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1186 lines
16 KiB
Markdown
1186 lines
16 KiB
Markdown
---
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sidebarDepth: 3
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sidebar: auto
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---
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# Writing mathematical expressions
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An introduction to writing mathematical expressions in Matplotlib.
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You can use a subset TeX markup in any matplotlib text string by placing it
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inside a pair of dollar signs ($).
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Note that you do not need to have TeX installed, since Matplotlib ships
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its own TeX expression parser, layout engine, and fonts. The layout engine
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is a fairly direct adaptation of the layout algorithms in Donald Knuth's
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TeX, so the quality is quite good (matplotlib also provides a ``usetex``
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option for those who do want to call out to TeX to generate their text (see
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[Text rendering With LaTeX](usetex.html)).
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Any text element can use math text. You should use raw strings (precede the
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quotes with an ``'r'``), and surround the math text with dollar signs ($), as
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in TeX. Regular text and mathtext can be interleaved within the same string.
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Mathtext can use DejaVu Sans (default), DejaVu Serif, the Computer Modern fonts
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(from (La)TeX), [STIX](http://www.stixfonts.org/) fonts (with are designed
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to blend well with Times), or a Unicode font that you provide. The mathtext
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font can be selected with the customization variable ``mathtext.fontset`` (see
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[Customizing Matplotlib with style sheets and rcParams](https://matplotlib.org/introductory/customizing.html))
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Here is a simple example:
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``` python
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# plain text
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plt.title('alpha > beta')
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```
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produces "alpha > beta".
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Whereas this:
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``` python
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# math text
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plt.title(r'$\alpha > \beta$')
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```
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produces "".
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::: tip Note
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Mathtext should be placed between a pair of dollar signs ($). To make it
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easy to display monetary values, e.g., "$100.00", if a single dollar sign
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is present in the entire string, it will be displayed verbatim as a dollar
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sign. This is a small change from regular TeX, where the dollar sign in
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non-math text would have to be escaped ('\$').
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:::
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::: tip Note
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While the syntax inside the pair of dollar signs ($) aims to be TeX-like,
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the text outside does not. In particular, characters such as:
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``` python
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# $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } \( \) \[ \]
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```
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have special meaning outside of math mode in TeX. Therefore, these
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characters will behave differently depending on the rcParam ``text.usetex``
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flag. See the [usetex tutorial](usetex.html) for more
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information.
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:::
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## Subscripts and superscripts
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To make subscripts and superscripts, use the ``'_'`` and ``'^'`` symbols:
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``` python
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r'$\alpha_i > \beta_i$'
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```
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<div class="math notranslate nohighlight">
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It's a mathematical formula.
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</div>
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Some symbols automatically put their sub/superscripts under and over the
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operator. For example, to write the sum of from to
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, you could do:
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``` python
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r'$\sum_{i=0}^\infty x_i$'
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```
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<div class="math notranslate nohighlight">
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It's a mathematical formula.
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</div>
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## Fractions, binomials, and stacked numbers
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Fractions, binomials, and stacked numbers can be created with the
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``\frac{}{}``, ``\binom{}{}`` and ``\genfrac{}{}{}{}{}{}`` commands,
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respectively:
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``` python
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r'$\frac{3}{4} \binom{3}{4} \genfrac{}{}{0}{}{3}{4}$'
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```
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produces
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<div class="math notranslate nohighlight">
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It's a mathematical formula.
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</div>
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Fractions can be arbitrarily nested:
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``` python
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r'$\frac{5 - \frac{1}{x}}{4}$'
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```
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produces
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<div class="math notranslate nohighlight">
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It's a mathematical formula.
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</div>
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Note that special care needs to be taken to place parentheses and brackets
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around fractions. Doing things the obvious way produces brackets that are too
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small:
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``` python
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r'$(\frac{5 - \frac{1}{x}}{4})$'
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```
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<div class="math notranslate nohighlight">
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It's a mathematical formula.
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</div>
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The solution is to precede the bracket with ``\left`` and ``\right`` to inform
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the parser that those brackets encompass the entire object.:
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``` python
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r'$\left(\frac{5 - \frac{1}{x}}{4}\right)$'
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```
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<div class="math notranslate nohighlight">
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It's a mathematical formula.
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</div>
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## Radicals
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Radicals can be produced with the ``\sqrt[]{}`` command. For example:
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``` python
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r'$\sqrt{2}$'
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```
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<div class="math notranslate nohighlight">
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It's a mathematical formula.
