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Creation-Date: 2012-01-06T10:23:27+08:00
====== subprocess - New process module ======
Created Friday 06 January 2012
http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0324/
PEP: 324
Title: subprocess - New process module
Version: 17a68e052d4f
Last-Modified: 2007-06-19 04:20:07 +0000 (Tue, 19 Jun 2007)
Author: Peter Astrand <astrand at lysator.liu.se>
Status: Final
Type: Standards Track
Content-Type: text/plain
Created: 19-Nov-2003
Python-Version: 2.4
Post-History:
Abstract
This PEP describes a new module for starting and communicating
with processes.
===== Motivation =====
Starting new processes is a common task in any programming
language, and very common in a high-level language like Python.
Good support for this task is needed, because:
- Inappropriate functions for starting processes could mean a
security risk: If the program is __started through the shell__, and
the arguments contain shell meta characters, the result can be
disastrous. [1]
因此,subprocess模块中的函数和类，默认是不使用shell的。
- It makes Python an even better replacement language for
over-complicated shell scripts.
subprocess中的Popen类，支持子进程与调用进程的PIPE连接。
而且调用进程还可以使用信号等与子进程同步。
Currently, Python has a large number of different functions for
process creation. This makes it hard for developers to choose.
The subprocess module provides the following __enhancements__ over
previous functions:
- One "unified" module provides __all__ functionality from previous
functions.
- __Cross-process exceptions__: Exceptions happening in the child
before the new process has started to execute are re-raised in
the parent. This means that it's easy to handle **exec()**
** failures**, for example. With popen2, for example, it's
impossible to detect if the execution failed.
exec() failures会在调用进程中产生OSError异常，注意和子进程返回非0值的
SubprocessError进行区分。
- __A hook__ for executing custom code between fork and exec. This
can be used for, for example, changing uid.
这个__非常有用__：如定义进程组，改变进程权限，重定向文件等。
- **No implicit **call of /bin/sh. This means that there is no need
for escaping dangerous shell meta characters.
- All combinations of file descriptor redirection is possible.
For example, the "python-dialog" [2] needs to spawn a process
and redirect stderr, but not stdout. This is not possible with
current functions, without using temporary files.
子进程的stdin, stdout, stderr可以独立、任意的重定向。
- With the subprocess module, it's possible to control if all open
file descriptors __should be closed__ before the new program is
executed.
- Support for __connecting several subprocesses__ (shell "pipe").
- Universal newline support.
- A __communicate()__ method, which makes it easy to send stdin data
and read stdout and stderr data, without risking deadlocks.
Most people are aware of the __flow control issues__ involved with
child process communication, but not all have the patience or
skills to write a fully correct and deadlock-free select loop.
This means that many Python applications contain race
conditions. A communicate() method in the standard library
solves this problem.
===== Rationale =====
The following points summarizes the design:
- subprocess was based on popen2, which is tried-and-tested.
- The factory functions in popen2 have been removed, because I
consider the class constructor equally easy to work with.
- popen2 contains several factory functions and classes for
different combinations of redirection. subprocess, however,
contains **one single class**. Since the subprocess module supports
__12 different combinations__ of redirection, providing a class or
function for each of them would be cumbersome and not very
intuitive. Even with popen2, this is a readability problem.
For example, many people cannot tell the difference between
popen2.popen2 and popen2.popen4 without using the documentation.
- One small utility function is provided: __subprocess.call()__. It
aims to be an enhancement over os.system(), while still very
easy to use:
- It does not use the Standard C function system(), which has
limitations.
- It does not call the shell implicitly.
- No need for quoting; using __an argument list__.
- The return value is easier to work with.
The call() utility function accepts an 'args' argument, just
like the__ Popen__ class constructor. It waits for the command to
complete, then returns the **returncode** attribute. The
implementation is very simple:
def call(*args, **kwargs):
return __Popen(*args, **kwargs).wait()__
The motivation behind the call() function is simple: Starting a
process and wait for it to finish is a common task.
