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<div class="title">adaline_learning.cpp File Reference<div class="ingroups"><a class="el" href="../../d9/d66/group__machine__learning.html">Machine Learning Algorithms</a></div></div> </div>
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<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADALINE">Adaptive Linear Neuron (ADALINE)</a> implementation
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<a href="#details">More...</a></p>
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<div class="textblock"><code>#include <cassert></code><br />
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<code>#include <climits></code><br />
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<code>#include <cmath></code><br />
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<code>#include <cstdlib></code><br />
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<code>#include <ctime></code><br />
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<code>#include <iostream></code><br />
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<code>#include <numeric></code><br />
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<code>#include <vector></code><br />
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</div><div class="textblock"><div class="dynheader">
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Include dependency graph for adaline_learning.cpp:</div>
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<tr class="separator:"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr class="memdesc:d8/d77/namespacemachine__learning"><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight">Machine learning algorithms. <br /></td></tr>
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Macros</h2></td></tr>
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<tr class="memitem:gacd517c6f195c75b9dd0f3aad65326f3b"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">
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#define </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><b>MAX_ITER</b>   500</td></tr>
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<tr class="separator:gacd517c6f195c75b9dd0f3aad65326f3b"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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Functions</h2></td></tr>
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<tr class="memitem:a52053d88ea1bcbbed9aca67ab4eeb499"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">void </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="../../d5/db0/adaline__learning_8cpp.html#a52053d88ea1bcbbed9aca67ab4eeb499">test1</a> (double eta=0.01)</td></tr>
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<tr class="memitem:a379f7488a305f2571f2932b319931f82"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">void </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="../../d5/db0/adaline__learning_8cpp.html#a379f7488a305f2571f2932b319931f82">test2</a> (double eta=0.01)</td></tr>
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<tr class="separator:a379f7488a305f2571f2932b319931f82"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr class="memitem:a992bdf1fdb0b9d414bcf7981d2d87aa9"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">void </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="../../d5/db0/adaline__learning_8cpp.html#a992bdf1fdb0b9d414bcf7981d2d87aa9">test3</a> (double eta=0.01)</td></tr>
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<tr class="separator:a992bdf1fdb0b9d414bcf7981d2d87aa9"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr class="memitem:a3c04138a5bfe5d72780bb7e82a18e627"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">int </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="../../d5/db0/adaline__learning_8cpp.html#a3c04138a5bfe5d72780bb7e82a18e627">main</a> (int argc, char **argv)</td></tr>
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</table>
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<a name="details" id="details"></a><h2 class="groupheader">Detailed Description</h2>
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<div class="textblock"><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADALINE">Adaptive Linear Neuron (ADALINE)</a> implementation </p>
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<dl class="section author"><dt>Author</dt><dd><a href="https://github.com/kvedala">Krishna Vedala</a></dd></dl>
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<p><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adaline_flow_chart.gif"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Adaline_flow_chart.gif" alt="Structure of an ADALINE network. Source: Wikipedia" style="width:200px; float:right;" class="inline"/></a></p>
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<p>ADALINE is one of the first and simplest single layer artificial neural network. The algorithm essentially implements a linear function </p><p class="formulaDsp">
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\[ f\left(x_0,x_1,x_2,\ldots\right) = \sum_j x_jw_j+\theta \]
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</p>
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<p> where \(x_j\) are the input features of a sample, \(w_j\) are the coefficients of the linear function and \(\theta\) is a constant. If we know the \(w_j\), then for any given set of features, \(y\) can be computed. Computing the \(w_j\) is a supervised learning algorithm wherein a set of features and their corresponding outputs are given and weights are computed using stochastic gradient descent method. </p>
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</div><h2 class="groupheader">Function Documentation</h2>
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<a id="a3c04138a5bfe5d72780bb7e82a18e627"></a>
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<h2 class="memtitle"><span class="permalink"><a href="#a3c04138a5bfe5d72780bb7e82a18e627">◆ </a></span>main()</h2>
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<td class="memname">int main </td>
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<td>(</td>
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<td class="paramtype">int </td>
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<td class="paramname"><em>argc</em>, </td>
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<td class="paramkey"></td>
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<td class="paramtype">char ** </td>
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<td class="paramname"><em>argv</em> </td>
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<td>)</td>
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<td></td><td></td>
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</div><div class="memdoc">