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</div>
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Any base can (optionally) be provided inside square brackets. Note that the
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base must be a simple expression, and can not contain layout commands such as
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fractions or sub/superscripts:
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``` python
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r'$\sqrt[3]{x}$'
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```
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<div class="math notranslate nohighlight">
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It's a mathematical formula.
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</div>
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## Fonts
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The default font is *italics* for mathematical symbols.
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::: tip Note
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This default can be changed using the ``mathtext.default`` rcParam. This is
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useful, for example, to use the same font as regular non-math text for math
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text, by setting it to ``regular``.
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:::
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To change fonts, e.g., to write "sin" in a Roman font, enclose the text in a
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font command:
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``` python
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r'$s(t) = \mathcal{A}\mathrm{sin}(2 \omega t)$'
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```
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<div class="math notranslate nohighlight">
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It's a mathematical formula.
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</div>
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More conveniently, many commonly used function names that are typeset in
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a Roman font have shortcuts. So the expression above could be written as
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follows:
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``` python
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r'$s(t) = \mathcal{A}\sin(2 \omega t)$'
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```
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<div class="math notranslate nohighlight">
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It's a mathematical formula.
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</div>
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Here "s" and "t" are variable in italics font (default), "sin" is in Roman
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font, and the amplitude "A" is in calligraphy font. Note in the example above
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the calligraphy ``A`` is squished into the ``sin``. You can use a spacing
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command to add a little whitespace between them:
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``` python
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r's(t) = \mathcal{A}\/\sin(2 \omega t)'
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```
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<div class="math notranslate nohighlight">
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It's a mathematical formula.
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</div>
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The choices available with all fonts are:
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---
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Command
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Result
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\mathrm{Roman}
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\mathit{Italic}
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\mathtt{Typewriter}
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\mathcal{CALLIGRAPHY}
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When using the [STIX](http://www.stixfonts.org/) fonts, you also have the
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choice of:
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---
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Command
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Result
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\mathbb{blackboard}
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\mathrm{\mathbb{blackboard}}
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\mathfrak{Fraktur}
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\mathsf{sansserif}
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\mathrm{\mathsf{sansserif}}
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There are also three global "font sets" to choose from, which are
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selected using the ``mathtext.fontset`` parameter in [matplotlibrc](https://matplotlib.org/introductory/customizing.html#matplotlibrc-sample).
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``cm``: **Computer Modern (TeX)**
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``stix``: **STIX** (designed to blend well with Times)
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``stixsans``: **STIX sans-serif**
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Additionally, you can use ``\mathdefault{...}`` or its alias
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``\mathregular{...}`` to use the font used for regular text outside of
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mathtext. There are a number of limitations to this approach, most notably
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that far fewer symbols will be available, but it can be useful to make math
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expressions blend well with other text in the plot.
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### Custom fonts
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mathtext also provides a way to use custom fonts for math. This method is
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fairly tricky to use, and should be considered an experimental feature for
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patient users only. By setting the rcParam ``mathtext.fontset`` to ``custom``,
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you can then set the following parameters, which control which font file to use
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for a particular set of math characters.
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---
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Parameter
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Corresponds to
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mathtext.it
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\mathit{} or default italic
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mathtext.rm
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\mathrm{} Roman (upright)
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mathtext.tt
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\mathtt{} Typewriter (monospace)
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mathtext.bf
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\mathbf{} bold italic
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mathtext.cal
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\mathcal{} calligraphic
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mathtext.sf
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\mathsf{} sans-serif
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Each parameter should be set to a fontconfig font descriptor (as defined in the
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yet-to-be-written font chapter).
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The fonts used should have a Unicode mapping in order to find any
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non-Latin characters, such as Greek. If you want to use a math symbol
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that is not contained in your custom fonts, you can set the rcParam
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``mathtext.fallback_to_cm`` to ``True`` which will cause the mathtext system
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to use characters from the default Computer Modern fonts whenever a particular
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character can not be found in the custom font.
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Note that the math glyphs specified in Unicode have evolved over time, and many
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fonts may not have glyphs in the correct place for mathtext.
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## Accents
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An accent command may precede any symbol to add an accent above it. There are
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long and short forms for some of them.
