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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">eBPF 实践教程：基于 libbpf 和 CO-RE</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../0-introduce/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 介绍 eBPF 的基本概念、常见的开发工具</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../1-helloworld/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> eBPF Hello World，基本框架和开发流程</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../2-kprobe-unlink/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 使用 kprobe 监测捕获 unlink 系统调用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../3-fentry-unlink/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 使用 fentry 监测捕获 unlink 系统调用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../4-opensnoop/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 捕获进程打开文件的系统调用集合，使用全局变量过滤进程 pid</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../5-uprobe-bashreadline/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 使用 uprobe 捕获 bash 的 readline 函数调用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../6-sigsnoop/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 捕获进程发送信号的系统调用集合，使用 hash map 保存状态</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../7-execsnoop/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> 捕获进程执行/退出时间，通过 perf event array 向用户态打印输出</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../8-exitsnoop/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> 使用 exitsnoop 监控进程退出事件，使用 ring buffer 向用户态打印输出</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../9-runqlat/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 一个 Linux 内核 BPF 程序，通过柱状图来总结调度程序运行队列延迟，显示任务等待运行在 CPU 上的时间长度</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../10-hardirqs/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 使用 hardirqs 或 softirqs 捕获中断事件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../11-bootstrap/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> 使用 bootstrap 开发用户态程序并跟踪 exec() 和 exit() 系统调用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../13-tcpconnlat/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> 使用 libbpf-bootstrap 开发程序统计 TCP 连接延时</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../14-tcpstates/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 使用 libbpf-bootstrap 记录 TCP 连接状态与 TCP RTT</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../15-javagc/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> 使用 USDT 捕获用户态 Java GC 事件耗时</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../16-memleak/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> 编写 eBPF 程序 Memleak 监控内存泄漏</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../17-biopattern/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> 编写 eBPF 程序 Biopattern 统计随机/顺序磁盘 I/O</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../18-further-reading/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> 更多的参考资料</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../19-lsm-connect/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.</strong> 使用 LSM 进行安全检测防御</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../20-tc/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.</strong> 使用 eBPF 进行 tc 流量控制</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">eBPF 高级特性与进阶主题</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../22-android/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.</strong> 在 Android 上使用 eBPF 程序</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../23-http/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.</strong> 使用 eBPF 追踪 HTTP 请求或其他七层协议</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../29-sockops/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">23.</strong> 使用 sockops 加速网络请求转发</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../24-hide/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">24.</strong> 使用 eBPF 隐藏进程或文件信息</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../25-signal/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">25.</strong> 使用 bpf_send_signal 发送信号终止进程</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../26-sudo/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">26.</strong> 使用 eBPF 添加 sudo 用户</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../27-replace/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">27.</strong> 使用 eBPF 替换任意程序读取或写入的文本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../28-detach/index.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">28.</strong> BPF的生命周期：使用 Detached 模式在用户态应用退出后持续运行 eBPF 程序</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../30-sslsniff/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">29.</strong> 使用 eBPF 用户态捕获多种库的 SSL/TLS 明文数据</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">bcc tutorial</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../bcc-documents/kernel-versions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">30.