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<p>Main function </p>
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<div class="fragment"><div class="line"><a name="l00333"></a><span class="lineno"> 333</span>  {</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00334"></a><span class="lineno"> 334</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/random/srand.html">std::srand</a>(<a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/c/time.html">std::time</a>(<span class="keyword">nullptr</span>)); <span class="comment">// initialize random number generator</span></div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00335"></a><span class="lineno"> 335</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00336"></a><span class="lineno"> 336</span>  <span class="keywordtype">double</span> eta = 0.1; <span class="comment">// default value of eta</span></div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00337"></a><span class="lineno"> 337</span>  <span class="keywordflow">if</span> (argc == 2) <span class="comment">// read eta value from commandline argument if present</span></div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00338"></a><span class="lineno"> 338</span>  eta = <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/string/byte/strtof.html">strtof</a>(argv[1], <span class="keyword">nullptr</span>);</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00339"></a><span class="lineno"> 339</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00340"></a><span class="lineno"> 340</span>  <a class="code" href="../../d5/db0/adaline__learning_8cpp.html#a52053d88ea1bcbbed9aca67ab4eeb499">test1</a>(eta);</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00341"></a><span class="lineno"> 341</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00342"></a><span class="lineno"> 342</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> << <span class="stringliteral">"Press ENTER to continue..."</span> << <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/manip/endl.html">std::endl</a>;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00343"></a><span class="lineno"> 343</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_istream.html">std::cin</a>.get();</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00344"></a><span class="lineno"> 344</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00345"></a><span class="lineno"> 345</span>  <a class="code" href="../../d5/db0/adaline__learning_8cpp.html#a379f7488a305f2571f2932b319931f82">test2</a>(eta);</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00346"></a><span class="lineno"> 346</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00347"></a><span class="lineno"> 347</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> << <span class="stringliteral">"Press ENTER to continue..."</span> << <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/manip/endl.html">std::endl</a>;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00348"></a><span class="lineno"> 348</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_istream.html">std::cin</a>.get();</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00349"></a><span class="lineno"> 349</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00350"></a><span class="lineno"> 350</span>  <a class="code" href="../../d5/db0/adaline__learning_8cpp.html#a992bdf1fdb0b9d414bcf7981d2d87aa9">test3</a>(eta);</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00351"></a><span class="lineno"> 351</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00352"></a><span class="lineno"> 352</span>  <span class="keywordflow">return</span> 0;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00353"></a><span class="lineno"> 353</span> }</div>
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</div><!-- fragment --><div class="dynheader">
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Here is the call graph for this function:</div>
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<div class="dyncontent">
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<div class="center"><div class="zoom"><iframe scrolling="no" frameborder="0" src="../../d5/db0/adaline__learning_8cpp_a3c04138a5bfe5d72780bb7e82a18e627_cgraph.svg" width="100%" height="600"><p><b>This browser is not able to show SVG: try Firefox, Chrome, Safari, or Opera instead.</b></p></iframe></div>
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<a id="a52053d88ea1bcbbed9aca67ab4eeb499"></a>
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<h2 class="memtitle"><span class="permalink"><a href="#a52053d88ea1bcbbed9aca67ab4eeb499">◆ </a></span>test1()</h2>
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<td class="memname">void test1 </td>
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<td>(</td>
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<td class="paramtype">double </td>
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<td class="paramname"><em>eta</em> = <code>0.01</code></td><td>)</td>
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<p>test function to predict points in a 2D coordinate system above the line \(x=y\) as +1 and others as -1. Note that each point is defined by 2 values or 2 features. </p><dl class="params"><dt>Parameters</dt><dd>
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<table class="params">
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<tr><td class="paramdir">[in]</td><td class="paramname">eta</td><td>learning rate (optional, default=0.01) </td></tr>
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</table>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<div class="fragment"><div class="line"><a name="l00204"></a><span class="lineno"> 204</span>  {</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00205"></a><span class="lineno"> 205</span>  <a class="code" href="../../d6/d30/classmachine__learning_1_1adaline.html">adaline</a> ada(2, eta); <span class="comment">// 2 features</span></div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00206"></a><span class="lineno"> 206</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00207"></a><span class="lineno"> 207</span>  <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> N = 10; <span class="comment">// number of sample points</span></div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00208"></a><span class="lineno"> 208</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00209"></a><span class="lineno"> 209</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector.html">std::vector<double></a> X[N] = {{0, 1}, {1, -2}, {2, 3}, {3, -1},</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00210"></a><span class="lineno"> 210</span>  {4, 1}, {6, -5}, {-7, -3}, {-8, 5},</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00211"></a><span