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+====== A Brief History of the Corporation ======
+Created 星期五 10 六月 2011
+http://www.ribbonfarm.com/2011/06/08/a-brief-history-of-the-corporation-1600-to-2100/
+
+On 8 June, a Scottish banker named Alexander Fordyce shorted the collapsing Company’s shares in the London markets. But a momentary bounce-back in the stock ruined his plans, and he skipped town leaving £550,000 in debt. Much of this was owed to the Ayr Bank, which imploded. In less than three weeks, another 30 banks collapsed across Europe, bringing trade to a standstill. On July 15, the directors of the Company applied to the Bank of England for a £400,000 loan. Two weeks later, they wanted another £300,000. By August, the directors wanted a £1 million bailout.  The news began leaking out and seemingly contrite executives, running from angry shareholders, faced furious Parliament members. By January, the terms of a comprehensive bailout were worked out, and the British government inserted its czars into the Company’s management to ensure compliance with its terms.
+
+If this sounds eerily familiar, it shouldn’t. The year was 1772, exactly 239 years ago today, the apogee of power for the corporation as a business construct. The company was the British East India company (EIC). The bubble that burst was the East India Bubble. Between the founding of the EIC in 1600 and the post-subprime world of 2011, the idea of the corporation was born, matured, over-extended, reined-in, refined, patched, updated, over-extended again, propped-up and finally widely declared to be obsolete. Between 2011 and 2100, it will decline — hopefully gracefully — into a well-behaved retiree on the economic scene.
+
+In its 400+ year history, the corporation has achieved extraordinary things, cutting around-the-world travel time from years to less than a day, putting a computer on every desk, a toilet in every home (nearly) and a cellphone within reach of every human.  It even put a man on the Moon and kinda-sorta cured AIDS.
+
+So it is a sort of grim privilege for the generations living today to watch the slow demise of such a spectacularly effective intellectual construct. The Age of Corporations is coming to an end. The traditional corporation won’t vanish, but it will cease to be the center of gravity of economic life in another generation or two.  They will live on as religious institutions do today, as weakened ghosts of more vital institutions from centuries ago.
+
+It is not yet time for the obituary (and that time may never come), but the sun is certainly setting on the Golden Age of corporations. It is time to review the memoirs of the corporation as an idea, and contemplate a post-corporate future framed by its gradual withdrawal from the center stage of the world’s economic affairs.
+
+Framing Modernity and Globalization
+
+For quite a while now, I have been looking for the right set of frames to get me started on understanding geopolitics and globalization. For a long time, I was misled by the fact that 90% of the available books frame globalization and the emergence of modernity in terms of the nation-state as the fundamental unit of analysis, with politics as the fundamental area of human activity that shapes things. On the face of it, this seems reasonable. Nominally, nation-states subsume economic activity, with even the most powerful multi-national corporations being merely secondary organizing schemes for the world.
+
+But the more I’ve thought about it, the more I’ve been pulled towards a business-first perspective on modernity and globalization. As a result, this post is mostly woven around ideas drawn from five books that provide appropriate fuel for this business-first frame. I will be citing, quoting and otherwise indirectly using these books over several future posts, but I won’t be reviewing them. So if you want to follow the arguments more closely, you may want to read some or all of these. The investment is definitely worthwhile.
+
+    The Corporation that Changed the World by Nick Robins, a history of the East India Company, a rather unique original prototype of the idea
+    Monsoon by Robert Kaplan, an examination of the re-emergence of the Indian Ocean as the primary theater of global geopolitics in the 21st century
+    The Influence of Sea Power Upon History: 1660-1783 by Alfred Thayer Mahan, a classic examination of how naval power is the most critical link between political, cultural, military and business forces.
+    The Post-American World by Fareed Zakaria, an examination of the structure of the world being created, not by the decline of America, but by the “rise of the rest.”
+    The Lever of Riches by Joel Mokyr, probably the most compelling model and account of how technological change drives the evolution of civilizations, through monotonic, path-dependent accumulation of changes
+
+I didn’t settle on these five lightly. I must have browsed or partly-read-and-abandoned dozens of books about modernity and globalization before settling on these as the ones that collectively provided the best framing of the themes that intrigued me. If I were to teach a 101 course on the subject, I’d start with these as required reading in the first 8 weeks.
+
+The human world, like physics, can be reduced to four fundamental forces: culture, politics, war and business. That is also roughly the order of decreasing strength, increasing legibility and partial subsumption of the four forces. Here is a visualization of my mental model:
+
+Culture is the most mysterious, illegible and powerful force. It includes such tricky things as race, language and religion. Business, like gravity in physics, is the weakest and most legible: it can be reduced to a few basic rules and principles (comprehensible to high-school students) that govern the structure of the corporate form, and descriptive artifacts like macroeconomic indicators, microeconomic balance sheets, annual reports and stock market numbers.
+
+But one quality makes gravity dominate at large space-time scales: gravity affects all masses and is always attractive, never repulsive.  So despite its weakness, it dominates things at sufficiently large scales. I don’t want to stretch the metaphor too far, but something similar holds true of business.
+
+On the scale of days or weeks, culture, politics and war matter a lot more in shaping our daily lives. But those forces fundamentally cancel out over longer periods.  They are mostly noise, historically speaking. They don’t cause creative-destructive, unidirectional change (whether or not you think of that change as “progress” is a different matter).
+
+Business though, as an expression of the force of unidirectional technological evolution, has a destabilizing unidirectional effect. It is technology, acting through business and Schumpeterian creative-destruction, that drives monotonic, historicist change, for good or bad. Business is the locus where the non-human force of technological change sneaks into the human sphere.
+
+Of course, there is arguably some progress on all four fronts. You could say that Shakespeare represents progress with respect to Aeschylus, and Tom Stoppard with respect to Shakespeare.  You could say Obama understands politics in ways that say, Hammurabi did not. You could say that General Petraeus thinks of the problems of military strategy in ways that Genghis Khan did not. But all these are decidedly weak claims.
+
+On the other hand the proposition that Facebook (the corporation) is in some ways a beast entirely beyond the comprehension of an ancient Silk Road trader seems vastly more solid. And this is entirely a function of the intimate relationship between business and technology. Culture is suspicious of technology. Politics is mostly indifferent to and above it. War-making uses it, but maintains an arms-length separation. Business? It gets into bed with it. It is sort of vaguely plausible that you could switch artists, politicians and generals around with their peers from another age and still expect them to function. But there is no meaningful way for a businessman from (say) 2000 BC to comprehend what Mark Zuckerberg does, let alone take over for him. Too much magical technological water has flowed under the bridge.
+
+Arthur C. Clarke once said that any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, but technology (and science) aren’t what create the visible magic. Most of the magic never leaves journal papers or discarded engineering prototypes. It is business that creates the world of magic, not technology itself. And the story of business in the last 400 years is the story of the corporate form.
+
+There are some who treat corporate forms as yet another technology (in this case a technology of people-management), but despite the trappings of scientific foundations (usually in psychology) and engineering synthesis (we speak of organizational “design”), the corporate form is not a technology.  It is the consequence of a social contract like the one that anchors nationhood. It is a codified bundle of quasi-religious beliefs externalized into an animate form that seeks to preserve itself like any other living creature.
+
+The Corporate View of history: 1600 – 2100
+
+We are not used to viewing world history through the perspective of the corporation for the very good reason that corporations are a recent invention, and instances that had the ability to transform the world in magical ways did not really exist till the EIC was born. Businesses of course, have been around for a while. The oldest continuously surviving business, until recently, was Kongo Gumi, a Japanese temple construction business founded in 584 AD that finally closed its doors in 2009. Guilds and banks have existed since the 16th century. Trading merchants, who raised capital to fund individual ships or voyages, often with some royal patronage, were also not a new phenomenon.  What was new was the idea of a publicly traded joint-stock corporation, an entity with rights similar to those of states and individuals, with limited liability and significant autonomy (even in its earliest days, when corporations were formed for defined periods of time by royal charter).
+
+This idea morphed a lot as it evolved (most significantly in the aftermath of the East India Bubble), but it retained a recognizable DNA throughout. Many authors such as Gary Hamel (The Future of Management), Tom Malone (The Future of Work) and Don Tapscott (Wikinomics) have talked about how the traditional corporate form is getting obsolete. But in digging around, I found to my surprise that nobody has actually attempted to meaningfully represent the birth-to-obsoloscence evolution of the idea of the corporation.
+
+Here is my first stab at it (I am working on a much more detailed, data-driven timeline as a side project):
+
+To understand history — world history in the fullest sense, not just economic history — from this perspective, you need to understand two important points about this evolution of corporations.
+
+The Smithian/Schumpeterian Divide
+
+The first point is that the corporate form was born in the era of Mercantilism, the economic ideology that (zero-sum) control of land is the foundation of all economic power.
+
+In politics, Mercantilism led to balance-of-power models. In business, once the Age of Exploration (the 16th century) opened up the world, it led to mercantilist corporations focused on trade (if land is the source of all economic power, the only way to grow value faster than your land holdings permit, is to trade on advantageous terms).
+
+The forces of radical technological change — the Industrial Revolution — did not seriously kick until after nearly 200 years of corporate evolution (1600-1800) in a mercantilist mold. Mercantilist models of economic growth map to what Joel Mokyr calls Smithian Growth, after Adam Smith. It is worth noting here that Adam Smith published The Growth of Nations in 1776, strongly influenced by his reading of the events surrounding the bursting of the East India Bubble in 1772 and debates in Parliament about its mismanagement.  Smith was both the prophet of doom for the Mercantilist corporation, and the herald of what came to replace it: the Scumpeterian corporation. Mokyr characterizes the growth created by the latter as Schumpeterian growth.