While Popen supports a wide range of options, many users have
simple needs. Many people are using os.system() today, mainly
because it provides a simple interface. Consider this example:
os.system("stty sane -F " + device)
With subprocess.call(), this would look like:
subprocess.call(["stty", "sane", "-F", device])
or, if executing **through the shell**:
subprocess.call("stty sane -F " + device, shell=True)
- The __"preexec" __functionality makes it possible to run arbitrary
code **between fork and exec**. One might ask why there are special
arguments for setting the **environment** and **current directory**, but
not for, for example, setting the uid. The answer is:
- Changing environment and working directory is considered
fairly common.
- Old functions like spawn() has support for an
"env"-argument.
- __env__ and __cwd__ are considered quite cross-platform: They make
sense even on Windows.
- On POSIX platforms, no extension module is required: the module
uses **os.fork(), os.execvp()** etc.
- On Windows platforms, the module requires either Mark Hammond's
Windows extensions[5], or a small extension module called
_subprocess.
===== Specification =====
This module defines__ one class called Popen__:
class Popen(args, bufsize=0, executable=None,
stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None,
preexec_fn=None, close_fds=False, shell=False,
cwd=None, env=None, universal_newlines=False,
startupinfo=None, creationflags=0):
Arguments are:
- args should be __a string__, or__ a sequence__ of program arguments.
The program to execute is normally the first item in the args
sequence or string, but can be __explicitly set__ by using the
executable argument.
On UNIX, with shell=False (default): In this case, the Popen
class uses __os.execvp()__ to execute the child program. args
should normally be a **sequence**. A string will be treated as a
sequence with the string as the only item (the program to
execute).
On UNIX, with shell=True: If args is a string, it specifies the
__command string__ to execute through the shell. If args is a
sequence, the first item specifies the command string, and any
additional items will be treated as __additional shell arguments__.
On Windows: the Popen class uses CreateProcess() to execute the
child program, which operates on strings. If args is a
sequence, it will be converted to a string using the
list2cmdline method. Please note that not all MS Windows
applications interpret the command line the same way: The
list2cmdline is designed for applications using the same rules
as the MS C runtime.
- bufsize, if given, has the same meaning as the corresponding
argument to the built-in open() function: 0 means __unbuffered__, 1
means __line buffered__, any other positive value means use a buffer
of (approximately) that size. A negative bufsize means to use
the system default, which usually means __fully buffered__. The
default value for bufsize is 0 (unbuffered).
- stdin, stdout and stderr specify the executed programs' standard
input, standard output and standard error **file handles**,
respectively. Valid values are__ PIPE__, an existing __file__
__ descriptor__ (a positive integer), an existing __file object__, and
__None__. PIPE indicates that a new pipe to the child should be
created. With None, no redirection will occur; the child's file
handles will be __inherited__ from the parent. Additionally, __stderr__
__ can be STDOUT__, which indicates that the stderr data from the
applications should be captured into the same file handle as for
stdout.
- If preexec_fn is set to a__ callable object__, this object will be
called in the child process just before the child is executed.
- If close_fds is true, all file descriptors except 0, 1 and 2
will be closed before the child process is executed.
- If shell is true, the specified command will be executed through
the shell.
- If cwd is not None, the current directory will be changed to cwd
before the child is executed.
- If env is not None, it defines the environment variables for the
new process.
- If** universal_newlines** is true, the file objects stdout and
stderr are opened as a text file, but lines may be terminated
by any of '\n', the Unix end-of-line convention, '\r', the
Macintosh convention or '\r\n', the Windows convention. All of
these external representations are seen as '\n' by the Python
program. Note: This feature is only available if Python is
built with universal newline support (the default). Also, the
newlines attribute of the file objects stdout, stdin and stderr
are not updated by the communicate() method.