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---
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Command
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Result
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\acute a or \'a
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\bar a
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\breve a
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\ddot a or \''a
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\dot a or \.a
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\grave a or \`a
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\hat a or \^a
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\tilde a or \~a
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\vec a
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\overline{abc}
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In addition, there are two special accents that automatically adjust to the
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width of the symbols below:
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---
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||
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Command
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Result
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||
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||
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||
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\widehat{xyz}
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\widetilde{xyz}
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Care should be taken when putting accents on lower-case i's and j's. Note that
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in the following ``\imath`` is used to avoid the extra dot over the i:
|
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``` python
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r"$\hat i\ \ \hat \imath$"
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```
|
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|
||
<div class="math notranslate nohighlight">
|
||
It's a mathematical formula.
|
||
</div>
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## Symbols
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You can also use a large number of the TeX symbols, as in ``\infty``,
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``\leftarrow``, ``\sum``, ``\int``.
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**Lower-case Greek**
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---
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α \alpha
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β \beta
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χ \chi
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δ \delta
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ϝ \digamma
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ε \epsilon
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η \eta
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γ \gamma
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ι \iota
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κ \kappa
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λ \lambda
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μ \mu
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ν \nu
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ω \omega
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||
ϕ \phi
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π \pi
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ψ \psi
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ρ \rho
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σ \sigma
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τ \tau
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θ \theta
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υ \upsilon
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ε \varepsilon
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ϰ \varkappa
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φ \varphi