+
+The corporate form therefore spent almost 200 years — nearly half of its life to date — being shaped by Mercantilist thinking, a fundamentally zero-sum way of viewing the world. It is easy to underestimate the impact of this early life since the physical form of modern corporations looks so different. But to the extent that organizational forms represent externalized mental models, codified concepts and structure-following-strategy (as Alfred Chandler eloquently put it), the corporate form contains the inertia of that early formative stage.
+
+In fact, in terms of the two functions that Drucker considered the only essential ones in business, marketing and innovation, the Mercantilist corporation lacked one. The archetypal Mercantilist corporation, the EIC, understood marketing intimately and managed demand and supply with extraordinary accuracy. But it did not innovate.
+
+Innovation was the function grafted onto the corporate form by the possibility of Schumpeterian growth, but it would take nearly an entire additional century for the function to be properly absorbed into corporations. It was not until after the American Civil War and the Gilded Age that businesses fundamentally reorganized around (as we will see) time instead of space, which led, as we will see, to a central role for ideas and therefore the innovation function.
+
+The Black Hills Gold Rush of the 1870s, the focus of the Deadwood saga, was in a way the last hurrah of Mercantilist thinking. William Randolph Hearst, the son of gold mining mogul George Hearst who took over Deadwood in the 1870s, made his name with newspapers. The baton had formally been passed from mercantilists to schumpeterians.
+
+This divide between the two models can be placed at around 1800, the nominal start date of the Industrial Revolution, as the ideas of Renaissance Science met the energy of coal to create a cocktail that would allow corporations to colonize time.
+
+Reach versus Power
+
+The second thing to understand about the evolution of the corporation is that the apogee of power did not coincide with the apogee of reach. In the 1780s, only a small fraction of humanity was employed by corporations, but corporations were shaping the destinies of empires. In the centuries that followed the crash of 1772, the power of the corporation was curtailed significantly, but in terms of sheer reach, they continued to grow, until by around 1980, a significant fraction of humanity was effectively being governed by corporations.
+
+I don’t have numbers for the whole world, but for America, corporations employed less than 20% of the population in 1780, and over 80% in 1980, and have been declining since (I have cited these figures before; they are from Gareth Morgan’s Images of Organization and Dan Pink’s Free Agent Nation). Employment fraction is of course only one of the many dimensions of corporate power (which include economic, material, cultural, human and political forms of power), but this graph provides some sense of the numbers behind the rise and fall of the corporation as an idea.
+
+It is tempting to analyze corporations in terms of some measure of overall power, which I call “reach.” Certainly corporations today seem far more powerful than those of the 1700s, but the point is that the form is much weaker today, even though it has organized more of lives. This is roughly the same as the distinction between fertility of women and population growth: the peak in fertility (a per-capita number) and peak in population growth rates (an aggregate) behave differently.
+
+To make sense of the form, the divide the Smithian and Schumpeterian growth epochs is much more useful than the dynamics of reach. This gives us a useful 3-phase model of the history of the corporation: the Mercantilist/Smithian era from 1600-1800, the Industrial/Schumpeterian era from 1800 – 2000 and finally, the era we are entering, which I will dub the Information/Coasean era. By a happy accident, there is a major economist whose ideas help fingerprint the economic contours of our world: Ronald Coase.
+
+This post is mainly about the two historical phases, and are in a sense a macro-prequel to the ideas I normally write about which are more individual-focused and future-oriented.
+
+I: Smithian Growth and the Mercantilist Economy (1600 – 1800)
+
+The story of the old corporation and the sea
+
+It is difficult for us in 2011, with Walmart and Facebook as examples of corporations that significantly control our lives, to understand the sheer power the East India Company exercised during its heyday. Power that makes even the most out-of-control of today’s corporations seem tame by comparison. To a large extent, the history of the first 200 years of corporate evolution is the history of the East India Company. And despite its name and nation of origin, to think of it as a corporation that helped Britain rule India is to entirely misunderstand the nature of the beast.
+
+Two images hint at its actual globe-straddling, 10x-Walmart influence: the image of the Boston Tea Partiers dumping crates of tea into the sea during the American struggle for independence, and the image of smoky opium dens in China. One image symbolizes the rise of a new empire. The other marks the decline of an old one.
+
+The East India Company supplied both the tea and the opium.
+
+At a broader level, the EIC managed to balance an unbalanced trade equation between Europe and Asia whose solution had eluded even the Roman empire. Massive flows of gold and silver from Europe to Asia via the Silk and Spice routes had been a given in world trade for several thousand years. Asia simply had far more to sell than it wanted to buy. Until the EIC came along
+
+A very rough sketch of how the EIC solved the equation reveals the structure of value-addition in the mercantilist world economy.
+
+The EIC started out by buying textiles from Bengal and tea from China in exchange for gold and silver.
+
+Then it realized it was playing the same sucker game that had trapped and helped bankrupt Rome.
+
+Next, it figured out that it could take control of the opium industry in Bengal, trade opium for tea in China with a significant surplus, and use the money to buy the textiles it needed in Bengal. Guns would be needed.
+
+As a bonus, along with its partners, it participated in yet another clever trade: textiles for slaves along the coast of Africa, who could be sold in America for gold and silver.
+
+For this scheme to work, three foreground things and one background thing had to happen: the corporation had to effectively take over Bengal (and eventually all of India), Hong Kong (and eventually, all of China, indirectly) and England. Robert Clive achieved the first goal by 1757. An employee of the EIC, William Jardine, founded what is today Jardine Matheson, the spinoff corporation most associated with Hong Kong and the historic opium trade. It was, during in its early history, what we would call today a narco-terrorist corporation; the Taliban today are kindergarteners in that game by comparison. And while the corporation never actually took control of the British Crown, it came close several times, by financing the government during its many troubles.
+
+The background development was simpler. England had to take over the oceans and ensure the safe operations of the EIC.
+
+Just how comprehensively did the EIC control the affairs of states? Bengal is an excellent example. In the 1600s and the first half of the 1700s, before the Industrial Revolution, Bengali textiles were the dominant note in the giant sucking sound drawing away European wealth (which was flowing from the mines and farms of the Americas). The European market, once the EIC had shoved the Dutch VOC aside, constantly demanded more and more of an increasing variety of textiles, ignoring the complaining of its own weavers. Initially, the company did no more than battle the Dutch and Portuguese on water, and negotiate agreements to set up trading posts on land. For a while, it played by the rules of the Mughal empire and its intricate system of economic control based on various imperial decrees and permissions. The Mughal system kept the business world firmly subservient to the political class, and ensured a level playing field for all traders. Bengal in the 17th and 18th centuries was a cheerful drama of Turks, Arabs, Armenians, Indians, Chinese and Europeans. Trade in the key commodities, textiles, opium, saltpeter and betel nuts, was carefully managed to keep the empire on top.
+
+But eventually, as the threat from the Dutch was tamed, it became clear that the company actually had more firepower at its disposal than most of the nation-states it was dealing with. The realization led to the first big domino falling, in the corporate colonization of India, at the battle of Plassey. Robert Clive along with Indian co-conspirators managed to take over Bengal, appoint a puppet Nawab, and get himself appointed as the Mughal diwan (finance minister/treasurer) of the province of Bengal, charged with tax collection and economic administration on behalf of the weakened Mughals, who were busy destroying their empire. Even people who are familiar enough with world history to recognize the name Robert Clive rarely understand the extent to which this was the act of a single sociopath within a dangerously unregulated corporation, rather than the country it was nominally subservient to (England).
+
+This history doesn’t really stand out in sharp relief until you contrast it with the behavior of modern corporations. Today, we listen with shock to rumors about the backroom influence of corporations like Halliburton or BP, and politicians being in bed with the business leaders in the Too-Big-to-Fail companies they are supposed to regulate.
+
+The EIC was the original too-big-to-fail corporation. The EIC was the beneficiary of the original Big Bailout. Before there was TARP, there was the Tea Act of 1773 and the Pitt India Act of 1783. The former was a failed attempt to rein in the EIC, which cost Britain the American Colonies.  The latter created the British Raj as Britain doubled down in the east to recover from its losses in the west. An invisible thread connects the histories of India and America at this point. Lord Cornwallis, the loser at the Siege of Yorktown in 1781 during the revolutionary war, became the second Governor General of India in 1786.
+
+But these events were set in motion over 30 years earlier, in the 1750s. There was no need for backroom subterfuge.  It was all out in the open because the corporation was such a new beast, nobody really understood the dangers it represented. The EIC maintained an army. Its merchant ships often carried vastly more firepower than the naval ships of lesser nations. Its officers were not only not prevented from making money on the side, private trade was actually a perk of employment (it was exactly this perk that allowed William Jardine to start a rival business that took over the China trade in the EIC’s old age).  And finally — the cherry on the sundae — there was nothing preventing its officers like Clive from simultaneously holding political appointments that legitimized conflicts of interest. If you thought it was bad enough that Dick Cheney used to work for Halliburton before he took office, imagine if he’d worked there while in office, with legitimate authority to use his government power to favor his corporate employer and make as much money on the side as he wanted, and call in the Army and Navy to enforce his will. That picture gives you an idea of the position Robert Clive found himself in, in 1757.
+
+He made out like a bandit. A full 150 years before American corporate barons earned the appellation “robber.”
+
+In the aftermath of Plassey, in his dual position of Mughal diwan of Bengal and representative of the EIC with permission to make money for himself and the company, and the armed power to enforce his will, Clive did exactly what you’d expect an unprincipled and enterprising adventurer to do. He killed the golden goose. He squeezed the Bengal textile industry dry for profits, destroying its sustainability. A bubble in London and a famine in Bengal later, the industry collapsed under the pressure (Bengali economist Amartya Sen would make his bones and win the Nobel two centuries later, studying such famines). With industrialization and machine-made textiles taking over in a few decades, the economy had been destroyed. But by that time the EIC had already moved on to the next opportunities for predatory trade: opium and tea.