- The startupinfo and creationflags, if given, will be passed to
the underlying CreateProcess() function. They can specify
things such as appearance of the main window and priority for
the new process. (Windows only)
This module also defines two shortcut functions:
- call(*args, **kwargs):
Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete,
then return the returncode attribute.
The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor.
Example:
retcode = call(["ls", "-l"])
===== Exceptions =====
----------
Exceptions raised in the child process, before the new program has
started to execute, will be__ re-raised__ in the parent.
在fork之后，exec之前发生的异常(如exec执行失败)将在父进程中重新生成。
Additionally, the exception object will have one extra attribute
called '**child_traceback**', which is a string containing traceback
information from the child's point of view.
The most common exception raised is __OSError__. This occurs, for
example, when trying to execute a non-existent file. Applications
should prepare for OSErrors.
A __ValueError__ will be raised if Popen is called with invalid
arguments.
===== Security =====
--------
Unlike some other popen functions, this implementation will never
call /bin/sh implicitly. This means that all characters,
including shell meta-characters, can safely be passed to child
processes.
===== Popen objects =====
-------------
Instances of the Popen class have the following methods:
poll()
Check if child process has terminated. Returns** returncode**
attribute.
wait()
Wait for child process to terminate. Returns **returncode**
attribute.
__communicate__(input=None)
Interact with process: Send data to stdin. Read data from
stdout and stderr, until end-of-file is reached. Wait for
process to terminate. The optional stdin argument should be a
string to be sent to the child process, or None, if no data
should be sent to the child.
communicate() returns a tuple (stdout, stderr).
Note: The data read is buffered in memory, so do not use this
method if the data size is large or unlimited.
The following attributes are also available:
__ stdin__
If the stdin argument is PIPE, this attribute is a __file object__
that provides input to the child process. Otherwise, it is
None.
stdout
If the stdout argument is PIPE, this attribute is a file
object that provides output from the child process.
Otherwise, it is None.
stderr
If the stderr argument is PIPE, this attribute is file object
that provides error output from the child process. Otherwise,
it is None.
__ pid__
The process ID of the child process.
__returncode__
The child return code. A None value indicates that the
process hasn't terminated yet. A negative value -N indicates
that the child was terminated by__ signal N__ (UNIX only).
===== Replacing older functions with the subprocess module =====
In this section, "a ==> b" means that b can be used as a
replacement for a.
Note: All functions in this section fail (more or less) silently
if the executed program cannot be found; this module raises an
OSError exception.
In the following examples, we assume that the subprocess module is
imported with "from subprocess import *".
Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote
---------------------------------
output=`mycmd myarg`
==>
output = Popen(["mycmd", "myarg"], stdout=PIPE).communicate()[0]
Replacing shell pipe line
-------------------------
output=`dmesg | grep hda`
==>
p1 = Popen(["dmesg"], stdout=PIPE)
p2 = Popen(["grep", "hda"], stdin=p1.stdout, stdout=PIPE)
output = p2.communicate()[0]
Replacing os.system()
---------------------
sts = os.system("mycmd" + " myarg")
==>
p = Popen("mycmd" + " myarg", shell=True)
sts = os.waitpid(p.pid, 0)
Note:
* Calling the program through the shell is usually not required.
* It's easier to look at the returncode attribute than the
exit status.