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||
ϖ \varpi
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ϱ \varrho
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ς \varsigma
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||
ϑ \vartheta
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||
ξ \xi
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||
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ζ \zeta
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||
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||
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||
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||
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||
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||
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||
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||
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**Upper-case Greek**
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||
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---
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||
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||
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Δ \Delta
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Γ \Gamma
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Λ \Lambda
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Ω \Omega
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Φ \Phi
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Π \Pi
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Ψ \Psi
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Σ \Sigma
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||
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Θ \Theta
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Υ \Upsilon
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||
Ξ \Xi
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℧ \mho
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∇ \nabla
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||
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||
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||
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||
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||
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||
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||
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**Hebrew**
|
||
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||
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||
---
|
||
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||
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||
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||
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||
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||
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||
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||
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||
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||
ℵ \aleph
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||
ℶ \beth
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||
ℸ \daleth
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||
ℷ \gimel
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||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
**Delimiters**
|
||
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||
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||
---
|
||
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||
|
||
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||
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||
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||
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||
|
||
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||
|
||
/ /
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||
[ [
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||
⇓ \Downarrow
|
||
⇑ \Uparrow
|
||
‖ \Vert
|
||
\backslash
|
||
|
||
↓ \downarrow
|
||
⟨ \langle
|
||
⌈ \lceil
|
||
