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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../https://github.com/eunomia-bpf/bpf-developer-tutorial.html">https://github.com/eunomia-bpf/bpf-developer-tutorial</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">目录</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../0-introduce/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 介绍 eBPF 的基本概念、常见的开发工具</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../1-helloworld/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> eBPF Hello World，基本框架和开发流程</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../2-kprobe-unlink/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 使用 kprobe 监测捕获 unlink 系统调用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../3-fentry-unlink/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 使用 fentry 监测捕获 unlink 系统调用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../4-opensnoop/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 捕获进程打开文件的系统调用集合，使用全局变量过滤进程 pid</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../5-uprobe-bashreadline/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 使用 uprobe 捕获 bash 的 readline 函数调用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../6-sigsnoop/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 捕获进程发送信号的系统调用集合，使用 hash map 保存状态</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../7-execsnoop/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> 捕获进程执行/退出时间，通过 perf event array 向用户态打印输出</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../8-exitsnoop/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> 使用 exitsnoop 监控进程退出事件，使用 ring buffer 向用户态打印输出</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../9-runqlat/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 一个 Linux 内核 BPF 程序，通过柱状图来总结调度程序运行队列延迟，显示任务等待运行在 CPU 上的时间长度</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../10-hardirqs/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 使用 hardirqs 或 softirqs 捕获中断事件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../11-bootstrap/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> 使用 bootstrap 开发用户态程序并跟踪 exec() 和 exit() 系统调用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../13-tcpconnlat/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> 使用 libbpf-bootstrap 开发程序统计 TCP 连接延时</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../14-tcpstates/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 使用 libbpf-bootstrap 记录 TCP 连接状态与 TCP RTT</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../15-javagc/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> 使用 USDT 捕获用户态 Java GC 事件耗时</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../16-memleak/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> 编写 eBPF 程序 Memleak 监控内存泄漏</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../17-biopattern/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> 编写 eBPF 程序 Biopattern 统计随机/顺序磁盘 I/O</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../18-further-reading/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> 更多的参考资料：论文列表、项目、博客等等</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../19-lsm-connect/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.</strong> 使用 LSM 进行安全检测防御</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../20-tc/index.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.</strong> 使用 eBPF 进行 tc 流量控制</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">eBPF 高级特性与进阶主题</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../22-android/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.</strong> 在 Android 上使用 eBPF 程序</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../23-http/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.</strong> 使用 eBPF socket filter 或 syscall tracepoint 追踪 HTTP 请求等七层协议</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../30-sslsniff/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">23.</strong> 使用 uprobe 捕获多种库的 SSL/TLS 明文数据</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../29-sockops/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">24.</strong> 使用 sockops 加速网络请求转发</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../18-further-reading/ebpf-security.zh.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">25.</strong> eBPF 运行时的安全性与面临的挑战</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../24-hide/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">26.</strong> 使用 eBPF 隐藏进程或文件信息</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../25-signal/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">27.</strong> 使用 bpf_send_signal 发送信号终止进程</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../26-sudo/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">28.