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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">eBPF 实践教程：基于 libbpf 和 CO-RE</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../0-introduce/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 介绍 eBPF 的基本概念、常见的开发工具</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../1-helloworld/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> eBPF Hello World，基本框架和开发流程</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../2-kprobe-unlink/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 使用 kprobe 监测捕获 unlink 系统调用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../3-fentry-unlink/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 使用 fentry 监测捕获 unlink 系统调用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../4-opensnoop/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 捕获进程打开文件的系统调用集合，使用全局变量过滤进程 pid</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../5-uprobe-bashreadline/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 使用 uprobe 捕获 bash 的 readline 函数调用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../6-sigsnoop/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 捕获进程发送信号的系统调用集合，使用 hash map 保存状态</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../7-execsnoop/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> 捕获进程执行/退出时间，通过 perf event array 向用户态打印输出</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../8-exitsnoop/index.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> 使用 exitsnoop 监控进程退出事件，使用 ring buffer 向用户态打印输出</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../9-runqlat/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 一个 Linux 内核 BPF 程序，通过柱状图来总结调度程序运行队列延迟，显示任务等待运行在 CPU 上的时间长度</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../10-hardirqs/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 使用 hardirqs 或 softirqs 捕获中断事件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../11-bootstrap/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> 使用 bootstrap 开发用户态程序并跟踪 exec() 和 exit() 系统调用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../13-tcpconnlat/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> 使用 libbpf-bootstrap 开发程序统计 TCP 连接延时</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../14-tcpstates/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 使用 libbpf-bootstrap 记录 TCP 连接状态与 TCP RTT</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../15-javagc/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> 使用 USDT 捕获用户态 Java GC 事件耗时</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../16-memleak/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> 编写 eBPF 程序 Memleak 监控内存泄漏</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../17-biopattern/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> 编写 eBPF 程序 Biopattern 统计随机/顺序磁盘 I/O</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../18-further-reading/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> 更多的参考资料</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../19-lsm-connect/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.</strong> 使用 LSM 进行安全检测防御</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../20-tc/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.</strong> 使用 eBPF 进行 tc 流量控制</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">eBPF 高级特性与进阶主题</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../22-android/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.</strong> 在 Android 上使用 eBPF 程序</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../23-http/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.</strong> 使用 eBPF 追踪 HTTP 请求或其他七层协议</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../29-sockops/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">23.</strong> 使用 sockops 加速网络请求转发</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../24-hide/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">24.</strong> 使用 eBPF 隐藏进程或文件信息</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../25-signal/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">25.</strong> 使用 bpf_send_signal 发送信号终止进程</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../26-sudo/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">26.</strong> 使用 eBPF 添加 sudo 用户</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../27-replace/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">27.</strong> 使用 eBPF 替换任意程序读取或写入的文本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../28-detach/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">28.</strong> BPF的生命周期：使用 Detached 模式在用户态应用退出后持续运行 eBPF 程序</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">bcc tutorial</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../bcc-documents/kernel-versions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">29.</strong> BPF Features by Linux Kernel Version</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../bcc-documents/kernel_config.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">30.</strong> Kernel Configuration for BPF Features</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../bcc-documents/reference_guide.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">31.</strong> bcc Reference Guide</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../bcc-documents/special_filtering.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">32.</strong> Special Filtering</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../bcc-documents/tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">33.</strong> bcc Tutorial</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../bcc-documents/tutorial_bcc_python_developer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">34.</strong> bcc Python Developer Tutorial</a></li></ol>