+
+The East India bubble was a turning point. Thanks to a rare moment of the Crown being more powerful than the company during the bust, the bailout and regulation that came in the aftermath of the bubble fundamentally altered the structure of the EIC and the power relations between it and the state. Over the next 70 years, political, military and economic power were gradually separated and modern checks and balances against corporate excess came into being.
+
+The whole intricate story of the corporate takeover of Bengal is told in detail in Robins’ book. The Battle of Plassey is actually almost irrelevant; most of the action was in the intrigue that led up to it, and followed. Even if you have some familiarity with Indian and British history during that period, chances are you’ve never drilled down into the intricate details. It has all the elements of a great movie: there is deceit, forgery of contracts, licensing frauds, murder, double-crossing, arm-twisting and everything else you could hope for in a juicy business story.
+
+As an enabling mechanism, Britain had to rule the seas, comprehensively shut out the Dutch, keep France, the Habsburgs, the Ottomans (and later Russia) occupied on land, and have enough firepower left over to protect the EIC’s operations when the EIC’s own guns did not suffice. It is not too much of a stretch to say that for at least a century and a half, England’s foreign policy was a dance in Europe in service of the EIC’s needs on the oceans. That story, with much of the action in Europe, but most of the important consequences in America and Asia, is told in Mahan’s book. (Though boats were likely invented before the wheel, surprisingly, the huge influence of sea power upon history was not generally recognized until Mahan wrote his classic. The book is deep and dense. It’s worth reading just for the story of how Rome defeated Carthage through invisible negative-space non-action on the seas by the Roman Navy. I won’t dive into the details here, except to note that Mahan’s book is the essential lens you need to understand the peculiar military conditions in the 17th and 18th centuries that made the birth of the corporation possible.)
+
+To read both books is to experience a process of enlightenment. An illegible period of world history suddenly becomes legible.  The broad sweep of world history between 1500-1800 makes no real sense (between approximately the decline of Islam and the rise of the British Empire) except through the story of the EIC and corporate mercantilism in general.
+
+The short version is as follows.
+
+Constantinople fell to the Ottomans in 1453 and the last Muslim ruler was thrown out of Spain in 1492, the year Columbus sailed the ocean blue. Vasco de Gama found a sea route to India in 1498. The three events together caused a defensive consolidation of Islam under the later Ottomans, and an economic undermining of the Islamic world (a process that would directly lead to the radicalization of Islam under the influence of religious leaders like Abd-al Wahhab (1703-1792)).
+
+The 16th century makes a vague sort of sense as the “Age of Exploration,” but it really makes a lot more sense as the startup/first-mover/early-adopter phase of the corporate mercantilism. The period was dominated by the daring pioneer spirit of Spain and Portugal, which together served as the Silicon Valley of Mercantilism. But the maritime business operations of Spain and Portugal turned out to be the MySpace and Friendster of Mercantilism: pioneers who could not capitalize on their early lead.
+
+Conventionally, it is understood that the British and the Dutch were the ones who truly took over. But in reality, it was two corporations that took over: the EIC and the VOC (the Dutch East India Company,  Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, founded one year after the EIC) the Facebook and LinkedIn of Mercantile economics respectively. Both were fundamentally more independent of the nation states that had given birth to them than any business entities in history. The EIC more so than the VOC.  Both eventually became complex multi-national beasts.
+
+A lot of other stuff happened between 1600 – 1800. The names from world history are familiar ones: Elizabeth I, Louis XIV, Akbar, the Qing emperors (the dynasty is better known than individual emperors) and the American Founding Fathers. The events that come to mind are political ones: the founding of America, the English Civil War, the rise of the Ottomans and Mughals.
+
+The important names in the history of the EIC are less well-known: Josiah Child, Robert Clive, Warren Hastings. The events, like Plassey, seem like sideshows on the margins of land-based empires.
+
+The British Empire lives on in memories, museums and grand monuments in two countries. Company Raj is largely forgotten. The Leadenhall docks in London, the heart of the action, have disappeared today under new construction.
+
+But arguably, the doings of the EIC and VOC on the water were more important than the pageantry on land.  Today the invisible web of container shipping serves as the bloodstream of the world. Its foundations were laid by the EIC.
+
+For nearly two centuries they ruled unchallenged, until finally the nations woke up to their corporate enemies on the water. With the reining in and gradual decline of the EIC between 1780 and 1857, the war between the next generation of corporations and nations moved to a new domain: the world of time.
+
+The last phase of Mercantilism eventually came to an end by the 1850s, as events ranging from the first war of Independence in India (known in Britain as the Sepoy Mutiny), the first Opium War and Perry prying Japan open signaled the end of the Mercantilist corporation worldwide. The EIC wound up its operations in 1876. But the Mercantilist corporation died many decades before that as an idea. A new idea began to take its place in the early 19th century: the Schumpeterian corporation that controlled, not trade routes, but time. It added the second of the two essential Druckerian functions to the corporation: innovation.
+
+II. Schumpeterian Growth and the Industrial Economy (1800 – 2000)
+
+The colonization of time and the apparently endless frontier
+
+To understand what changed in 1800, consider this extremely misleading table about GDP shares of different countries, between 1600-1870. There are many roughly similar versions floating around in globalization debates, and the numbers are usually used gleefully to shock people who have no sense of history.  I call this the “most misleading table in the world.”
+
+Chinese and Indian jingoists in particular, are prone to misreading this table as evidence that colonization “stole” wealth from Asia (the collapse of GDP share for China and India actually went much further, into the low single digits, in the 20th century). The claim of GDP theft is true if you use a zero-sum Mercantilist frame of reference (and it is true in a different sense of “steal” that this table does not show).
+
+But the Mercantilist model was already sharply declining by 1800.
+
+Something else was happening, and Fareed Zakaria, as far as I know, is the only major commentator to read this sort of table correctly, in The Post-American World. He notes that what matters is not absolute totals, but per-capita productivity.
+
+We get a much clearer picture of the real standing of countries if we consider economic growth and GDP per capita. Western Europe GDP per capita was higher than that of both China and India by 1500; by 1600 it was 50% higher than China’s. From there, the gap kept growing. Between 1350 and 1950 — six hundred years — GDP per capita remained roughly constant in India and China (hovering around $600 for China and $550 for India). In the same period, Western European GDP per capita went from $662 to $4,594, a 594 percent increase.
+
+Sure, corporations and nations may have been running on Mercantilist logic, but the undercurrent of Schumpeterian growth was taking off in Europe as early as 1500 in the less organized sectors like agriculture. It was only formally recognized and tamed in the early 1800s, but the technology genie had escaped.
+
+The action shifted to two huge wildcards in world affairs of the 1800s: the newly-born nation of America and the awakening giant in the east, Russia. Per capita productivity is about efficient use of human time. But time, unlike space, is not a collective and objective dimension of human experience. It is a private and subjective one. Two people cannot own the same piece of land, but they can own the same piece of time.  To own space, you control it by force of arms. To own time is to own attention. To own attention, it must first be freed up, one individual stream of consciousness at a time.
+
+The Schumpeterian corporation was about colonizing individual minds. Ideas powered by essentially limitless fossil-fuel energy allowed it to actually pull it off.
+
+By the mid 1800s, as the EIC and its peers declined, the battle seemingly shifted back to land, especially in the run-up to and aftermath of, the American Civil War. I haven’t made complete sense of the Russian half of the story, but that peaked later and ultimately proved less important than the American half, so it is probably reaosonably safe to treat the story of Schumpeterian growth as an essentially American story.
+
+If the EIC was the archetype of the Mercantilist era, the Pennsylvania Railroad company was probably the best archetype for the Schumpeterian corporation. Modern corporate management as well Soviet forms of statist governance can be traced back to it. In many ways the railroads solved a vastly speeded up version of the problem solved by the EIC: complex coordination across a large area.  Unlike the EIC though, the railroads were built around the telegraph, rather than postal mail, as the communication system. The difference was like the difference between the nervous systems of invertebrates and vertebrates.
+
+If the ship sailing the Indian Ocean ferrying tea, textiles, opium and spices was the star of the mercantilist era, the steam engine and steamboat opening up America were the stars of the Schumpeterian era. Almost everybody misunderstood what was happening. Traveling up and down the Mississippi, the steamboat seemed to be opening up the American interior. Traveling across the breadth of America, the railroad seemed to be opening up the wealth of the West, and the great possibilities of the Pacific Ocean.
+
+Those were side effects. The primary effect of steam was not that it helped colonize a new land, but that it started the colonization of time. First, social time was colonized. The anarchy of time zones across the vast expanse of America was first tamed by the railroads for the narrow purpose of maintaining train schedules, but ultimately, the tools that served to coordinate train schedules: the mechanical clock and time zones, served to colonize human minds.  An exhibit I saw recently at the Union Pacific Railroad Museum in Omaha clearly illustrates this crucial fragment of history:
+
+The steam engine was a fundamentally different beast than the sailing ship. For all its sophistication, the technology of sail was mostly a very-refined craft, not an engineering discipline based on science. You can trace a relatively continuous line of development, with relatively few new scientific or mathematical ideas, from early Roman galleys, Arab dhows and Chinese junks, all the way to the amazing Tea Clippers of the mid 19th century (Mokyr sketches out the story well, as does Mahan, in more detail).