⌊ \lfloor
|
||
⌞ \llcorner
|
||
⌟ \lrcorner
|
||
|
||
⟩ \rangle
|
||
⌉ \rceil
|
||
⌋ \rfloor
|
||
⌜ \ulcorner
|
||
↑ \uparrow
|
||
⌝ \urcorner
|
||
|
||
|
||
\vert
|
||
|
||
|
||
{ \{
|
||
|
||
\|
|
||
|
||
|
||
} \}
|
||
] ]
|
||
|
||
|
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
**Big symbols**
|
||
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
⋂ \bigcap
|
||
⋃ \bigcup
|
||
⨀ \bigodot
|
||
⨁ \bigoplus
|
||
⨂ \bigotimes
|
||
⨄ \biguplus
|
||
|
||
⋁ \bigvee
|
||
⋀ \bigwedge
|
||
∐ \coprod
|
||
∫ \int
|
||
∮ \oint
|
||
∏ \prod
|
||
|
||
∑ \sum
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
**Standard function names**
|
||
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
Pr \Pr
|
||
arccos \arccos
|
||
arcsin \arcsin
|
||
arctan \arctan
|
||
arg \arg
|
||
cos \cos
|
||
|
||
cosh \cosh
|
||
cot \cot
|
||
coth \coth
|
||
csc \csc
|
||
deg \deg
|
||
det \det
|
||
|
||
dim \dim
|
||
exp \exp
|
||
gcd \gcd
|
||
hom \hom
|
||
inf \inf
|
||
ker \ker
|
||
|
||
lg \lg
|
||
lim \lim
|
||
liminf \liminf
|
||
limsup \limsup
|
||
ln \ln
|
||
log \log
|
||
|
||
max \max
|
||
min \min
|
||
sec \sec
|
||
sin \sin
|
||
sinh \sinh
|
||
sup \sup
|
||
|
||
tan \tan
|
||
tanh \tanh
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
**Binary operation and relation symbols**
|
||
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
≎ \Bumpeq
|
||
⋒ \Cap
|
||
⋓ \Cup
|
||
≑ \Doteq
|
||
|
||
⨝ \Join
|
||
⋐ \Subset
|
||
⋑ \Supset
|
||
⊩ \Vdash
|
||
|
||
⊪ \Vvdash
|
||
≈ \approx
|
||
≊ \approxeq
|
||
∗ \ast
|
||
|
||
≍ \asymp
|
||
϶ \backepsilon
|
||
∽ \backsim
|
||
⋍ \backsimeq
|
||
|
||
⊼ \barwedge
|
||
∵ \because
|
||
≬ \between
|
||
○ \bigcirc
|
||
|
||
▽ \bigtriangledown
|
||
△ \bigtriangleup
|
||
◀ \blacktriangleleft
|
||
▶ \blacktriangleright
|
||
|
||
⊥ \bot
|
||
⋈ \bowtie
|
||
⊡ \boxdot
|
||
⊟ \boxminus
|
||
|
||
⊞ \boxplus
|
||
⊠ \boxtimes
|
||
∙ \bullet
|
||
≏ \bumpeq
|
||
|
||
∩ \cap
|
||
⋅ \cdot
|
||
∘ \circ
|
||
≗ \circeq
|
||
|
||
≔ \coloneq
|
||
≅ \cong
|
||
∪ \cup
|
||
⋞ \curlyeqprec
|
||
|
||
⋟ \curlyeqsucc
|
||
⋎ \curlyvee
|
||
⋏ \curlywedge
|
||
† \dag
|
||
|
||
⊣ \dashv
|
||
‡ \ddag
|
||
⋄ \diamond
|
||
÷ \div
|
||
|
||
⋇ \divideontimes
|
||
≐ \doteq
|
||
≑ \doteqdot
|
||
∔ \dotplus
|
||
|
||
⌆ \doublebarwedge
|
||
≖ \eqcirc
|
||
≕ \eqcolon
|
||
≂ \eqsim
|
||
|
||
⪖ \eqslantgtr
|
||
⪕ \eqslantless
|
||
≡ \equiv
|
||
≒ \fallingdotseq
|
||
|
||
⌢ \frown
|
||
≥ \geq
|
||
≧ \geqq
|
||
⩾ \geqslant
|
||
|
||
≫ \gg
|
||
⋙ \ggg
|
||
⪺ \gnapprox
|
||
≩ \gneqq
|
||
|
||
⋧ \gnsim
|
||
⪆ \gtrapprox
|
||
⋗ \gtrdot
|
||
⋛ \gtreqless
|
||
|
||
⪌ \gtreqqless
|
||
≷ \gtrless
|
||
≳ \gtrsim
|
||
∈ \in
|
||
|
||
⊺ \intercal
|
||
⋋ \leftthreetimes
|
||
≤ \leq
|
||
≦ \leqq
|
||
|
||
⩽ \leqslant
|
||
⪅ \lessapprox
|
||
⋖ \lessdot
|
||
⋚ \lesseqgtr
|
||
|
||
⪋ \lesseqqgtr
|
||
≶ \lessgtr
|
||
≲ \lesssim
|
||
≪ \ll
|
||
|
||
⋘ \lll
|
||
⪹ \lnapprox
|
||
≨ \lneqq
|
||
⋦ \lnsim
|
||
|
||
⋉ \ltimes
|
||
∣ \mid
|
||
⊧ \models
|
||
∓ \mp
|
||
|
||
⊯ \nVDash
|
||
⊮ \nVdash
|
||
≉ \napprox
|
||
≇ \ncong
|
||
|
||
≠ \ne
|
||
≠ \neq
|
||
≠ \neq
|
||
≢ \nequiv
|
||
|
||
≱ \ngeq
|
||
≯ \ngtr
|
||
∋ \ni
|
||
≰ \nleq
|
||
|
||
≮ \nless
|
||
∤ \nmid
|
||
∉ \notin
|
||
∦ \nparallel
|
||
|
||
⊀ \nprec
|
||
≁ \nsim
|
||
⊄ \nsubset
|
||
⊈ \nsubseteq
|
||
|
||
⊁ \nsucc
|
||
⊅ \nsupset
|
||
⊉ \nsupseteq
|
||
⋪ \ntriangleleft
|
||
|
||
⋬ \ntrianglelefteq
|
||
⋫ \ntriangleright
|
||
⋭ \ntrianglerighteq
|
||
⊭ \nvDash
|
||
|
||
⊬ \nvdash
|
||
⊙ \odot
|
||
⊖ \ominus
|
||
⊕ \oplus
|
||
|
||
⊘ \oslash
|
||
⊗ \otimes
|
||
∥ \parallel
|
||
⟂ \perp
|
||
|
||
⋔ \pitchfork
|
||
± \pm
|
||
≺ \prec
|
||
⪷ \precapprox
|
||
|
||
≼ \preccurlyeq
|
||
≼ \preceq
|
||
⪹ \precnapprox
|
||
⋨ \precnsim
|
||
|
||
≾ \precsim
|
||
∝ \propto
|
||
⋌ \rightthreetimes
|
||
≓ \risingdotseq
|
||
|
||
⋊ \rtimes
|
||
∼ \sim
|
||
≃ \simeq
|
||
∕ \slash
|
||
|
||
⌣ \smile
|
||
⊓ \sqcap
|
||
⊔ \sqcup
|
||
⊏ \sqsubset
|
||
|
||
⊏ \sqsubset
|
||
⊑ \sqsubseteq
|
||
⊐ \sqsupset
|
||
⊐ \sqsupset
|
||
|
||
⊒ \sqsupseteq
|
||
⋆ \star
|
||
⊂ \subset
|
||
⊆ \subseteq
|
||
|
||
⫅ \subseteqq
|
||
⊊ \subsetneq
|
||
⫋ \subsetneqq
|
||
≻ \succ
|
||
|