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<h1 id="ebpf-入门开发实践教程八在-ebpf-中使用-exitsnoop-监控进程退出事件使用-ring-buffer-向用户态打印输出"><a class="header" href="#ebpf-入门开发实践教程八在-ebpf-中使用-exitsnoop-监控进程退出事件使用-ring-buffer-向用户态打印输出">eBPF 入门开发实践教程八：在 eBPF 中使用 exitsnoop 监控进程退出事件，使用 ring buffer 向用户态打印输出</a></h1>
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<p>eBPF (Extended Berkeley Packet Filter) 是 Linux 内核上的一个强大的网络和性能分析工具。它允许开发者在内核运行时动态加载、更新和运行用户定义的代码。</p>
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<p>本文是 eBPF 入门开发实践教程的第八篇，在 eBPF 中使用 exitsnoop 监控进程退出事件。</p>
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<h2 id="ring-buffer"><a class="header" href="#ring-buffer">ring buffer</a></h2>
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<p>现在有一个新的 BPF 数据结构可用，eBPF 环形缓冲区（ring buffer）。它解决了 BPF perf buffer（当今从内核向用户空间发送数据的事实上的标准）的内存效率和事件重排问题，同时达到或超过了它的性能。它既提供了与 perf buffer 兼容以方便迁移，又有新的保留/提交API，具有更好的可用性。另外，合成和真实世界的基准测试表明，在几乎所有的情况下，所以考虑将其作为从BPF程序向用户空间发送数据的默认选择。</p>
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<h3 id="ebpf-ringbuf-vs-ebpf-perfbuf"><a class="header" href="#ebpf-ringbuf-vs-ebpf-perfbuf">eBPF ringbuf vs eBPF perfbuf</a></h3>
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<p>只要 BPF 程序需要将收集到的数据发送到用户空间进行后处理和记录，它通常会使用 BPF perf buffer（perfbuf）来实现。Perfbuf 是每个CPU循环缓冲区的集合，它允许在内核和用户空间之间有效地交换数据。它在实践中效果很好，但由于其按CPU设计，它有两个主要的缺点，在实践中被证明是不方便的：内存的低效使用和事件的重新排序。</p>
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<p>为了解决这些问题，从Linux 5.8开始，BPF提供了一个新的BPF数据结构（BPF map）。BPF环形缓冲区（ringbuf）。它是一个多生产者、单消费者（MPSC）队列，可以同时在多个CPU上安全共享。</p>
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<p>BPF ringbuf 支持来自 BPF perfbuf 的熟悉的功能:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>变长的数据记录。</li>
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<li>能够通过内存映射区域有效地从用户空间读取数据，而不需要额外的内存拷贝和/或进入内核的系统调用。</li>
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<li>既支持epoll通知，又能以绝对最小的延迟进行忙环操作。</li>
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</ul>
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<p>同时，BPF ringbuf解决了BPF perfbuf的以下问题:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>内存开销。</li>
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<li>数据排序。</li>
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<li>浪费的工作和额外的数据复制。</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="exitsnoop"><a class="header" href="#exitsnoop">exitsnoop</a></h2>
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<p>本文是 eBPF 入门开发实践教程的第八篇，在 eBPF 中使用 exitsnoop 监控进程退出事件，并使用 ring buffer 向用户态打印输出。</p>
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<p>使用 ring buffer 向用户态打印输出的步骤和 perf buffer 类似，首先需要定义一个头文件：</p>
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<p>头文件：exitsnoop.h</p>
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<pre><code class="language-c">#ifndef __BOOTSTRAP_H
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#define __BOOTSTRAP_H
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#define TASK_COMM_LEN 16
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#define MAX_FILENAME_LEN 127
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struct event {
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int pid;
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int ppid;
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unsigned exit_code;
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unsigned long long duration_ns;
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char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN];
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};
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#endif /* __BOOTSTRAP_H */
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</code></pre>
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<p>源文件：exitsnoop.bpf.c</p>
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<pre><code class="language-c">#include "vmlinux.h"
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#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
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#include <bpf/bpf_tracing.h>
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#include <bpf/bpf_core_read.h>
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#include "exitsnoop.h"
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char LICENSE[] SEC("license") = "Dual BSD/GPL";
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struct {
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__uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_RINGBUF);
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__uint(max_entries, 256 * 1024);
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} rb SEC(".maps");
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SEC("tp/sched/sched_process_exit")
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int handle_exit(struct trace_event_raw_sched_process_template* ctx)
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{