+
+Steam power though was a scientific and engineering invention. Sailing ships were the crowning achievements of the age of craft guilds. Steam engines created, and were created by engineers, marketers and business owners working together with (significantly disempowered) craftsmen in genuinely industrial modes of production. Scientific principles about gases, heat, thermodynamics and energy applied to practical ends, resulting in new artifacts. The disempowerment of craftsmen would continue through the Schumpeterian age, until Fredrick Taylor found ways to completely strip mine all craft out of the minds of craftsmen, and put it into machines and the minds of managers. It sounds awful when I put it that way, and it was, in human terms, but there is no denying that the process was mostly inevitable and that the result was vastly better products.
+
+The Schumpeterian corporation did to business what the doctrine of Blitzkreig would do to warfare in 1939: move humans at the speed of technology instead of moving technology at the speed of humans. Steam power used the coal trust fund (and later, oil) to fundamentally speed up human events and decouple them from the constraints of limited forms of energy such as the wind or human muscles. Blitzkreig allowed armies to roar ahead at 30-40 miles per hour instead of marching at 5 miles per hour. Blitzeconomics allowed the global economy to roar ahead at 8% annual growth rates instead of the theoretical 0% average across the world for Mercantilist zero-sum economics. “Progress” had begun.
+
+The equation was simple: energy and ideas turned into products and services could be used to buy time. Specifically, energy and ideas could be used to shrink autonomously-owned individual time and grow a space of corporate-owned time, to be divided between production and consumption. Two phrases were invented to name the phenomenon: productivity meant shrinking autonomously-owned time. Increased standard of living through time-saving devices became code for the fact that the “freed up” time through “labor saving” devices was actually the de facto property of corporations. It was a Faustian bargain.
+
+Many people misunderstood the fundamental nature of Schumpeterian growth as being fueled by ideas rather than time. Ideas fueled by energy can free up time which can then partly be used to create more ideas to free up more time. It is a positive feedback cycle,  but with a limit. The fundamental scarce resource is time. There is only one Earth worth of space to colonize. Only one fossil-fuel store of energy to dig out. Only 24 hours per person per day to turn into capitive attention.
+
+Among the people who got it wrong was my favorite visionary, Vannevar Bush, who talked of science: the endless frontier. To believe that there is an arguably limitless supply of valuable ideas waiting to be discovered is one thing. To argue that they constitute a limitless reserve of value for Schumpeterian growth to deliver is to misunderstand how ideas work: they are only valuable if attention is efficiently directed to the right places to discover them and energy is used to turn them into businesses, and Arthur-Clarke magic.
+
+It is fairly obvious that Schumpeterian growth has been fueled so far by reserves fossil fuels. It is less obvious that it is also fueled by reserves of collectively-managed attention.
+
+For two centuries, we burned coal and oil without a thought. Then suddenly, around 1980, Peak Oil seemed to loom menacingly closer.
+
+For the same two centuries it seemed like time/attention reserves could be endlessly mined. New pockets of attention could always be discovered, colonized and turned into wealth.
+
+Then the Internet happened, and we discovered the ability to mine time as fast as it could be discovered in hidden pockets of attention. And we discovered limits.
+
+And suddenly a new peak started to loom: Peak Attention.
+
+III. Coasean Growth and the Information Economy
+
+Peak Attention and Alternative Attention Sources
+
+I am not sure who first came up with the term Peak Attention, but the analogy to Peak Oil is surprisingly precise. It has its critics, but I think the model is basically correct.
+
+Peak Oil refers to a graph of oil production with a maximum called Humboldt’s peak, that represents peak oil production. The theory behind it is that new oil reserves become harder to find over time, are smaller in size, and harder to mine. You have to look harder and work harder for every new gallon, new wells run dry faster than old ones, and the frequency of discovery goes down. You have to drill more.
+
+There is certainly plenty of energy all around (the Sun and the wind, to name two sources), but oil represents a particularly high-value kind.
+
+Attention behaves the same way. Take an average housewife, the target of much time mining early in the 20th century. It was clear where her attention was directed. Laundry, cooking, walking to the well for water, cleaning, were all obvious attention sinks. Washing machines, kitchen appliances, plumbing and vacuum cleaners helped free up a lot of that attention, which was then immediately directed (as corporate-captive attention) to magazines and television.
+
+But as you find and capture most of the wild attention, new pockets of attention become harder to find. Worse, you now have to cannibalize your own previous uses of captive attention. Time for TV must be stolen from magazines and newspapers. Time for specialized entertainment must be stolen from time devoted to generalized entertainment.
+
+Sure, there is an equivalent to the Sun in the picture. Just ask anyone who has tried mindfulness meditation, and you’ll understand why the limits to attention (and therefore the value of time) are far further out than we think.
+
+The point isn’t that we are running out of attention. We are running out of the equivalent of oil: high-energy-concentration pockets of easily mined fuel.
+
+The result is a spectacular kind of bubble-and-bust.
+
+Each new pocket of attention is harder to find: maybe your product needs to steal attention from that one TV obscure show watched by just 3% of the population between 11:30 and 12:30 AM. The next displacement will fragment the attention even more. When found, each new pocket is less valuable. There is a lot more money to be made in replacing hand-washing time with washing-machine plus magazine time, than there is to be found in replacing one hour of TV with a different hour of TV.
+
+What’s more, due to the increasingly frantic zero-sum competition over attention, each new “well” of attention runs out sooner. We know this idea as shorter product lifespans.
+
+So one effect of Peak Attention is that every human mind has been mined to capacity using attention-oil drilling technologies. To get to Clay Shirky’s hypothetical notion of cognitive surplus, we need Alternative Attention sources.
+
+To put it in terms of per-capita productivity gains, we hit a plateau.
+
+We can now connect the dots to Zakaria’s reading of global GDP trends, and explain why the action is shifting back to Asia, after being dominated by Europe for 600 years.
+
+Europe may have increased per capita productivity 594% in 600 years, while China and India stayed where they were, but Europe has been slowing down and Asia has been catching up been catching up. When Asia hits Peak Attention (America is already past it, I believe), absolute size, rather than big productivity differentials, will again define the game, and the center of gravity of economic activity will shift to Asia.
+
+If you think that’s a long way off, you are probably thinking in terms of living standards rather than attention and energy. In those terms, sure, China and India have a long way to go before catching up with even Southeast Asia. But standard of living is the wrong variable. It is a derived variable, a function of available energy and attention supply. China and India will never catch up (though Western standards of living will decline), but Peak Attention will hit both countries nevertheless. Within the next 10 years or so.
+
+What happens as the action shifts? Kaplan’s Monsoon frames the future in possibly the most effective way. Once again, it is the oceans, rather than land, that will become the theater for the next act of the human drama. While American lifestyle designers are fleeing to Bali, much bigger things are afoot in the region.
+
+And when that shift happens, the Schumpeterian corporation, the oil rig of human attention, will start to decline at an accelerating rate. Lifestyle businesses and other oddball contraptions — the solar panels and wind farms of attention economics — will start to take over.
+
+It will be the dawn of the age of Coasean growth.
+
+Adam Smith’s fundamental ideas helped explain the mechanics of Mercantile economics and the colonization of space.
+
+Joseph Schumpeter’s ides helped extend Smith’s ideas to cover Industrial economics and the colonization of time.
+
+Ronald Coase turned 100 in 2010. He is best known for his work on transaction costs, social costs and the nature of the firm. Where most classical economists have nothing much to say about the corporate form, for Coase, it has been the main focus of his life.
+
+Without realizing it, the hundreds of entrepreneurs, startup-studios and incubators, 4-hour-work-weekers and lifestyle designers around the world, experimenting with novel business structures and the attention mining technologies of social media, are collectively triggering the age of Coasean growth.
+
+Coasean growth is not measured in terms of national GDP growth. That’s a Smithian/Mercantilist measure of growth.
+
+It is also not measured in terms of 8% returns on the global stock market.  That is a Schumpeterian growth measure. For that model of growth to continue would be a case of civilizational cancer (“growth for the sake of growth is the ideology of the cancer cell” as Edward Abbey put it).
+
+Coasean growth is fundamentally not measured in aggregate terms at all. It is measured in individual terms. An individual’s income and productivity may both actually decline, with net growth in a Coasean sense.
+
+How do we measure Coasean growth? I have no idea. I am open to suggestions. All I know is that the metric will need to be hyper-personalized and relative to individuals rather than countries, corporations or the global economy. There will be a meaningful notion of Venkat’s rate of Coasean growth, but no equivalent for larger entities.
+
+The fundamental scarce resource that Coasean growth discovers and colonizes is neither space, nor time. It is perspective.
+
+The bad news: it too is a scarce resource that can be mined to a Peak Perspective situation.
+
+The good news: you will likely need to colonize your own unclaimed perspective territory. No collectivist business machinery will really be able to mine it out of you.
+
+Those are stories for another day. Stay tuned.
+
+Note #1: This post weighs in at over 7000 words and is a new record for me.
+
+Note #2: I hope those of you have read Tempo got about 34.2% more value out of this post.
+
+Note #3: Yeah, I am opening up a new blogging battlefront, after nearly two years of pussyfooting around geopolitics and globalization via things like container shipping and garbage. Frankly, I’ve been meaning to for a while, but simply wasn’t ready.

