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1074 lines
1.2 MiB
1074 lines
1.2 MiB
# 各种绘图实例
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## 简单绘图
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`plot` 函数：
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In [1]:
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```py
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%matplotlib inline
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import numpy as np
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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t = np.arange(0.0, 2.0, 0.01)
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s = np.sin(2*np.pi*t)
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plt.plot(t, s)
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plt.xlabel('time (s)')
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plt.ylabel('voltage (mV)')
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plt.title('About as simple as it gets, folks')
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plt.grid(True)
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plt.show()
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```
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## 子图
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`subplot` 函数：
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In [2]:
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```py
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import numpy as np
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import matplotlib.mlab as mlab
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x1 = np.linspace(0.0, 5.0)
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x2 = np.linspace(0.0, 2.0)
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y1 = np.cos(2 * np.pi * x1) * np.exp(-x1)
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y2 = np.cos(2 * np.pi * x2)
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plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)
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plt.plot(x1, y1, 'yo-')
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plt.title('A tale of 2 subplots')
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plt.ylabel('Damped oscillation')
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plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)
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plt.plot(x2, y2, 'r.-')
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plt.xlabel('time (s)')
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plt.ylabel('Undamped')
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plt.show()
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```
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## 直方图
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`hist` 函数：
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In [3]:
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```py
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import numpy as np
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import matplotlib.mlab as mlab
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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# example data
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mu = 100 # mean of distribution
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sigma = 15 # standard deviation of distribution
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x = mu + sigma * np.random.randn(10000)
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num_bins = 50
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# the histogram of the data
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n, bins, patches = plt.hist(x, num_bins, normed=1, facecolor='green', alpha=0.5)
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# add a 'best fit' line
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y = mlab.normpdf(bins, mu, sigma)
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plt.plot(bins, y, 'r--')
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plt.xlabel('Smarts')
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plt.ylabel('Probability')
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plt.title(r'Histogram of IQ: $\mu=100$, $\sigma=15$')
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# Tweak spacing to prevent clipping of ylabel
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plt.subplots_adjust(left=0.15)
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plt.show()
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```
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## 路径图
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`matplotlib.path` 包：
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In [4]:
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```py
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import matplotlib.path as mpath
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import matplotlib.patches as mpatches
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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fig, ax = plt.subplots()
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Path = mpath.Path
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path_data = [
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(Path.MOVETO, (1.58, -2.57)),
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(Path.CURVE4, (0.35, -1.1)),
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(Path.CURVE4, (-1.75, 2.0)),
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(Path.CURVE4, (0.375, 2.0)),
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(Path.LINETO, (0.85, 1.15)),
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(Path.CURVE4, (2.2, 3.2)),
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(Path.CURVE4, (3, 0.05)),
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(Path.CURVE4, (2.0, -0.5)),
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(Path.CLOSEPOLY, (1.58, -2.57)),
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]
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codes, verts = zip(*path_data)
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path = mpath.Path(verts, codes)
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patch = mpatches.PathPatch(path, facecolor='r', alpha=0.5)
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ax.add_patch(patch)
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# plot control points and connecting lines
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x, y = zip(*path.vertices)
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line, = ax.plot(x, y, 'go-')
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ax.grid()
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ax.axis('equal')
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plt.show()
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```
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## 三维绘图
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导入 `Axex3D`：
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In [5]:
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```py
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from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
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from matplotlib import cm
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from matplotlib.ticker import LinearLocator, FormatStrFormatter
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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import numpy as np
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fig = plt.figure()
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ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
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X = np.arange(-5, 5, 0.25)
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Y = np.arange(-5, 5, 0.25)
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X, Y = np.meshgrid(X, Y)
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R = np.sqrt(X**2 + Y**2)
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Z = np.sin(R)
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surf = ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, rstride=1, cstride=1, cmap=cm.coolwarm,
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linewidth=0, antialiased=False)
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ax.set_zlim(-1.01, 1.01)
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ax.zaxis.set_major_locator(LinearLocator(10))
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ax.zaxis.set_major_formatter(FormatStrFormatter('%.02f'))
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fig.colorbar(surf, shrink=0.5, aspect=5)
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plt.show()
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```
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## 流向图
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主要函数：`plt.streamplot`
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In [6]:
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```py