class="lineno"> 211</span>  {-9, 2}, {-10, -15}};</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00212"></a><span class="lineno"> 212</span>  <span class="keywordtype">int</span> y[] = {1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, -1}; <span class="comment">// corresponding y-values</span></div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00213"></a><span class="lineno"> 213</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00214"></a><span class="lineno"> 214</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> << <span class="stringliteral">"------- Test 1 -------"</span> << <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/manip/endl.html">std::endl</a>;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00215"></a><span class="lineno"> 215</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> << <span class="stringliteral">"Model before fit: "</span> << ada << <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/manip/endl.html">std::endl</a>;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00216"></a><span class="lineno"> 216</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00217"></a><span class="lineno"> 217</span>  ada.fit(X, y);</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00218"></a><span class="lineno"> 218</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> << <span class="stringliteral">"Model after fit: "</span> << ada << <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/manip/endl.html">std::endl</a>;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00219"></a><span class="lineno"> 219</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00220"></a><span class="lineno"> 220</span>  <span class="keywordtype">int</span> predict = ada.predict({5, -3});</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00221"></a><span class="lineno"> 221</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> << <span class="stringliteral">"Predict for x=(5,-3): "</span> << predict;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00222"></a><span class="lineno"> 222</span>  assert(predict == -1);</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00223"></a><span class="lineno"> 223</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> << <span class="stringliteral">" ...passed"</span> << <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/manip/endl.html">std::endl</a>;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00224"></a><span class="lineno"> 224</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00225"></a><span class="lineno"> 225</span>  predict = ada.predict({5, 8});</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00226"></a><span class="lineno"> 226</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> << <span class="stringliteral">"Predict for x=(5,8): "</span> << predict;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00227"></a><span class="lineno"> 227</span>  assert(predict == 1);</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00228"></a><span class="lineno"> 228</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> << <span class="stringliteral">" ...passed"</span> << <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/manip/endl.html">std::endl</a>;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00229"></a><span class="lineno"> 229</span> }</div>
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<h2 class="memtitle"><span class="permalink"><a href="#a379f7488a305f2571f2932b319931f82">◆ </a></span>test2()</h2>
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<td class="memname">void test2 </td>
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<td>(</td>
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<td class="paramtype">double </td>
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<td class="paramname"><em>eta</em> = <code>0.01</code></td><td>)</td>
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<p>test function to predict points in a 2D coordinate system above the line \(x+3y=-1\) as +1 and others as -1. Note that each point is defined by 2 values or 2 features. The function will create random sample points for training and test purposes. </p><dl class="params"><dt>Parameters</dt><dd>
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<table class="params">
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<tr><td class="paramdir">[in]</td><td class="paramname">eta</td><td>learning rate (optional, default=0.01) </td></tr>
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</table>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<div class="fragment"><div class="line"><a name="l00238"></a><span class="lineno"> 238</span>  {</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00239"></a><span class="lineno"> 239</span>  <a class="code" href="../../d6/d30/classmachine__learning_1_1adaline.html">adaline</a> ada(2, eta); <span class="comment">// 2 features</span></div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00240"></a><span class="lineno"> 240</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00241"></a><span class="lineno"> 241</span>  <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> N = 50; <span class="comment">// number of sample points</span></div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00242"></a><span class="lineno"> 242</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00243"></a><span class="lineno"> 243</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector.html">std::vector<double></a> X[N];</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00244"></a><span class="lineno"> 244</span>  <span class="keywordtype">int</span> Y[N]; <span class="comment">// corresponding y-values</span></div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00245"></a><span class="lineno"> 245</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00246"></a><span class="lineno"> 246</span>  <span class="comment">// generate sample points in the interval</span></div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00247"></a><span class="lineno"> 247</span>  <span class="comment">// [-range2/100 , (range2-1)/100]</span></div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00248"></a><span class="lineno"> 248</span>  <span class="keywordtype">int</span> range = 500; <span class="comment">// sample points full-range</span></div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00249"></a><span class="lineno"> 249</span>  <span class="keywordtype">int</span> range2 = range >> 1; <span class="comment">// sample points half-range</span></div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00250"></a><span class="lineno"> 250</span>  <span class="keywordflow">for</span> (<span class="keywordtype">int</span> i = 0; i < N; i++) {</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00251"></a><span class="lineno"> 251</span>  <span class="keywordtype">double</span> x0 = ((<a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/random/rand.html">std::rand</a>() % range) - range2) / 100.f;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00252"></a><span class="lineno"> 252</span>  <span class="keywordtype">double</span> x1 = ((<a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/random/rand.html">std::rand</a>() % range) - range2) / 100.f;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00253"></a><span class="lineno"> 253</span>  X[i] = {x0, x1};</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00254"></a><span class="lineno"> 254</span>  Y[i] = (x0 + 3. * x1) > -1 ? 