Zim/Misc/Hacker_of_China.txt

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+Content-Type: text/x-zim-wiki
+Wiki-Format: zim 0.4
+Creation-Date: 2011-03-27T21:12:11+08:00
+
+====== Hacker of China ======
+Created Sunday 27 March 2011
+cnhacker.org
+
+2010新编中国顶级黑客圈内人物资料
+作者: sz 日期: 2011 年 02 月 15 日 发表评论 (0) 查看评论
+
+首先最主要注明的是：排名不分先后
+
+本名单第一部分罗列的黑客都是真正拥有技术和才能者。并非大多数人平时在电视中所看到的那些盗号或入侵网站的“黑客”，电视里报道的那些人只是黑客界最底层的人。例如熊猫烧香的作者，其实技术并不高，在黑客圈中大多数人都只是把这个病毒当作一个玩具。而技术含量高超的病毒都是类似于29A发布的那种。
+
+本文作者自我介绍。毕业于哈尔滨工业大学，2001年出道黑客圈，曾在国内多个黑客论坛潜水多年。参加过2004年国内顶级黑客大会XCON（安全焦点峰会）（PS:扯淡）。2003年就职过国际顶级搜索引擎公司GOOGLE，后因个人原因离职。在黑客界有一定人缘基础。所以本文有一定权威性。至于我是谁，避免被人追杀还是不明说了。下面开始正文：
+
+第一部分列举老牌黑客。中国黑客界早期技术很牛的人。都是真正的高手。现在大部分技术还是不减当年，数一数二，是普通人望尘莫及的。 一部分已经做了老板或者管理。另一部分是技术精英或就职于国家**机关，军*，等部门。这个圈子很多人都逃不脱这些部门，而第一部分介绍的人，可能不在这些机构工作，但估计大部分都在军政有一些关系和背景。
+
+在下面这些人中很多人手握众多危害极大的未公开漏洞。就是圈内所称的0day。这类危害极大的0day一般在黑市上可以卖的数十万人民币。
+
+本文原始发布地址: https://docs.google.com/leaf?id=1rO9CxzojOO0Qho-VOIUpGjwfZhAqcuRWnVXAbluCk4I&sort=name&layout=list&num=50
+
+一切内容以上面博客原文为准
+
+注：以下列举的黑客当然只是一部分，其实还有很多的前辈级黑客。只不过现在基本都告别技术行业了。下面的人物中大部分还在相关领域活动，所以优先列出了。
+
+sunwear
+
+QQ:47347
+
+微博: http://t.qq.com/sunwe4r
+
+博客:http://hi.baidu.com/patricksunwear 好像不用了
+
+日娃哥。EST核心成员。圈内皆知他手握很多未公开漏洞。渗透入侵和漏洞方面的高手，曾是编程内核牛人。曾经入侵过世界顶级黑客组织Metasploit，剑桥大学等众多高端机构。几年前的世界最顶级两大黑客大会defcon和blackhat都对他有过报道。PS：前不久有两位SB女士诽谤日娃骗了1000块再次帮忙澄清。1000块对于这类高手几分钟就能赚来。
+
+axis
+
+QQ:32750912
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/aullik5
+
+博客:http://hi.baidu.com/aullik5
+
+刺哥，大风哥。身材瘦弱。是中国黑客圈内纯技术黑客组织幻影旅团创始人。中国顶级黑客之一。目前好像就职于淘宝公司网络安全部门。也是手握很多未公开漏洞的人。很多影响力很大的0day都是出自幻影旅团。WebZine的发起人。并且发展过WIKI的系统。还曾远赴美国参加世界顶级黑客大会blackhat。前不久向MM求婚，基本动用了中国互联网所有的大企业，安全企业。证明此人的人缘非常广泛，再次表示祝福。
+
+dm
+
+QQ:不详
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/zoeluk
+
+博客:http://hi.baidu.com/int3
+
+国内顶级地下黑客组织0×557核心成员。是漏洞挖掘，利用方面的高手。不用说，手里的漏洞也是多的可以批发了。目前就职于世界著名反病毒杀毒软件公司麦咖啡(刚刚被intel收购)。现在还写起了iphone,ipad下的安全软件。看来是个全能选手。
+
+flashsky
+
+QQ:38062 & 16202253
+
+博客:http://hi.baidu.com/fs_fx
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/flash-sky
+
+方兴。闪空哥。国内著名黑客组织安全焦点核心成员。2003年WINDOWS历史上最严重安全漏洞细节全球首发者,数百个高危级安全漏洞发现者,历任启明星辰,美国EEYE,美国微软特聘安全专家,美国微软BLUEHAT第一个中国演讲者,安全焦点成员,南京翰海源信息技术有限公司创始人和CEO。对漏洞方面的研究是相当高深的。预祝公司发展顺利。
+
+tombkeeper
+
+QQ:644909
+
+博客:http://hi.baidu.com/tombkeeper
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/tombkeeper
+
+于某。传说中的tk教主。国内著名黑客组织安全焦点核心成员。就职于绿盟科技，俗称妇科圣手。对windows操作系统以及漏洞等方面的研究可以说是非常精通。而在安全焦点论坛，最近几年一直被人奉为TK教主。对于其他领域的科学也有着独到的见解。文笔思想也是很独特的。
+
+glacier
+
+QQ:1973435
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/glacier
+
+黄鑫。冰河哥。黄总。同为国内著名的黑客组织安全焦点核心成员。深圳大成天下的创始人之一。是中国最早的远程控制木马”冰河”的作者，也是著名安全扫描工具”x-scan”的作者。黑客编程方面的高手，对于网络协议，加密安全以及软件工程有很深的了解。女黑客wollf的老公。一个风趣幽默的人。从微博上就可以看出来了。已经当父亲了，当然孩子不是木马，是一个帅哥。再此祝福一下。
+
+swan
+
+QQ:不详
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/Swan557
+
+0×557(SST)核心成员，对于linux,windows操作系统上的漏洞可谓了如指掌。
+
+goodwell
+
+QQ:19558287
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/goodwell
+
+龚蔚。安致信息技术有限公司。中国早起黑客组织绿色兵团创始人，是传说中的中国黑客教父。曾经接受过中央电视台的参访。是以为资深的魔兽世界玩家。
+
+xundi
+
+QQ:518860
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/idnuxzhang
+
+张迅迪。国内早期的著名黑客组织安全焦点创始人。具体就不过多介绍了，因为不熟悉，哈哈。
+
+lion
+
+QQ:21509
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/coollion
+
+林勇。中国红客联盟创始人。跟大多网民在网上所了解到的中国红客大联盟不同。这个才是真正的中国红客联盟。至于所谓的sharpwinner，我只能用一句文明用语敏感词来形容“SB”“草泥马”。现在对于技术不如当年，而且已经远离技术告别当初了。
+
+isno
+
+QQ:1070681
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/isnoblah
+
+安全焦点核心成员之一。目前就职于北京中航嘉信公司。曾经写过很多漏洞溢出方面的分析利用文章（WEBDAV,IDQ,IDA等）。exploit也写过很多。现在较为低调。
+
+天行
+
+QQ:911189
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/tian_xing 好像不怎么用
+
+中国第一代黑客之一。在1999年曾经与发动对国外网站的攻击。网络刺客,网络卫兵是其代表作品。而他对溢出和漏洞利用也颇有研究，例如RPC漏洞利用程序。以及他写的后门都很好。
+
+quack
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/wulujia
+
+吴鲁佳。深圳达成天下创始人。与中国木马之父黄鑫关系很好。安全焦点早期活跃之人，ID：quack。
+
+icbm
+
+QQ:不详
+
+http://t.qq.com/icbmx2 基本不用
+
+赵伟。知道创宇创始人之一。曾经就职于国内著名信息安全公司启明星辰积极防御实验室。对各操作系统以及第三方软件的漏洞有很深的了解，手下的未公开漏洞很多。包括基于web方面的一些独特漏洞。
+
+sowhat
+
+QQ:不详
+
+http://t.qq.com/secsecsec
+
+薛峰。就职于某保密单位。曾赴美国参加过国际顶级黑客大会blackhat。手握很多未公开漏洞。好像今年中国顶级黑客盛会xcon上还抽奖中了一台PS3。
+
+vxk
+
+QQ:86879759
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/cvcvxk
+
+几年前活跃于国内著名病毒论坛CVC。是国内知名的病毒专家。对操作系统内核以及编程，逆向，破解非常精通。可谓程序全能专家。
+
+refdom
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/refdom
+
+安全焦点核心成员之一。曾经是中国红客联盟的一员。
+
+watercloud
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/watercloud
+
+知道创宇公司创始人之一。与icbm关系甚好。安全焦点核心成员之一。对漏洞，加密解密等方面有者多年的研究经验，网络安全趋势与发展有着独到的见解。最主要的还是对漏洞，0day方面，手握0day数量也很客观。
+
+alert7
+
+QQ:415451
+
+博客:http://hi.baidu.com/weiwang_blog
+
+安全焦点核心成员之一。曾经就职与著名杀毒软件MCAFEE。目前就职于南京翰海源(Flashsky的公司)。对linux 方面的研究经验长达10年以上。对于linux等开源系统漏洞溢出分析利用了如指掌。
+
+袁哥
+
+博客:http://hi.baidu.com/yuange1975
+
+传说中的袁哥。没错，中国所有圈内顶级黑客无不佩服的人。就只与绿盟科技。袁哥在数学，编程，漏洞等诸多方面的造诣是无人可以比拟的。很多漏洞要早其它人数年之久就已经发现并且完美利用了。堪称漏洞方面的其人。黑客界的顶级高手。
+
+sunx
+
+QQ:239670
+
+孙华。国内非常著名的黑客编程高手，对漏洞溢出与利用和有研究，写过EXPLOIT。例如IDA漏洞和printer。在9X年代用汇编写过病毒。并且还编写过操作系统后门程序。
+
+funnywei
+
+QQ:25044885
+
+魏强。F博士。安全焦点核心成员之一。漏洞挖掘，漏洞利用方面的高手，在历届国内顶级黑客盛会XCON上都能见到他的身影。据传就职于中国人民解放军XXX部。为中国人民解放军提供很多未公开漏洞。
+
+小榕
+
+中国早期著名黑客软件“流光”“逆雪”“乱刀”“黑客字典生成器”“ARPSNIFFER”“命令行注入工具”等黑客软件作者。目前对于漏洞方面等技术不如以上几人。不过对于中国黑客界的贡献还是不可小觑的。
+
+xikug
+
+QQ:53564797
+
+国内著名内核，漏洞，程序研究站debugman的站长。逆向，破解，加密，解密，内核等方面的高人。
+
+baoz
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/perlish
+
+方勇。包子。fatb。多年前就活跃于中国黑客界。活跃程度和人缘还是不错的。目前就职与迅雷公司。有大牛曾说是个带眼镜的胖子。为人厚道，皮肤较黑。
+
+wzt
+
+QQ:71579912
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/wztjlh
+
+曾经的中国红客联盟核心成员。对于linux内核，以及linux漏洞方面颇有研究。可惜好像在公司很不得志。
+
+czy
+
+QQ:484323
+
+四川的一个著名黑客，比较低调，但地下交流圈子中交流频繁。手握很多0day的高手。
+
+zzzevazzz
+
+QQ:49322630
+
+博客:http://zzzevazzz.bokee.com/
+
+国内著名黑客组织幻影旅团核心成员。早期混迹于灰色轨迹。曾经著名的do all in cmdshell 作者。曾经在安全焦点普及ntsd知识，红极一时。对于windows内核以及漏洞方面有着深入的了解和经验。曾经写过很多有利于大众的文章，分享过很多宝贵的经验。
+
+vessial
+
+QQ:不详
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/vessial
+
+同dm一样就职于国际顶级杀毒软件安全厂商麦咖啡公司。也是一位对于漏洞等方面有诸多经验的高手。
+
+bkbll
+
+qq:78384349
+
+dumplogon。BK哥。中国红客联盟核心成员之一。2001年中美黑客大战时期技术还是初级的，但也算早期了。后来对溢出，漏洞以及逆向分析方面颇有研究，技术不错。是lion的好朋友。