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struct task_struct *task;
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struct event *e;
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pid_t pid, tid;
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u64 id, ts, *start_ts, start_time = 0;
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/* get PID and TID of exiting thread/process */
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id = bpf_get_current_pid_tgid();
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pid = id >> 32;
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tid = (u32)id;
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/* ignore thread exits */
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if (pid != tid)
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return 0;
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/* reserve sample from BPF ringbuf */
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e = bpf_ringbuf_reserve(&rb, sizeof(*e), 0);
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if (!e)
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return 0;
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/* fill out the sample with data */
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task = (struct task_struct *)bpf_get_current_task();
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start_time = BPF_CORE_READ(task, start_time);
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e->duration_ns = bpf_ktime_get_ns() - start_time;
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e->pid = pid;
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e->ppid = BPF_CORE_READ(task, real_parent, tgid);
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e->exit_code = (BPF_CORE_READ(task, exit_code) >> 8) & 0xff;
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bpf_get_current_comm(&e->comm, sizeof(e->comm));
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/* send data to user-space for post-processing */
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bpf_ringbuf_submit(e, 0);
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return 0;
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>这段代码展示了如何使用 exitsnoop 监控进程退出事件并使用 ring buffer 向用户态打印输出：</p>
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<ol>
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<li>首先，我们引入所需的头文件和 exitsnoop.h。</li>
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<li>定义一个名为 "LICENSE" 的全局变量，内容为 "Dual BSD/GPL"，这是 eBPF 程序的许可证要求。</li>
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<li>定义一个名为 rb 的 BPF_MAP_TYPE_RINGBUF 类型的映射，它将用于将内核空间的数据传输到用户空间。指定 max_entries 为 256 * 1024，代表 ring buffer 的最大容量。</li>
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<li>定义一个名为 handle_exit 的 eBPF 程序，它将在进程退出事件触发时执行。传入一个名为 ctx 的 trace_event_raw_sched_process_template 结构体指针作为参数。</li>
|
||
<li>使用 bpf_get_current_pid_tgid() 函数获取当前任务的 PID 和 TID。对于主线程，PID 和 TID 相同；对于子线程，它们是不同的。我们只关心进程（主线程）的退出，因此在 PID 和 TID 不同时返回 0，忽略子线程退出事件。</li>
|
||
<li>使用 bpf_ringbuf_reserve 函数为事件结构体 e 在 ring buffer 中预留空间。如果预留失败，返回 0。</li>
|
||
<li>使用 bpf_get_current_task() 函数获取当前任务的 task_struct 结构指针。</li>
|
||
<li>将进程相关信息填充到预留的事件结构体 e 中，包括进程持续时间、PID、PPID、退出代码以及进程名称。</li>
|
||
<li>最后，使用 bpf_ringbuf_submit 函数将填充好的事件结构体 e 提交到 ring buffer，之后在用户空间进行处理和输出。</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>这个示例展示了如何使用 exitsnoop 和 ring buffer 在 eBPF 程序中捕获进程退出事件并将相关信息传输到用户空间。这对于分析进程退出原因和监控系统行为非常有用。</p>
|
||
<h2 id="compile-and-run"><a class="header" href="#compile-and-run">Compile and Run</a></h2>
|
||
<p>eunomia-bpf 是一个结合 Wasm 的开源 eBPF 动态加载运行时和开发工具链，它的目的是简化 eBPF 程序的开发、构建、分发、运行。可以参考 <a href="https://github.com/eunomia-bpf/eunomia-bpf">https://github.com/eunomia-bpf/eunomia-bpf</a> 下载和安装 ecc 编译工具链和 ecli 运行时。我们使用 eunomia-bpf 编译运行这个例子。</p>
|
||
<p>Compile:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-shell">docker run -it -v `pwd`/:/src/ ghcr.io/eunomia-bpf/ecc-`uname -m`:latest
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Or</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-console">$ ecc exitsnoop.bpf.c exitsnoop.h
|
||
Compiling bpf object...
|
||
Generating export types...
|
||
Packing ebpf object and config into package.json...
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Run:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-console">$ sudo ./ecli run package.json
|
||
TIME PID PPID EXIT_CODE DURATION_NS COMM
|
||
21:40:09 42050 42049 0 0 which
|
||
21:40:09 42049 3517 0 0 sh
|
||
21:40:09 42052 42051 0 0 ps
|
||
21:40:09 42051 3517 0 0 sh
|
||
21:40:09 42055 42054 0 0 sed
|
||
21:40:09 42056 42054 0 0 cat
|
||
21:40:09 42057 42054 0 0 cat
|
||
21:40:09 42058 42054 0 0 cat
|
||
21:40:09 42059 42054 0 0 cat
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<h2 id="总结"><a class="header" href="#总结">总结</a></h2>
|
||
<p>本文介绍了如何使用 eunomia-bpf 开发一个简单的 BPF 程序，该程序可以监控 Linux 系统中的进程退出事件, 并将捕获的事件通过 ring buffer 发送给用户空间程序。在本文中，我们使用 eunomia-bpf 编译运行了这个例子。</p>
|
||
<p>为了更好地理解和实践 eBPF 编程，我们建议您阅读 eunomia-bpf 的官方文档：<a href="https://github.com/eunomia-bpf/eunomia-bpf">https://github.com/eunomia-bpf/eunomia-bpf</a> 。此外，我们还为您提供了完整的教程和源代码，您可以在 <a href="https://github.com/eunomia-bpf/bpf-developer-tutorial">https://github.com/eunomia-bpf/bpf-developer-tutorial</a> 中查看和学习。希望本教程能够帮助您顺利入门 eBPF 开发，并为您的进一步学习和实践提供有益的参考。</p>
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