1 : -1;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00255"></a><span class="lineno"> 255</span>  }</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00256"></a><span class="lineno"> 256</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00257"></a><span class="lineno"> 257</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> << <span class="stringliteral">"------- Test 2 -------"</span> << <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/manip/endl.html">std::endl</a>;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00258"></a><span class="lineno"> 258</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> << <span class="stringliteral">"Model before fit: "</span> << ada << <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/manip/endl.html">std::endl</a>;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00259"></a><span class="lineno"> 259</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00260"></a><span class="lineno"> 260</span>  ada.fit(X, Y);</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00261"></a><span class="lineno"> 261</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> << <span class="stringliteral">"Model after fit: "</span> << ada << <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/manip/endl.html">std::endl</a>;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00262"></a><span class="lineno"> 262</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00263"></a><span class="lineno"> 263</span>  <span class="keywordtype">int</span> N_test_cases = 5;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00264"></a><span class="lineno"> 264</span>  <span class="keywordflow">for</span> (<span class="keywordtype">int</span> i = 0; i < N_test_cases; i++) {</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00265"></a><span class="lineno"> 265</span>  <span class="keywordtype">double</span> x0 = ((<a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/random/rand.html">std::rand</a>() % range) - range2) / 100.f;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00266"></a><span class="lineno"> 266</span>  <span class="keywordtype">double</span> x1 = ((<a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/random/rand.html">std::rand</a>() % range) - range2) / 100.f;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00267"></a><span class="lineno"> 267</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00268"></a><span class="lineno"> 268</span>  <span class="keywordtype">int</span> predict = ada.predict({x0, x1});</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00269"></a><span class="lineno"> 269</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00270"></a><span class="lineno"> 270</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> << <span class="stringliteral">"Predict for x=("</span> << x0 << <span class="stringliteral">","</span> << x1 << <span class="stringliteral">"): "</span> << predict;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00271"></a><span class="lineno"> 271</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00272"></a><span class="lineno"> 272</span>  <span class="keywordtype">int</span> expected_val = (x0 + 3. * x1) > -1 ? 1 : -1;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00273"></a><span class="lineno"> 273</span>  assert(predict == expected_val);</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00274"></a><span class="lineno"> 274</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> << <span class="stringliteral">" ...passed"</span> << <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/manip/endl.html">std::endl</a>;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00275"></a><span class="lineno"> 275</span>  }</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00276"></a><span class="lineno"> 276</span> }</div>
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<h2 class="memtitle"><span class="permalink"><a href="#a992bdf1fdb0b9d414bcf7981d2d87aa9">◆ </a></span>test3()</h2>
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<td class="memname">void test3 </td>
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<td>(</td>
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<td class="paramtype">double </td>
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<td class="paramname"><em>eta</em> = <code>0.01</code></td><td>)</td>
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<p>test function to predict points in a 3D coordinate system lying within the sphere of radius 1 and centre at origin as +1 and others as -1. Note that each point is defined by 3 values but we use 6 features. The function will create random sample points for training and test purposes. The sphere centred at origin and radius 1 is defined as: \(x^2+y^2+z^2=r^2=1\) and if the \(r^2<1\), point lies within the sphere else, outside.</p>
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<dl class="params"><dt>Parameters</dt><dd>
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<table class="params">
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<tr><td class="paramdir">[in]</td><td class="paramname">eta</td><td>learning rate (optional, default=0.01) </td></tr>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<div class="fragment"><div class="line"><a name="l00289"></a><span class="lineno"> 289</span>  {</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00290"></a><span class="lineno"> 290</span>  <a class="code" href="../../d6/d30/classmachine__learning_1_1adaline.html">adaline</a> ada(6, eta); <span class="comment">// 2 features</span></div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00291"></a><span class="lineno"> 291</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00292"></a><span class="lineno"> 292</span>  <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> N = 100; <span class="comment">// number of sample points</span></div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00293"></a><span class="lineno"> 293</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00294"></a><span class="lineno"> 