||
⪸ \succapprox
|
||
≽ \succcurlyeq
|
||
≽ \succeq
|
||
⪺ \succnapprox
|
||
|
||
⋩ \succnsim
|
||
≿ \succsim
|
||
⊃ \supset
|
||
⊇ \supseteq
|
||
|
||
⫆ \supseteqq
|
||
⊋ \supsetneq
|
||
⫌ \supsetneqq
|
||
∴ \therefore
|
||
|
||
× \times
|
||
⊤ \top
|
||
◁ \triangleleft
|
||
⊴ \trianglelefteq
|
||
|
||
≜ \triangleq
|
||
▷ \triangleright
|
||
⊵ \trianglerighteq
|
||
⊎ \uplus
|
||
|
||
⊨ \vDash
|
||
∝ \varpropto
|
||
⊲ \vartriangleleft
|
||
⊳ \vartriangleright
|
||
|
||
⊢ \vdash
|
||
∨ \vee
|
||
⊻ \veebar
|
||
∧ \wedge
|
||
|
||
≀ \wr
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
**Arrow symbols**
|
||
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
⇓ \Downarrow
|
||
⇐ \Leftarrow
|
||
⇔ \Leftrightarrow
|
||
⇚ \Lleftarrow
|
||
|
||
⟸ \Longleftarrow
|
||
⟺ \Longleftrightarrow
|
||
⟹ \Longrightarrow
|
||
↰ \Lsh
|
||
|
||
⇗ \Nearrow
|
||
⇖ \Nwarrow
|
||
⇒ \Rightarrow
|
||
⇛ \Rrightarrow
|
||
|
||
↱ \Rsh
|
||
⇘ \Searrow
|
||
⇙ \Swarrow
|
||
⇑ \Uparrow
|
||
|
||
⇕ \Updownarrow
|
||
↺ \circlearrowleft
|
||
↻ \circlearrowright
|
||
↶ \curvearrowleft
|
||
|
||
↷ \curvearrowright
|
||
⤎ \dashleftarrow
|
||
⤏ \dashrightarrow
|
||
↓ \downarrow
|
||
|
||
⇊ \downdownarrows
|
||
⇃ \downharpoonleft
|
||
⇂ \downharpoonright
|
||
↩ \hookleftarrow
|
||
|
||
↪ \hookrightarrow
|
||
⇝ \leadsto
|
||
← \leftarrow
|
||
↢ \leftarrowtail
|
||
|
||
↽ \leftharpoondown
|
||
↼ \leftharpoonup
|
||
⇇ \leftleftarrows
|
||
↔ \leftrightarrow
|
||
|
||
⇆ \leftrightarrows
|
||
⇋ \leftrightharpoons
|
||
↭ \leftrightsquigarrow
|
||
↜ \leftsquigarrow
|
||
|
||
⟵ \longleftarrow
|
||
⟷ \longleftrightarrow
|
||
⟼ \longmapsto
|
||
⟶ \longrightarrow
|
||
|
||
↫ \looparrowleft
|
||
↬ \looparrowright
|
||
↦ \mapsto
|
||
⊸ \multimap
|
||
|
||
⇍ \nLeftarrow
|
||
⇎ \nLeftrightarrow
|
||
⇏ \nRightarrow
|
||
↗ \nearrow
|
||
|
||
↚ \nleftarrow
|
||
↮ \nleftrightarrow
|
||
↛ \nrightarrow
|
||
↖ \nwarrow
|
||
|
||
→ \rightarrow
|
||
↣ \rightarrowtail
|
||
⇁ \rightharpoondown
|
||
⇀ \rightharpoonup
|
||
|
||
⇄ \rightleftarrows
|
||
⇄ \rightleftarrows
|
||
⇌ \rightleftharpoons
|
||
⇌ \rightleftharpoons
|
||
|
||
⇉ \rightrightarrows
|
||
⇉ \rightrightarrows
|
||
↝ \rightsquigarrow
|
||
↘ \searrow
|
||
|
||
↙ \swarrow
|
||
→ \to
|
||
↞ \twoheadleftarrow
|
||
↠ \twoheadrightarrow
|
||
|
||
↑ \uparrow
|
||
↕ \updownarrow
|
||
↕ \updownarrow
|
||
↿ \upharpoonleft
|
||
|
||
↾ \upharpoonright
|
||
⇈ \upuparrows
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
**Miscellaneous symbols**
|
||
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
$ \$
|
||
Å \AA
|
||
Ⅎ \Finv
|
||
⅁ \Game
|
||
|
||
ℑ \Im
|
||
¶ \P
|
||
ℜ \Re
|
||
§ \S
|
||
|
||
∠ \angle
|
||
‵ \backprime
|
||
★ \bigstar
|
||
■ \blacksquare
|
||
|
||
▴ \blacktriangle
|
||
▾ \blacktriangledown
|
||
⋯ \cdots
|
||
✓ \checkmark
|
||
|
||
® \circledR
|
||
Ⓢ \circledS
|
||
♣ \clubsuit
|
||
∁ \complement
|
||
|
||
© \copyright
|
||
⋱ \ddots
|
||
♢ \diamondsuit
|
||
ℓ \ell
|
||
|
||
∅ \emptyset
|
||
ð \eth
|
||
∃ \exists
|
||
♭ \flat
|
||
|
||
∀ \forall
|
||
ħ \hbar
|
||
♡ \heartsuit
|
||
ℏ \hslash
|
||
|
||
∭ \iiint
|
||
∬ \iint
|
||
ı \imath
|
||
∞ \infty
|
||
|
||
ȷ \jmath
|
||
… \ldots
|
||
∡ \measuredangle
|
||
♮ \natural
|
||
|
||
¬ \neg
|
||
∄ \nexists
|
||
∰ \oiiint
|
||
∂ \partial
|
||
|
||
′ \prime
|
||
♯ \sharp
|
||
♠ \spadesuit
|
||
∢ \sphericalangle
|
||
|
||
ß \ss
|
||
▿ \triangledown
|
||
∅ \varnothing
|
||
▵ \vartriangle
|
||
|
||
⋮ \vdots
|
||
℘ \wp
|
||
¥ \yen
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
If a particular symbol does not have a name (as is true of many of the more
|
||
obscure symbols in the STIX fonts), Unicode characters can also be used:
|
||
|
||
``` python
|
||
ur'$\u23ce$'
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## Example
|
||
|
||
Here is an example illustrating many of these features in context.
|
||
|
||
Pyplot Mathtext
|
||
|
||
## Download
|
||
|
||
- [Download Python source code: mathtext.py](https://matplotlib.org/_downloads/5dc5da00d7d7311390ebcde7a47a6f38/mathtext.py)
|
||
- [Download Jupyter notebook: mathtext.ipynb](https://matplotlib.org/_downloads/953adc52a638855f0815466d723fca0d/mathtext.ipynb)
|
||
|