A more real-world example would look like this:
try:
retcode = call("mycmd" + " myarg", shell=True)
if retcode < 0:
print >>sys.stderr, "Child was terminated by signal", -retcode
else:
print >>sys.stderr, "Child returned", retcode
except OSError, e:
print >>sys.stderr, "Execution failed:", e
Replacing os.spawn*
-------------------
P_NOWAIT example:
pid = os.spawnlp(os.P_NOWAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg")
==>
pid = Popen(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"]).pid
P_WAIT example:
retcode = os.spawnlp(os.P_WAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg")
==>
retcode = call(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"])
Vector example:
os.spawnvp(os.P_NOWAIT, path, args)
==>
Popen([path] + args[1:])
Environment example:
os.spawnlpe(os.P_NOWAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg", env)
==>
Popen(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"], env={"PATH": "/usr/bin"})
Replacing os.popen*
-------------------
pipe = os.popen(cmd, mode='r', bufsize)
==>
pipe = Popen(cmd, shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdout=PIPE).stdout
pipe = os.popen(cmd, mode='w', bufsize)
==>
pipe = Popen(cmd, shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE).stdin
(child_stdin, child_stdout) = os.popen2(cmd, mode, bufsize)
==>
p = Popen(cmd, shell=True, bufsize=bufsize,
stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, close_fds=True)
(child_stdin, child_stdout) = (p.stdin, p.stdout)
(child_stdin,
child_stdout,
child_stderr) = os.popen3(cmd, mode, bufsize)
==>
p = Popen(cmd, shell=True, bufsize=bufsize,
stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, close_fds=True)
(child_stdin,
child_stdout,
child_stderr) = (p.stdin, p.stdout, p.stderr)
(child_stdin, child_stdout_and_stderr) = os.popen4(cmd, mode, bufsize)
==>
p = Popen(cmd, shell=True, bufsize=bufsize,
stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT, close_fds=True)
(child_stdin, child_stdout_and_stderr) = (p.stdin, p.stdout)
Replacing popen2.*
------------------
Note: If the cmd argument to popen2 functions is a string, the
command is executed through /bin/sh. If it is a list, the command
is directly executed.
(child_stdout, child_stdin) = popen2.popen2("somestring", bufsize, mode)
==>
p = Popen(["somestring"], shell=True, bufsize=bufsize
stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, close_fds=True)
(child_stdout, child_stdin) = (p.stdout, p.stdin)
(child_stdout, child_stdin) = popen2.popen2(["mycmd", "myarg"], bufsize, mode)
==>
p = Popen(["mycmd", "myarg"], bufsize=bufsize,
stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, close_fds=True)
(child_stdout, child_stdin) = (p.stdout, p.stdin)
The popen2.Popen3 and popen3.Popen4 basically works as
subprocess.Popen, except that:
* subprocess.Popen raises an exception if the execution fails
* the capturestderr argument is replaced with the stderr argument.
* stdin=PIPE and stdout=PIPE must be specified.
* popen2 closes all file descriptors by default, but you have to
specify close_fds=True with subprocess.Popen.
Open Issues
Some features have been requested but is not yet implemented.
This includes:
* Support for managing a whole flock of subprocesses
* Support for managing "daemon" processes
* Built-in method for killing subprocesses
While these are useful features, it's expected that these can be
added later without problems.
* expect-like functionality, including pty support.
pty support is highly platform-dependent, which is a
problem. Also, there are already other modules that provide this
kind of functionality[6].
Backwards Compatibility
Since this is a new module, no major backward compatible issues
are expected. The module name "subprocess" might collide with
other, previous modules[3] with the same name, but the name
"subprocess" seems to be the best suggested name so far. The
first name of this module was "popen5", but this name was
considered too unintuitive. For a while, the module was called
"process", but this name is already used by Trent Mick's
module[4].
The functions and modules that this new module is trying to
replace (os.system, os.spawn*, os.popen*, popen2.*, commands.*)
are expected to be available in future Python versions for a long
time, to preserve backwards compatibility.
Reference Implementation
A reference implementation is available from
http://www.lysator.liu.se/~astrand/popen5/.
References
[1] Secure Programming for Linux and Unix HOWTO, section 8.3.
http://www.dwheeler.com/secure-programs/
[2] Python Dialog
http://pythondialog.sourceforge.net/
[3] http://www.iol.ie/~padraiga/libs/subProcess.py
[4] http://starship.python.net/crew/tmick/
[5] http://starship.python.net/crew/mhammond/win32/
[6] http://www.lysator.liu.se/~ceder/pcl-expect/
Copyright
This document has been placed in the public domain.