+
+killer
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/dongzhiqiang
+
+博客:http://hi.baidu.com/killer
+
+董志强。安全焦点核心成员之一。曾经就只与启明星辰公司。对于病毒与防病毒，逆向工程与破解等方面有多年的研究经验。目前为著名安全产品超级巡警的BOSS。
+
+coolq
+
+qq:49462335
+
+就职于绿盟科技的linux方面高手。在绿盟期刊上曾发有著作。对于开源系统有着多年的应用开发经验。linux,unix,bsd内核方面以及漏洞挖掘，利用方面也有着多年的经验。
+
+pjf
+
+qq:85863144
+
+博客:http://pjf.blogcn.com/
+
+国内著名antirootkit工具icesword的作者。是内核方面的专家。国内著名安全软件公司奇虎360公司的核心开发人员。
+
+lcx
+
+海洋顶端网站长，是国内渗透入侵方面的高手，有着多年的入侵经验。是中国网马教父之一。安全手册的顾问。著名的lcx内网端口映射工具也是在圈内无人不晓的。
+
+村长
+
+QQ:6021240
+
+国内顶级黑客组织0×557(SST)创始人。是国内著名信息安全公司启明星辰积极防御实验室的BOSS。对windows,linux非常了解，拥有多年的漏洞挖掘，利用的经验。是圈内著名的0day批发户。
+
+casper
+
+QQ:843525
+
+华永兴安BOSS。国内顶级黑客大会xcon的主办方，也是安全焦点创始人之一。中国黑客界的老前辈。目前已经脱离技术领域，向老板发展了。一般情况下这样的人也不会缺少传说中的0day。
+
+e4gle
+
+QQ:1949479
+
+国内著名黑客组织WSS核心成员。老一代的黑客。对linux,unix下的溢出漏洞分析以及利用有着多年的研究经验，并且对病毒也很了解。
+
+——————–华丽的分割线——————————————华丽的分割线———————-
+
+下面将列举一些新生力量，虽然是新生，但起码都是3-6年前左右就开始活跃的人，所以还算是中生代黑客。
+
+mj0011
+
+QQ:保密，避免骂他的人太多。
+
+博客:http://hi.baidu.com/mj0011
+
+就职于国内著名安全公司奇虎360。为核心工程师。圈内敌人无数，只因口无遮拦，相貌丑陋等缺点所导致。对瑞星，金山等公司曾经常出言讽刺，另外连国际顶级安全厂商赛门铁克也不放过。可谓毒舌娘子，连我也被骂过好几次。话说回来，对于编程，内核，木马，远控方面的技术还是不可否定的。相对来说有技术有经验。是不可多得的2子。
+
+baiyuanfan
+
+QQ:51449276
+
+曾经著名的后门程序BYSHELL的作者。曾经在某界安全焦点峰会上有过演讲议题，技术还是不错的，后来听说被抓过。
+
+zwell
+
+QQ:27592430
+
+网站:http://www.nosec.org
+
+白远方。曾经NB联盟核心成员。现在为诺塞科技的老大。诺塞科技的产品现在也广为圈内所知，例如穿山甲，JSKY等工具。对编程和注入WEB方面的东西也是很精通的。
+
+sudami
+
+qq:527463097
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/sudami
+
+博客:http://hi.baidu.com/sudami
+
+目前就职于国内著名杀毒软件安全软件厂商奇虎360公司。是后起的windows编程，内核之秀。对渗透攻击，入侵方面技术基本为零。曾在邪恶八进制，DEBUGMAN等论坛发表过多篇原创文章。对技术很有追求，进步很快的一个牛人。再次予以鼓励和表扬。经常与我扯淡。
+
+oldjun
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/seuhacker
+
+博客:http://www.oldjun.com/
+
+QQ:34680304
+
+t00ls核心成员。asp,php等WEB脚本方面的高手，对于渗透入侵，WEB渗透相当精通。
+
+9xiao
+
+博客:http://hi.baidu.com/9xiao & www.9xiao.net
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/deioncube
+
+t00ls核心成员，原火狐联盟的人。
+
+anon
+
+QQ:13335589
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/air-storm
+
+t00ls核心成员。无线安全方面的高手。在无线网络安方面有其独特的技术思想和经验。
+
+云舒
+
+QQ:21287305
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/yunshuy
+
+是幻影旅团的核心成员之一，目前同axis一同就职于淘宝公司。其实也算的上是一位比较有资历的老人了。应该位列在上面。写过synflood方面代码。
+
+明小子
+
+QQ:830540
+
+网站:http://www.hackdiy.com/
+
+黑客动画吧的人。著名的明小子旁注工具domain的作者。相比很多菜鸟都以及享受过这个工具的实惠了。其实技术只能说是一般。不过入行也不久了。注入脚本以及简易的编程还是不错的。工具依然有些不足和BUG。
+
+鬼仔
+
+QQ:359421
+
+博客:http://huaidan.org
+
+目前就职于新浪公司。WEB应用安全方面的高手。
+
+lake2
+
+QQ:http://t.qq.com/mrhupo
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/mrhupo
+
+脚本，数据库，渗透方面的高手。目前就职于腾讯QQ公司。
+
+neeao
+
+QQ:35789112
+
+WEB应用安全及脚本方面的高手。
+
+u#0h4x0r
+
+博客:http://www.noahacker.com/
+
+QQ:645041992
+
+对JAVA有一定了解，对渗透也有一些研究。入侵过不少无辜网站。
+
+hmily
+
+qq:68857640
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/Hmily_LCG
+
+博客:http://hi.baidu.com/52hmily
+
+吾爱破解的BOSS。是程序破解，软件破解，加密解密，逆向工程方面的高手。破解过很多大家常用的工具，如穿山甲。
+
+xi4oyu
+
+博客:http://www.pentestday.com/ & http://hi.baidu.com/xi4oyu
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/evil_xi4oyu
+
+qq:909473606
+
+linux方面的高手。
+
+猪猪
+
+QQ:82648 & 100298
+
+岁月联盟站长。入行也有几年了。曾经参加过爱国反击黑客战。也入侵过不少圈内的同行网站。对ASP，注入方面比较了解。现在晚上摄影了。
+
+rayh4c
+
+qq:30039780
+
+博客:http://hi.baidu.com/rayh4c
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/rayh4c
+
+茄子宝。80SEC核心成员。对xss，CSRF等脚本漏洞非常精通。经验丰富。
+
+superhei
+
+QQ:123230273
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/hi_heige
+
+幻影旅团核心成员。曾经写过著名的php注入漏洞利用工具。发现过很多国内流行的php程序漏洞。是WEB脚本，数据库方面的专家。
+
+ring04h
+
+QQ:153520368
+
+博客:http://hi.baidu.com/ring04h
+
+EST核心成员。与国内顶级黑客sunwear关系甚好。曾一同入侵过国内最著名的两大PHP论坛。此人对php，数据库等方面相当精通。
+
+冰血封情
+
+QQ:310926
+
+博客:http://weblog.eviloctal.com/
+
+EST创始人。传说中的中国第四代黑客。据传说已经自己开公司，很久不做技术了。
+
+冰的原点
+
+QQ:519249638
+
+博客:http://hi.baidu.com/%B1%F9%B5%C4%D4%AD%B5%E3
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/icezone
+
+黑客手册常见的人。是入门级黑客书籍《黑客渗透笔记》的原作者。对于初学者来说还是有一定学习价值的。
+
+friddy
+
+博客:http://www.friddy.cn
+
+QQ:568623
+
+专门搞漏洞挖掘的人，虽然技术上跟最上面的那些大牛级黑客比差一些，但相对来说还是不错的。另外也对入侵检测有所研究。
+
+余弦
+
+qq:331861985
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/evilcos
+
+xeye成员。目前就职于icbm的知道创宇公司，是web，脚本等方面的高手。
+
+教主
+
+QQ:130138438
+
+网站:www.jiaozhu.org
+
+圈内名气还算比较大的，主要还是因为他刷库赚钱很多。并且赔的也比较快。呵呵。技术不怎么样，但很能买很能卖。
+
+剑心
+
+QQ:369458956
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/nullnull
+
+方小顿。80sec站长。目前就职于百度公司，曾经跟百度公司老板李彦宏一起参加过芒果台的娱乐节目，一曲成名。不久前因为发布nginx的漏洞而又一次成名，是WEB安全，应用安全方面的高手。
+
+陆羽
+
+QQ:170093007
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/T00ls_Luyu
+
+博客:http://www.5luyu.cn
+
+t00ls核心成员，曾经编写过不少注入，旁注方面的辅助入侵工具，例如t00ls内部旁注工具，GETWEBSHELL等等。目前就职于奇虎360公司。
+
+爱无言
+
+QQ:348450419
+
+EST核心成员。对于漏洞挖掘，溢出利用，网络脚本安全方面有着多年经验。在国内著名黑客杂志黑客防线上发表过上百篇的文章。
+
+樱花浪子
+
+QQ:305446947
+
+博客:http://www.hacklu.net/
+
+SQL注入，WEB应用渗透技术还行。在一些黑客杂志上有过一些技术类文章。
+
+h4k_b4n
+
+QQ:616222
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/h4k_b4n
+
+BCT核心成员。是WEB安全，脚本，数据库安全方面的高手，曾经发现过很多著名程序的漏洞。
+
+pt007
+
+QQ:7491805
+
+彭涛。就职于国内著名信息安全公司，启明星辰。是ISTO的创始人。对oracle,mysql等数据库已经php等脚本非常精通。有多年的开发维护测试等安全经验。著名的xp/2k/2k3完美克隆用户的程序就是他的杰作。
+
+majun
+
+QQ:45539511
+
+马俊。据说是个很能装的人。不过还是有点技术，另外还传说他是sunwear的徒弟。可能得到的真传0day有不少。那入侵网站就如鱼得水了。
+
+shadow
+
+QQ:26727179
+
+博客:http://hi.baidu.com/p3rlish
+
+影子。渗透高手。perl等脚本方面的高手。
+
+xiaomi
+
+QQ:5980740
+
+小米。T00ls的创始人之一。人缘还是不错的。
+
+cnbird
+
+QQ:441303228
+
+博客:http://blog.csdn.net/cnbird2008
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/cnbird2008
+
+如果大家经常看国内的黑客杂志肯定对这个不陌生。linux,windows全方面的渗透高手。有一定的入侵经验。
+
+hackest
+
+QQ:297521327
+
+博客:http://www.hackest.cn/
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/hackest
+
+也是搞入侵渗透的。不久前一直在卖LMHASH,MD5的彩虹表。
+
+惘然
+
+博客:http://www.wangran.net/
+
+搞渗透的
+
+4ngel
+
+博客:http://www.sablog.net/blog/
+
+sablog的作者。著名的安全天使站长，现在广为流行的几个WEBSHELL都是他写的，有些是从他大代码上改的。对WEBSHELL行业有着不可磨灭的贡献，也是早期很多PHP程序漏洞的发现者。
+
+xhacker
+
+QQ:66680800
+
+小叮当。据说当年入侵过绿盟，也是混迹于黑客圈很久的人了。搞渗透不错。
+
+冷漠
+
+QQ:386817
+
+博客:http://www.lengmo.net/
+
+红狼联盟的创始人。目前好像跟着某前辈黑客做事。
+
+fhod
+
+QQ:1988415
+
+博客:http://0day.kr/
+
+目前好像跟着EST的老大打工。在渗透入侵方面也是有一定经验的，曾经写过一些文章。后来还因为黑站被抓。
+
+冰sugar