</strong> BPF Features by Linux Kernel Version</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../bcc-documents/kernel_config.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">31.</strong> Kernel Configuration for BPF Features</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../bcc-documents/reference_guide.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">32.</strong> bcc Reference Guide</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../bcc-documents/special_filtering.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">33.</strong> Special Filtering</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../bcc-documents/tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">34.</strong> bcc Tutorial</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../bcc-documents/tutorial_bcc_python_developer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">35.</strong> bcc Python Developer Tutorial</a></li></ol>
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<h1 id="在用户态应用退出后运行-ebpf-程序ebpf-程序的生命周期"><a class="header" href="#在用户态应用退出后运行-ebpf-程序ebpf-程序的生命周期">在用户态应用退出后运行 eBPF 程序：eBPF 程序的生命周期</a></h1>
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<p>通过使用 detach 的方式运行 eBPF 程序，用户空间加载器可以退出，而不会停止 eBPF 程序。</p>
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<h2 id="ebpf-程序的生命周期"><a class="header" href="#ebpf-程序的生命周期">eBPF 程序的生命周期</a></h2>
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<p>首先，我们需要了解一些关键的概念，如 BPF 对象（包括程序，地图和调试信息），文件描述符 (FD)，引用计数（refcnt）等。在 eBPF 系统中，用户空间通过文件描述符访问 BPF 对象，而每个对象都有一个引用计数。当一个对象被创建时，其引用计数初始为1。如果该对象不再被使用（即没有其他程序或文件描述符引用它），它的引用计数将降至0，并在 RCU 宽限期后被内存清理。</p>
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<p>接下来，我们需要了解 eBPF 程序的生命周期。首先，当你创建一个 BPF 程序，并将它连接到某个“钩子”（例如网络接口，系统调用等），它的引用计数会增加。然后，即使原始创建和加载该程序的用户空间进程退出，只要 BPF 程序的引用计数大于 0，它就会保持活动状态。然而，这个过程中有一个重要的点是：不是所有的钩子都是相等的。有些钩子是全局的，比如 XDP、tc's clsact 和 cgroup-based 钩子。这些全局钩子会一直保持 BPF 程序的活动状态，直到这些对象自身消失。而有些钩子是局部的，只在拥有它们的进程存活期间运行。</p>
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<p>对于 BPF 对象（程序或映射）的生命周期管理，另一个关键的操作是“分离”（detach）。这个操作会阻止已附加程序的任何未来执行。然后，对于需要替换 BPF 程序的情况，你可以使用替换（replace）操作。这是一个复杂的过程，因为你需要确保在替换过程中，不会丢失正在处理的事件，而且新旧程序可能在不同的 CPU 上同时运行。</p>
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<p>最后，除了通过文件描述符和引用计数来管理 BPF 对象的生命周期，还有一个叫做 BPFFS 的方法，也就是“BPF 文件系统”。用户空间进程可以在 BPFFS 中“固定”（pin）一个 BPF 程序或映射，这将增加对象的引用计数，使得即使 BPF 程序未附加到任何地方或 BPF 映射未被任何程序使用，该 BPF 对象也将保持活动状态。</p>
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<p>所以，当我们谈论在后台运行 eBPF 程序时，我们需要清楚这个过程的含义。在某些情况下，即使用户空间进程已经退出，我们可能还希望 BPF 程序保持运行。这就需要我们正确地管理 BPF 对象的生命周期</p>
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<h2 id="运行"><a class="header" href="#运行">运行</a></h2>
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<p>这里还是采用了上一个的字符串替换的应用，来体现对应可能的安全风险。通过使用 <code>--detach</code> 运行程序，用户空间加载器可以退出，而不会停止 eBPF 程序。</p>
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<p>编译：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">make
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</code></pre>
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<p>在运行前，请首先确保 bpf 文件系统已经被挂载：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">sudo mount bpffs -t bpf /sys/fs/bpf
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mkdir /sys/fs/bpf/textreplace
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</code></pre>
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<p>然后，你可以分离运行 text-replace2：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">./textreplace2 -f /proc/modules -i 'joydev' -r 'cryptd' -d
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</code></pre>
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<p>这将在 <code>/sys/fs/bpf/textreplace</code> 下创建一些 eBPF 链接文件。
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一旦加载器成功运行，你可以通过运行以下命令检查日志：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">sudo cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_pipe
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# 确认链接文件存在
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sudo ls -l /sys/fs/bpf/textreplace
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</code></pre>
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<p>然后，要停止，只需删除链接文件即可：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">sudo rm -r /sys/fs/bpf/textreplace
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</code></pre>
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<h2 id="参考资料"><a class="header" href="#参考资料">参考资料</a></h2>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/pathtofile/bad-bpf">https://github.com/pathtofile/bad-bpf</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://facebookmicrosites.github.io/bpf/blog/2018/08/31/object-lifetime.html">https://facebookmicrosites.github.io/bpf/blog/2018/08/31/object-lifetime.html</a></li>
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