;double, 3&gt;</a>({-.5, -.5 - .5}) <span class="comment">// centre of class 4</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 422</span> };</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 423</span> </div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 424</span><span class="preprocessor">#ifdef _OPENMP</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 425</span><span class="preprocessor">#pragma omp for</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 426</span><span class="preprocessor">#endif</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 427</span> <span class="keywordflow">for</span> (i = 0; i &lt; <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d6/d42/data__structures_2sparse__table_8cpp.html#a10f3ffb3f6f7e1b83d556b9c8de89a5d">N</a>; i++) {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 428</span> <span class="comment">// select a random class for the point</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 429</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> cls = <a class="code hl_functionRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/random/rand.html">std::rand</a>() % num_classes;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 430</span> </div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 431</span> <span class="comment">// create random coordinates (x,y,z) around the centre of the class</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 432</span> <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d1/df3/hash__search_8cpp.html#a6e1a77282bc65ad359d753d25df23243">data</a>[0][i][0] = <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d9/d66/group__machine__learning.html#gaf5ce14f026d6d231bef29161bac2b485">_random</a>(centres[cls][0] - R, centres[cls][0] + R);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 433</span> <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d1/df3/hash__search_8cpp.html#a6e1a77282bc65ad359d753d25df23243">data</a>[0][i][1] = <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d9/d66/group__machine__learning.html#gaf5ce14f026d6d231bef29161bac2b485">_random</a>(centres[cls][1] - R, centres[cls][1] + R);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 434</span> <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d1/df3/hash__search_8cpp.html#a6e1a77282bc65ad359d753d25df23243">data</a>[0][i][2] = <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d9/d66/group__machine__learning.html#gaf5ce14f026d6d231bef29161bac2b485">_random</a>(centres[cls][2] - R, centres[cls][2] + R);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 435</span> </div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 436</span> <span class="comment">/* The follosing can also be used</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 437</span><span class="comment"> for (int j = 0; j &lt; 3; j++)</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 438</span><span class="comment"> data[i][j] = _random(centres[class][j] - R, centres[class][j] + R);</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 439</span><span class="comment"> */</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 440</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 441</span>}</div>
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<h2 class="memtitle"><span class="permalink"><a href="#a4b7ab643f6a5002f991837de46f70653">&#9670;&#160;</a></span>test_3d_classes2()</h2>
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<td class="memname">void test_3d_classes2 </td>
<td>(</td>
<td class="paramtype"><a class="elRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector.html">std::vector</a>&lt; <a class="elRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/valarray.html">std::valarray</a>&lt; double &gt; &gt; *&#160;</td>
<td class="paramname"><em>data</em></td><td>)</td>
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<p>Creates a random set of points distributed in four clusters in 3D space with centroids at the points</p><ul>
<li>\((0,5, 0.5, 0.5)\)</li>
<li>\((0,5,-0.5, -0.5)\)</li>
<li>\((-0,5, 0.5, 0.5)\)</li>
<li>\((-0,5,-0.5, -0.5)\)</li>
</ul>
<dl class="params"><dt>Parameters</dt><dd>
<table class="params">
<tr><td class="paramdir">[out]</td><td class="paramname">data</td><td>matrix to store data in </td></tr>
</table>
</dd>
</dl>
<div class="fragment"><div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 493</span> {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 494</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keywordtype">size_t</span> <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d6/d42/data__structures_2sparse__table_8cpp.html#a10f3ffb3f6f7e1b83d556b9c8de89a5d">N</a> = <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d1/df3/hash__search_8cpp.html#a6e1a77282bc65ad359d753d25df23243">data</a>-&gt;size();</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 495</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keywordtype">double</span> R = 0.2; <span class="comment">// radius of cluster</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 496</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> i = 0;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 497</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> num_classes = 8;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 498</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array.html">std::array&lt;std::array&lt;double, 3&gt;</a>, num_classes&gt; centres = {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 499</span> <span class="comment">// centres of each class cluster</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 500</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array.html">std::array&lt;double, 3&gt;</a>({.5, .5, .5}), <span class="comment">// centre of class 1</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 501</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array.html">std::array&lt;double, 3&gt;</a>({.5, .5, -.5}), <span class="comment">// centre of class 2</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 502</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array.html">std::array&lt;double, 3&gt;</a>({.5, -.5, .5}), <span class="comment">// centre of class 3</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 503</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array.html">std::array&lt;double, 3&gt;</a>({.5, -.5, -.5}), <span class="comment">// centre of class 4</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 504</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array.html">std::array&lt;double, 3&gt;</a>({-.5, .5, .5}), <span class="comment">// centre of class 5</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 505</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array.html">std::array&lt;double, 3&gt;</a>({-.5, .5, -.5}), <span class="comment">// centre of class 6</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 506</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array.html">std::array&lt;double, 3&gt;</a>({-.5, -.5, .5}), <span class="comment">// centre of class 7</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 507</span> <a class="code hl_classRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array.html">std::array&lt;double, 3&gt;</a>({-.5, -.5, -.5}) <span class="comment">// centre of class 8</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 508</span> };</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 509</span> </div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 510</span><span class="preprocessor">#ifdef _OPENMP</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 511</span><span class="preprocessor">#pragma omp for</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 512</span><span class="preprocessor">#endif</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 513</span> <span class="keywordflow">for</span> (i = 0; i &lt; <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d6/d42/data__structures_2sparse__table_8cpp.html#a10f3ffb3f6f7e1b83d556b9c8de89a5d">N</a>; i++) {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 514</span> <span class="comment">// select a random class for the point</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 515</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> cls = <a class="code hl_functionRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/random/rand.html">std::rand</a>() % num_classes;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 516</span> </div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 517</span> <span class="comment">// create random coordinates (x,y,z) around the centre of the class</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 518</span> <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d1/df3/hash__search_8cpp.html#a6e1a77282bc65ad359d753d25df23243">data</a>[0][i][0] = <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d9/d66/group__machine__learning.html#gaf5ce14f026d6d231bef29161bac2b485">_random</a>(centres[cls][0] - R, centres[cls][0] + R);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 519</span> <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d1/df3/hash__search_8cpp.html#a6e1a77282bc65ad359d753d25df23243">data</a>[0][i][1] = <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d9/d66/group__machine__learning.html#gaf5ce14f026d6d231bef29161bac2b485">_random</a>(centres[cls][1] - R, centres[cls][1] + R);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 520</span> <a class="code hl_variable" href="../../d1/df3/hash__search_8cpp.html#a6e1a77282bc65ad359d753d25df23243">data</a>[0][i][2] = <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d9/d66/group__machine__learning.html#gaf5ce14f026d6d231bef29161bac2b485">_random</a>(centres[cls][2] - R, centres[cls][2] + R);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 521</span> </div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 522</span> <span class="comment">/* The follosing can also be used</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 523</span><span class="comment"> for (int j = 0; j &lt; 3; j++)</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 524</span><span class="comment"> data[i][j] = _random(centres[class][j] - R, centres[class][j] + R);</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 525</span><span class="comment"> */</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 526</span> }</div>
<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 527</span>}</div>
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