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import numpy as np
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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Y, X = np.mgrid[-3:3:100j, -3:3:100j]
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U = -1 - X**2 + Y
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V = 1 + X - Y**2
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speed = np.sqrt(U*U + V*V)
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plt.streamplot(X, Y, U, V, color=U, linewidth=2, cmap=plt.cm.autumn)
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plt.colorbar()
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f, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(ncols=2)
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ax1.streamplot(X, Y, U, V, density=[0.5, 1])
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lw = 5*speed/speed.max()
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ax2.streamplot(X, Y, U, V, density=0.6, color='k', linewidth=lw)
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plt.show()
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```
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## 椭圆
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`Ellipse` 对象：
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In [7]:
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```py
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from pylab import figure, show, rand
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from matplotlib.patches import Ellipse
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NUM = 250
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ells = [Ellipse(xy=rand(2)*10, width=rand(), height=rand(), angle=rand()*360)
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for i in range(NUM)]
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fig = figure()
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ax = fig.add_subplot(111, aspect='equal')
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for e in ells:
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ax.add_artist(e)
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e.set_clip_box(ax.bbox)
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e.set_alpha(rand())
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e.set_facecolor(rand(3))
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ax.set_xlim(0, 10)
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ax.set_ylim(0, 10)
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show()
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```
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## 条状图
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`bar` 函数：
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In [8]:
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```py
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import numpy as np
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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n_groups = 5
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means_men = (20, 35, 30, 35, 27)
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std_men = (2, 3, 4, 1, 2)
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means_women = (25, 32, 34, 20, 25)
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std_women = (3, 5, 2, 3, 3)
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fig, ax = plt.subplots()
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index = np.arange(n_groups)
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bar_width = 0.35
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opacity = 0.4
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error_config = {'ecolor': '0.3'}
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rects1 = plt.bar(index, means_men, bar_width,
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alpha=opacity,
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color='b',
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yerr=std_men,
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error_kw=error_config,
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label='Men')
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rects2 = plt.bar(index + bar_width, means_women, bar_width,
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alpha=opacity,
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color='r',
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yerr=std_women,
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error_kw=error_config,
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label='Women')
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plt.xlabel('Group')
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plt.ylabel('Scores')
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plt.title('Scores by group and gender')
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plt.xticks(index + bar_width, ('A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E'))
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plt.legend()
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plt.tight_layout()
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plt.show()
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```
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## 饼状图
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`pie` 函数：
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In [9]:
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```py
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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# The slices will be ordered and plotted counter-clockwise.
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labels = 'Frogs', 'Hogs', 'Dogs', 'Logs'
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sizes = [15, 30, 45, 10]
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colors = ['yellowgreen', 'gold', 'lightskyblue', 'lightcoral']
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explode = (0, 0.1, 0, 0) # only "explode" the 2nd slice (i.e. 'Hogs')
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plt.pie(sizes, explode=explode, labels=labels, colors=colors,
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autopct='%1.1f%%', shadow=True, startangle=90)
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# Set aspect ratio to be equal so that pie is drawn as a circle.
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plt.axis('equal')
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plt.show()
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```
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## 图像中的表格
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`table` 函数：
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In [10]:
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```py
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import numpy as np
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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data = [[ 66386, 174296, 75131, 577908, 32015],
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[ 58230, 381139, 78045, 99308, 160454],
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[ 89135, 80552, 152558, 497981, 603535],
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[ 78415, 81858, 150656, 193263, 69638],
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[ 139361, 331509, 343164, 781380, 52269]]
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columns = ('Freeze', 'Wind', 'Flood', 'Quake', 'Hail')
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rows = ['%d year' % x for x in (100, 50, 20, 10, 5)]
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values = np.arange(0, 2500, 500)
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value_increment = 1000
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# Get some pastel shades for the colors
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colors = plt.cm.BuPu(np.linspace(0, 0.5, len(columns)))
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n_rows = len(data)
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index = np.arange(len(columns)) + 0.3
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bar_width = 0.4
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# Initialize the vertical-offset for the stacked bar chart.
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y_offset = np.array([0.0] * len(columns))
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# Plot bars and create text labels for the table
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cell_text = []
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for row in range(n_rows):
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plt.bar(index, data[row], bar_width, bottom=y_offset, color=colors[row])
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y_offset = y_offset + data[row]
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cell_text.append(['%1.1f' % (x/1000.0) for x in y_offset])
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# Reverse colors and text labels to display the last value at the top.