+
+博客:http://sebug.cn/
+
+朱巨源。写过入门级的文章。在X档案有过投稿。也写过书《黑客攻防实战入门》。对一般的渗透技术有一定了解。
+
+虫子
+
+QQ:712663200
+
+博客:http://evilh4ck.blog.sohu.com/
+
+虫总据说是入侵过不少游戏官方网站。看来应该赚了些钱。此人对入侵攻击还是有很多了解的。
+
+amxking
+
+博客:http://amxking.bokee.com
+
+QQ:5711277
+
+红狼的核心成员，也是天阳的管理。
+
+七剑
+
+QQ:7259561
+
+博客:http://1v1.name
+
+微博:http://t.qq.com/qijian
+
+搞WEB脚本，数据库，渗透攻击的。
+
+啊D
+
+QQ:9269563
+
+网站:http://www.d99net.net/
+
+入行时间不短了，写过一些比较出名的工具，如早期的啊D网络工具包和后来的啊D注入工具。从这些可以看出对注入，编程是有一定了解的。经验比较丰富，工具虽然有BUG但还算稳定。
+
+雨夜
+
+QQ:9148357
+
+博客:http://hi.baidu.com/kr4t
+
+混迹黑客全也有数年。技术凑合。曾经也开办过黑客网站。
+
+redbin
+
+QQ:35475
+
+网站:http://www.vip8.org/
+
+红滨。校园黑客联盟站长。
+
+Trace：
+
+QQ：不详
+
+博客：http://www.pcsec.org/
+
+知名黑客，全能选手。（摘自hack2b） 这个BK绝对是大牛，没记错的话，他还回复了我一个邮件，说BK群只加认识的！然后我几次想混进去都没成功。 内牛满面！（by惆怅）

Zim/Misc/People_behind_code.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+Content-Type: text/x-zim-wiki
+Wiki-Format: zim 0.4
+Creation-Date: 2011-03-27T21:14:56+08:00
+
+====== People behind code ======
+Created Sunday 27 March 2011
+
+The People Behind the Code: Famous Programmers Who Have Influenced Computer Programming
+
+Rick Cook (author of the Wizadry series) once said, “Programmers are in a race with the Universe to create bigger and better idiot-proof programs, while the Universe is trying to create bigger and better idiots. So far the Universe is winning.”
+
+Programmers make the technologies we use possible, but often get little recognition for their major contributions outside the IT industry. A few months ago, one of our reader’s suggested we do a post on the creators of the most renowned programming languages. By creating this list, I hope to commemorate at least some of the many influential programmers of our time.
+{{./Ada Lovelace.jpg}}
+Ada Lovelace 
+Ada/Algorithm for the analytical engine (1843)
+
+Daughter of the poet Lord Byron, Ada Lovelace is credited as being the world’s first programmer for her work on Charles Babbage’s “analytical engine”, an early mechanical general-purpose computer. Incredible to think how far we’ve come with hosted exchange 2010.  Her notes on the engine are recognized as the first algorithm intended to be processed by a machine .  The Ada programming language was later named after her.
+
+Famous quote: In almost every computation a great variety of arrangements for the succession of the processes is possible, and various considerations must influence the selections amongst them for the purposes of a calculating engine. One essential object is to choose that arrangement which shall tend to reduce to a minimum the time necessary for completing the calculation.
+{{./Alan Turing.jpg}}
+Alan Turing 
+Turing Machine (1937)
+
+Alan Turing played a significant role in the creation of the modern computer, formalizing the concept of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, or as he called it, the “automoatic machine”. A Turing machine can be adapted to simulate the logic of any computer algorithm, and is particularly useful in explaining the functions of a CPU inside a computer.
+
+Famous quote: A computer would deserve to be called intelligent if it could deceive a human into believing that it was human.
+{{./John von Neumann.jpg}}
+John von Neumann 
+von Neumann architecture (1945)
+
+John von Neumann, among his other major contributions to a vast range of fields, is the creator of the von Neumann architecture, which allowed computer programs to be stored in computer memory. This architecture introduced the use of a central processing unit (CPU) and a single separate storage structure (“memory”) to hold both instructions and data.
+
+Famous quote: Young man, in mathematics you don’t understand things. You just get used to them.
+{{./John W. Backus.jpg}}
+John W. Backus 
+FORTRAN (1954)
+
+Prior to FORTRAN, programming was very difficult and computers had to be meticulously “hand-coded”. In 1954, Backus assembled a team to define and develop Fortran for the IBM 704 computer. Fortran became the first high-level programming language to be put to broad use.
+
+Famous quote: Much of my work has come from being lazy. I didn’t like writing programs, and so, when I was working on the IBM 701, writing programs for computing missile trajectories, I started work on a programming system to make it easier to write programs.
+{{./John McCarthy.jpg}}
+John McCarthy
+Lisp (1958)
+Lisp was invented by John McCarthy in 1958 and is the second-oldest high-level programming language in widespread use today. McCarthy showed that with a few simple operators and a notation for functions, one can build a Turing-complete language for algorithms. Turing-completeness means that the rules followed in sequence, on arbitrary data, can produce the result of any calculation. Today, the most widely known general-purpose Lisp dialects are Common Lisp and Scheme.
+
+Famous quote: Program designers have a tendency to think of the users as idiots who need to be controlled. They should rather think of their program as a servant, whose master, the user, should be able to control it. If designers and programmers think about the apparent mental qualities that their programs will have, they’ll create programs that are easier and pleasanter — more humane — to deal with.
+{{./Donald Knuth.jpg}}
+Donald Knuth
+TeX (1978) and MMIX
+Donald Knuth created the WEB/CWEB computer programming systems designed to encourage and facilitate literate programming. Knuth is the creator of the TeX computer typesetting system, which is noted as one of the most sophisticated digital typographical systems in the world. Knuth also designed MMIX, a computer intended to illustrate machine-level aspects of programming. He is also the author of the multi-volume work The Art of Computer Programming and has been called the “father” of the analysis of algorithms.
+
+Famous quote: Let us change our traditional attitude to the construction of programs. Instead of imagining that our main task is to instruct a computer what to do, let us concentrate rather on explaining to human beings what we want a computer to do.