</strong> 使用 eBPF 添加 sudo 用户</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../27-replace/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">29.</strong> 使用 eBPF 替换任意程序读取或写入的文本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../28-detach/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">30.</strong> BPF的生命周期：使用 Detached 模式在用户态应用退出后持续运行 eBPF 程序</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../30-sslsniff/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">31.</strong> 使用 eBPF 用户态捕获多种库的 SSL/TLS 明文数据</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">bcc 教程与文档</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../bcc-documents/kernel-versions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">32.</strong> BPF Features by Linux Kernel Version</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../bcc-documents/kernel_config.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">33.</strong> Kernel Configuration for BPF Features</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../bcc-documents/reference_guide.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">34.</strong> bcc Reference Guide</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../bcc-documents/special_filtering.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">35.</strong> Special Filtering</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../bcc-documents/tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">36.</strong> bcc Tutorial</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../bcc-documents/tutorial_bcc_python_developer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">37.</strong> bcc Python Developer Tutorial</a></li></ol>
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<h1 id="ebpf-入门实践教程二十使用-ebpf-进行-tc-流量控制"><a class="header" href="#ebpf-入门实践教程二十使用-ebpf-进行-tc-流量控制">eBPF 入门实践教程二十：使用 eBPF 进行 tc 流量控制</a></h1>
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<h2 id="背景"><a class="header" href="#背景">背景</a></h2>
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<p>Linux 的流量控制子系统（Traffic Control, tc）在内核中存在了多年，类似于 iptables 和 netfilter 的关系，tc 也包括一个用户态的 tc 程序和内核态的 trafiic control 框架，主要用于从速率、顺序等方面控制数据包的发送和接收。从 Linux 4.1 开始，tc 增加了一些新的挂载点，并支持将 eBPF 程序作为 filter 加载到这些挂载点上。</p>
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<h2 id="tc-概述"><a class="header" href="#tc-概述">tc 概述</a></h2>
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<p>从协议栈上看，tc 位于链路层，其所在位置已经完成了 sk_buff 的分配，要晚于 xdp。为了实现对数据包发送和接收的控制，tc 使用队列结构来临时保存并组织数据包，在 tc 子系统中对应的数据结构和算法控制机制被抽象为 qdisc（Queueing discipline），其对外暴露数据包入队和出队的两个回调接口，并在内部隐藏排队算法实现。在 qdisc 中我们可以基于 filter 和 class 实现复杂的树形结构，其中 filter 被挂载到 qdisc 或 class 上用于实现具体的过滤逻辑，返回值决定了该数据包是否属于特定 class。</p>
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<p>当数据包到达顶层 qdisc 时，其入队接口被调用，其上挂载的 filter 被依次执行直到一个 filter 匹配成功；此后数据包被送入该 filter 指向的 class，进入该 class 配置的 qdisc 处理流程中。tc 框架提供了所谓 classifier-action 机制，即在数据包匹配到特定 filter 时执行该 filter 所挂载的 action 对数据包进行处理，实现了完整的数据包分类和处理机制。</p>
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<p>现有的 tc 为 eBPF 提供了 direct-action 模式，它使得一个作为 filter 加载的 eBPF 程序可以返回像 <code>TC_ACT_OK</code> 等 tc action 的返回值，而不是像传统的 filter 那样仅仅返回一个 classid 并把对数据包的处理交给 action 模块。现在，eBPF 程序可以被挂载到特定的 qdisc 上，并完成对数据包的分类和处理动作。</p>
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<h2 id="编写-ebpf-程序"><a class="header" href="#编写-ebpf-程序">编写 eBPF 程序</a></h2>
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<pre><code class="language-c">#include <vmlinux.h>
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#include <bpf/bpf_endian.h>
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#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
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#include <bpf/bpf_tracing.h>
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#define TC_ACT_OK 0
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#define ETH_P_IP 0x0800 /* Internet Protocol packet */
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/// @tchook {"ifindex":1, "attach_point":"BPF_TC_INGRESS"}
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/// @tcopts {"handle":1, "priority":1}
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SEC("tc")
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int tc_ingress(struct __sk_buff *ctx)
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{
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void *data_end = (void *)(__u64)ctx->data_end;
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void *data = (void *)(__u64)ctx->data;
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struct ethhdr *l2;
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struct iphdr *l3;