294</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector.html">std::vector<double></a> X[N];</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00295"></a><span class="lineno"> 295</span>  <span class="keywordtype">int</span> Y[N]; <span class="comment">// corresponding y-values</span></div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00296"></a><span class="lineno"> 296</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00297"></a><span class="lineno"> 297</span>  <span class="comment">// generate sample points in the interval</span></div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00298"></a><span class="lineno"> 298</span>  <span class="comment">// [-range2/100 , (range2-1)/100]</span></div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00299"></a><span class="lineno"> 299</span>  <span class="keywordtype">int</span> range = 200; <span class="comment">// sample points full-range</span></div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00300"></a><span class="lineno"> 300</span>  <span class="keywordtype">int</span> range2 = range >> 1; <span class="comment">// sample points half-range</span></div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00301"></a><span class="lineno"> 301</span>  <span class="keywordflow">for</span> (<span class="keywordtype">int</span> i = 0; i < N; i++) {</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00302"></a><span class="lineno"> 302</span>  <span class="keywordtype">double</span> x0 = ((<a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/random/rand.html">std::rand</a>() % range) - range2) / 100.f;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00303"></a><span class="lineno"> 303</span>  <span class="keywordtype">double</span> x1 = ((<a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/random/rand.html">std::rand</a>() % range) - range2) / 100.f;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00304"></a><span class="lineno"> 304</span>  <span class="keywordtype">double</span> x2 = ((<a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/random/rand.html">std::rand</a>() % range) - range2) / 100.f;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00305"></a><span class="lineno"> 305</span>  X[i] = {x0, x1, x2, x0 * x0, x1 * x1, x2 * x2};</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00306"></a><span class="lineno"> 306</span>  Y[i] = ((x0 * x0) + (x1 * x1) + (x2 * x2)) <= 1.f ? 1 : -1;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00307"></a><span class="lineno"> 307</span>  }</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00308"></a><span class="lineno"> 308</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00309"></a><span class="lineno"> 309</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> << <span class="stringliteral">"------- Test 3 -------"</span> << <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/manip/endl.html">std::endl</a>;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00310"></a><span class="lineno"> 310</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> << <span class="stringliteral">"Model before fit: "</span> << ada << <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/manip/endl.html">std::endl</a>;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00311"></a><span class="lineno"> 311</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00312"></a><span class="lineno"> 312</span>  ada.fit(X, Y);</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00313"></a><span class="lineno"> 313</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> << <span class="stringliteral">"Model after fit: "</span> << ada << <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/manip/endl.html">std::endl</a>;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00314"></a><span class="lineno"> 314</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00315"></a><span class="lineno"> 315</span>  <span class="keywordtype">int</span> N_test_cases = 5;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00316"></a><span class="lineno"> 316</span>  <span class="keywordflow">for</span> (<span class="keywordtype">int</span> i = 0; i < N_test_cases; i++) {</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00317"></a><span class="lineno"> 317</span>  <span class="keywordtype">double</span> x0 = ((<a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/random/rand.html">std::rand</a>() % range) - range2) / 100.f;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00318"></a><span class="lineno"> 318</span>  <span class="keywordtype">double</span> x1 = ((<a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/random/rand.html">std::rand</a>() % range) - range2) / 100.f;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00319"></a><span class="lineno"> 319</span>  <span class="keywordtype">double</span> x2 = ((<a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/random/rand.html">std::rand</a>() % range) - range2) / 100.f;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00320"></a><span class="lineno"> 320</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00321"></a><span class="lineno"> 321</span>  <span class="keywordtype">int</span> predict = ada.predict({x0, x1, x2, x0 * x0, x1 * x1, x2 * x2});</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00322"></a><span class="lineno"> 322</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00323"></a><span class="lineno"> 323</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> << <span class="stringliteral">"Predict for x=("</span> << x0 << <span class="stringliteral">","</span> << x1 << <span class="stringliteral">","</span> << x2</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00324"></a><span class="lineno"> 324</span>  << <span class="stringliteral">"): "</span> << predict;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00325"></a><span class="lineno"> 325</span>  </div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00326"></a><span class="lineno"> 326</span>  <span class="keywordtype">int</span> expected_val = ((x0 * x0) + (x1 * x1) + (x2 * x2)) <= 1.f ? 1 : -1;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00327"></a><span class="lineno"> 327</span>  assert(predict == expected_val);</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00328"></a><span class="lineno"> 328</span>  <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ostream.html">std::cout</a> << <span class="stringliteral">" ...passed"</span> << <a class="codeRef" target="_blank" href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/manip/endl.html">std::endl</a>;</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00329"></a><span class="lineno"> 329</span>  }</div>
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<div class="line"><a name="l00330"></a><span class="lineno"> 330</span> }</div>
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