+{{./Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie.jpg}}
+
+(Ken Thompson (L) and Dennis Ritchie (R))
+Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie
+Unix (1969), B (1969) and C (1972) programming languages
+Dennis was the original developer of C, one of the most popular programming languages of all time and a core developer on UNIX, alongside Ken Thomson. Thomson is famous for his work with the B programming language as well as his leading role in the Unix and Plan 9 operating systems. More recently, Thompson was the co-creator of Google’s programming language Go.
+
+Famous Dennis quote: When I read commentary about suggestions for where C should go, I often think back and give thanks that it wasn’t developed under the advice of a worldwide crowd.
+
+Famous Ken quote: One of my most productive days was throwing away 1000 lines of code.
+{{./Bjarne Stroustrup.jpg}}
+Bjarne Stroustrup
+C++ (~1983)
+Bjarne Stroustrup is the designer and original implementer of C++, a general-purpose programming language that combines both high-level and low-level language features. Stroustrup began developing C++ in 1979 (then called “C with Classes) as an enhancement to C. Over time virtual functions, operator overloading, templates, and exception handling among other features were added. C++remains one of the most popular programming languages ever created.
+
+Famous quote: An organization that treats its programmers as morons will soon have programmers that are willing and able to act like morons only.
+{{./Richard Brodie.jpg}}
+Richard Brodie
+Microsoft Word (1983)
+Richard Brodie was the main writer of Microsoft Word and was also Microsoft’s 77th employee. He has authored two books: Virus of the Mind: The New Science of the Meme, and Getting Past OK: The Self-Help Book for People Who Don’t Need Help. He is also a professional poker player.
+
+Famous quote: When the teenage Bill Gates caught the poker-playing mind virus at Harvard, was that harmful because it kept it from his studies? Or was it beneficial because it helped sway his decision to drop out, start Microsoft and become a multi-billionaire? (Virus of the mind: The new Science of the Meme)
+{{./Richard Stallman.jpg}}
+Richard Stallman
+Emacs editor/Lead architect of the GNU project (1983)
+Richard Stallman is an American software freedom activist who launched the GNU Project in order to create a free Unix-like operating system, essentially to provide a “sufficient body of free software to software [...] to get along without any software that is not free.” With the launch of the GNU Project, he initiated the free software movement. In October 1985 he founded the Free Software Foundation.
+
+Famous Quote: If programmers deserve to be rewarded for creating innovative programs, by the same token they deserve to be punished if they restrict the use of these programs.
+{{./Larry Wall.jpg}}
+Larry Wall
+Perl (1987)
+Perl was created and developed by Larry Wall as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier. The language provides powerful text processing facilities without the arbitrary data length limits of many contemporary Unix tools, greatly simplifying text file manipulation. Wall is also the author of the rn (Read News) Usenet client and the universally-used patchprogram (a Unix program that updates text files according to instructions contained in a separate file, called a patch file).
+
+Famous quote: Many days I don’t write any code at all, and some days I spend all day writing code.
+{{./Guido van Rossum a.k.a BDFL.jpg}}
+Guido van Rossum a.k.a BDFL (Benevolent Dictator for Life)
+Python (1989)
+Van Rossum is best known as the author of the Python programming language, a general-purpose, high-level programming language whose design and philosophy centers on code readability. It permits several styles of programming, so that programmers aren’t forced to adopt a particular style. Van Rossum is known in the Python community as BDFL because even though he is currently employed by Google, he continues to oversee the Python development process, making decisions where necessary.
+
+Famous quote: I would guess that the decision to create a small special purpose language or use an existing general purpose language is one of the toughest decisions that anyone facing the need for a new language must make.
+{{./Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau.jpg}}
+Tim Berners-Lee (L) y Robert Cailliau (R)
+Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau
+HTTP, HTML, World Wide Web (1990)
+Tim Berners-Lee invented what we know as the World Wide Web with the help of Robert Cailliau and others at the nuclear physics laboratory Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN). Berners-Lee first proposed the “WorldWideWeb” project in 1989. He and his team are credited with inventing the original HTTP protocol along with the HTML and other associated technology for a web server and a text-based web browser. On December 25, 1990, with the help of Cailliau, they implemented the first successful communication between an HTTP client and server via the Internet. Merry Christmas!
+
+Famous Tim quote: Anyone who has lost track of time when using a computer knows the propensity to dream, the urge to make dreams come true and the tendency to miss lunch.
+
+Famous Robert quote: When we have all data online it will be great for humanity. It is a prerequisite to solving many problems that humankind faces.
+{{./Linux Torvalds.jpg}}
+Linus Torvalds
+Linux Kernel /Git revision control system (1991)
+Linus Torvalds is best known for having initiated the development of the Linux kernel and git revision control system. Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software. Torvald became the chief architect of the Linux kernel, and now acts as the project’s coordinator. About 2% of the Linux kernel as of 2006 was written by Torvalds himself.
+
+Famous quote: If Microsoft ever does applications for Linux it means I’ve won.
+{{./John D. Carmack.jpg}}
+John D. Carmack
+Co-founder of id Software /Game programmer
+John D. Carmack is a widely recognized guru in the video game industry and was the lead programmer of id computer games: Wolfenstein 3D, Doom, Quake, their sequels as well as the Commander Keen series of games. Carmack released the source code for Wolfenstein 3D in 1995 and the Doom source code in 1997. He is an advocate of open source software, and has repeatedly voiced his opposition to software patents, which he equates to “mugging someone.”
+Famous quote: Story in a game is like a story in a porn movie. It’s expected to be there, but it’s not that important.
+{{./Tim Sweeney.jpg}}
+Tim Sweeney
+Founder of Epic Games/Unreal engine programmer
+Sweeney is frequently considered the counter-part of John Carmack. Both are industry leaders in game engine design. He also wrote the original Unreal Engine from 1995-1998, which introduced several breakthrough technologies including dynamic colored lighting, volumetric fog, and real-time what-you-see-is-what-you-get 3D level-building tools.
+
+Famous quote: In 100 years, after the last C and C++ programmers are long gone, there will still be LISP enthusiasts. But don’t expect large-scale software development to happen this way.
+{{./James Gosling.jpg}}
+James Gosling
+Java (1995)
+Considered the father of the Java programming language, James Gosling developed Java while working at Sun Microsystems (now a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation). Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode (class file) that can run on any Java Virtual Machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture.
+
+Famous quote: If you come up with a good software development tool, that makes life easier for the developers and they can get their job done quicker, then the first thing the manager says is ‘oh you’ve got free time on your hands. Do this extra thing.
+{{./David Heinemeier Hansson.jpg}}
+David Heinemeier Hansson
+Ruby on Rails (2004)
+Ruby on Rails was extracted by David Heinemeier Hansson from his work on Basecamp, a project management tool by 37signals (now a web application company). As stated on Heinemeier Hansson’s site “ Ruby on Rails is an open-source web framework that’s optimized for programmer happiness and sustainable productivity. It lets you write beautiful code by favoring convention over configuration”.
+
+Famous quote: Flexibility is not free. It’s overrated. And if you trade that flexibility in for some constraints, you get a lot of complexity removed from the equation, you get a lot of productivity back from all the stuff you don’t have to do.
+
+***UPDATE***
+{{./Anders Hejlsberg.jpg}}
+
+Anders Hejlsberg
+Turbo Pascal (1981), Delphi (1999), C#(~2000)
+Anders Hejlsberg was the architect for all versions of the Turbo Pascal compiler (originally produced for the NasSys cassette-based operating system of the Nascom microcomputer), and the first three versions of Borland Delphi. He currently works for Microsoft as the lead architect of the C# programming language, a multi-paradigm programming language encompassing imperative, declarative, functional, class-based, and component-oriented programming disciplines.
+
+Famous quote: With a lot of programs today, you’re not only saying what you want the program to do, you are saying in painful detail how you want it done. The way we get to take advantage of all of the progress in CPUs and memory is offloading some of that ‘how to’ to the infrastructure.
+{{./Rasmus Lerdorf.jpg}}
+Rasmus Lerdorf
+PHP
+Rasmus Lerdorf is best known as the creator of the PHP programming language, a general-purpose scripting language that was originally designed for web development to produce dynamic web pages. He authored the first two versions of the language and also contributed to the Apache HTTP Server and came up with the LIMIT clause that was added to the mSQL Database in 1995.
+
+Famous quote: PHP is about as exciting as your toothbrush. You use it every day, it does the job, it is a simple tool, so what? Who would want to read about toothbrushes?

Zim/Misc/般若波罗密多心经.txt

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+Content-Type: text/x-zim-wiki
+Wiki-Format: zim 0.4
+Creation-Date: 2011-11-24T20:59:32+08:00
+
+====== 般若波罗密多心经 ======
+Created Thursday 24 November 2011
+
+观自在菩萨，行深般若波罗蜜多时，照见五蕴皆空，渡一切苦厄。舍利子，色不异空，空不异色，色即是空，空即是色，受想行识，亦复如是。舍利子，是诸法空相，不生不灭，不垢不净，不增不减。是故，空中无色，无受想行识，无眼耳鼻舌身意，无色声香味触法，无眼界，乃至无意识界，无无明，亦无无明尽，乃至无老死，亦无老死尽，无苦集灭道，无智亦无得，以无所得故。菩提萨陀，依般若波罗蜜多故，心无挂碍，无挂碍故，无有恐怖，远离颠倒梦想，究竟涅磐。三世诸佛，依般若波罗蜜多故，得阿褥多罗三藐三菩提。故知，般若波罗蜜多，是大神咒，是大明咒，是无上咒，是无等等咒，能除一切苦，真实不虚，故说般若波罗蜜多咒，即说咒曰：
+　　揭缔，揭缔，波罗揭缔，波罗僧揭缔，菩提萨婆呵。