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if (ctx->protocol != bpf_htons(ETH_P_IP))
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return TC_ACT_OK;
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l2 = data;
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if ((void *)(l2 + 1) > data_end)
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return TC_ACT_OK;
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l3 = (struct iphdr *)(l2 + 1);
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if ((void *)(l3 + 1) > data_end)
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return TC_ACT_OK;
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bpf_printk("Got IP packet: tot_len: %d, ttl: %d", bpf_ntohs(l3->tot_len), l3->ttl);
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return TC_ACT_OK;
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}
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char __license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
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</code></pre>
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<p>这段代码定义了一个 eBPF 程序，它可以通过 Linux TC（Transmission Control）来捕获数据包并进行处理。在这个程序中，我们限定了只捕获 IPv4 协议的数据包，然后通过 bpf_printk 函数打印出数据包的总长度和 Time-To-Live（TTL）字段的值。</p>
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<p>需要注意的是，我们在代码中使用了一些 BPF 库函数，例如 bpf_htons 和 bpf_ntohs 函数，它们用于进行网络字节序和主机字节序之间的转换。此外，我们还使用了一些注释来为 TC 提供附加点和选项信息。例如，在这段代码的开头，我们使用了以下注释：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-c">/// @tchook {"ifindex":1, "attach_point":"BPF_TC_INGRESS"}
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/// @tcopts {"handle":1, "priority":1}
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</code></pre>
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<p>这些注释告诉 TC 将 eBPF 程序附加到网络接口的 ingress 附加点，并指定了 handle 和 priority 选项的值。关于 libbpf 中 tc 相关的 API 可以参考 <a href="https://patchwork.kernel.org/project/netdevbpf/patch/20210512103451.989420-3-memxor@gmail.com/">patchwork</a> 中的介绍。</p>
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<p>总之，这段代码实现了一个简单的 eBPF 程序，用于捕获数据包并打印出它们的信息。</p>
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<h2 id="编译运行"><a class="header" href="#编译运行">编译运行</a></h2>
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<p>通过容器编译：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-console">docker run -it -v `pwd`/:/src/ ghcr.io/eunomia-bpf/ecc-`uname -m`:latest
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</code></pre>
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<p>或是通过 <code>ecc</code> 编译：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-console">$ ecc tc.bpf.c
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Compiling bpf object...
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Packing ebpf object and config into package.json...
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</code></pre>
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<p>并通过 <code>ecli</code> 运行：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-shell">sudo ecli run ./package.json
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</code></pre>
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<p>可以通过如下方式查看程序的输出：</p>
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||
<pre><code class="language-console">$ sudo cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_pipe
|
||
node-1254811 [007] ..s1 8737831.671074: 0: Got IP packet: tot_len: 79, ttl: 64
|
||
sshd-1254728 [006] ..s1 8737831.674334: 0: Got IP packet: tot_len: 79, ttl: 64
|
||
sshd-1254728 [006] ..s1 8737831.674349: 0: Got IP packet: tot_len: 72, ttl: 64
|
||
node-1254811 [007] ..s1 8737831.674550: 0: Got IP packet: tot_len: 71, ttl: 64
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<h2 id="总结"><a class="header" href="#总结">总结</a></h2>
|
||
<p>本文介绍了如何向 TC 流量控制子系统挂载 eBPF 类型的 filter 来实现对链路层数据包的排队处理。基于 eunomia-bpf 提供的通过注释向 libbpf 传递参数的方案，我们可以将自己编写的 tc BPF 程序以指定选项挂载到目标网络设备，并借助内核的 sk_buff 结构对数据包进行过滤处理。</p>
|
||
<p>如果您希望学习更多关于 eBPF 的知识和实践，可以访问我们的教程代码仓库 <a href="https://github.com/eunomia-bpf/bpf-developer-tutorial">https://github.com/eunomia-bpf/bpf-developer-tutorial</a> 或网站 <a href="https://eunomia.dev/zh/tutorials/">https://eunomia.dev/zh/tutorials/</a> 以获取更多示例和完整的教程。</p>
|
||
<h2 id="参考"><a class="header" href="#参考">参考</a></h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="http://just4coding.com/2022/08/05/tc/">http://just4coding.com/2022/08/05/tc/</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://arthurchiao.art/blog/understanding-tc-da-mode-zh/">https://arthurchiao.art/blog/understanding-tc-da-mode-zh/</a></li>
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