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colors = colors[::-1]
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cell_text.reverse()
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# Add a table at the bottom of the axes
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the_table = plt.table(cellText=cell_text,
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rowLabels=rows,
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rowColours=colors,
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colLabels=columns,
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loc='bottom')
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# Adjust layout to make room for the table:
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plt.subplots_adjust(left=0.2, bottom=0.2)
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plt.ylabel("Loss in ${0}'s".format(value_increment))
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plt.yticks(values * value_increment, ['%d' % val for val in values])
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plt.xticks([])
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plt.title('Loss by Disaster')
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plt.show()
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```
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## 散点图
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`scatter` 函数：
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In [11]:
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```py
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import numpy as np
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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import matplotlib.cbook as cbook
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# Load a numpy record array from yahoo csv data with fields date,
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# open, close, volume, adj_close from the mpl-data/example directory.
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# The record array stores python datetime.date as an object array in
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# the date column
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datafile = cbook.get_sample_data('goog.npy')
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price_data = np.load(datafile).view(np.recarray)
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price_data = price_data[-250:] # get the most recent 250 trading days
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delta1 = np.diff(price_data.adj_close)/price_data.adj_close[:-1]
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# Marker size in units of points^2
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volume = (15 * price_data.volume[:-2] / price_data.volume[0])**2
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close = 0.003 * price_data.close[:-2] / 0.003 * price_data.open[:-2]
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fig, ax = plt.subplots()
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ax.scatter(delta1[:-1], delta1[1:], c=close, s=volume, alpha=0.5)
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ax.set_xlabel(r'$\Delta_i$', fontsize=20)
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ax.set_ylabel(r'$\Delta_{i+1}$', fontsize=20)
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ax.set_title('Volume and percent change')
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ax.grid(True)
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fig.tight_layout()
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plt.show()
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```
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## 设置按钮
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`matplotlib.widgets` 模块：
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In [12]:
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```py
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import numpy as np
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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from matplotlib.widgets import Slider, Button, RadioButtons
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fig, ax = plt.subplots()
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plt.subplots_adjust(left=0.25, bottom=0.25)
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t = np.arange(0.0, 1.0, 0.001)
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a0 = 5
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f0 = 3
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s = a0*np.sin(2*np.pi*f0*t)
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l, = plt.plot(t,s, lw=2, color='red')
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plt.axis([0, 1, -10, 10])
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axcolor = 'lightgoldenrodyellow'
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axfreq = plt.axes([0.25, 0.1, 0.65, 0.03], axisbg=axcolor)
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axamp = plt.axes([0.25, 0.15, 0.65, 0.03], axisbg=axcolor)
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sfreq = Slider(axfreq, 'Freq', 0.1, 30.0, valinit=f0)
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samp = Slider(axamp, 'Amp', 0.1, 10.0, valinit=a0)
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def update(val):
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amp = samp.val
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freq = sfreq.val
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l.set_ydata(amp*np.sin(2*np.pi*freq*t))
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fig.canvas.draw_idle()
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sfreq.on_changed(update)
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samp.on_changed(update)
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resetax = plt.axes([0.8, 0.025, 0.1, 0.04])
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button = Button(resetax, 'Reset', color=axcolor, hovercolor='0.975')
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def reset(event):
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sfreq.reset()
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samp.reset()
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button.on_clicked(reset)
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rax = plt.axes([0.025, 0.5, 0.15, 0.15], axisbg=axcolor)
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radio = RadioButtons(rax, ('red', 'blue', 'green'), active=0)
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def colorfunc(label):
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l.set_color(label)
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fig.canvas.draw_idle()
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radio.on_clicked(colorfunc)
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plt.show()
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```
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## 填充曲线
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`fill` 函数：
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In [13]:
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```py
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import numpy as np
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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x = np.linspace(0, 1)
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y = np.sin(4 * np.pi * x) * np.exp(-5 * x)
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plt.fill(x, y, 'r')
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plt.grid(True)
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plt.show()
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```
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## 时间刻度
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In [14]:
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```py
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"""
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Show how to make date plots in matplotlib using date tick locators and
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formatters. See major_minor_demo1.py for more information on
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controlling major and minor ticks
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All matplotlib date plotting is done by converting date instances into
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days since the 0001-01-01 UTC. The conversion, tick locating and
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formatting is done behind the scenes so this is most transparent to
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you. The dates module provides several converter functions date2num
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and num2date
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"""
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import datetime
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import numpy as np
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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import matplotlib.dates as mdates
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import matplotlib.cbook as cbook
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years = mdates.YearLocator() # every year
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months = mdates.MonthLocator() # every month
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yearsFmt = mdates.DateFormatter('%Y')
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# load a numpy record array from yahoo csv data with fields date,
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# open, close, volume, adj_close from the mpl-data/example directory.
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# The record array stores python datetime.date as an object array in
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# the date column
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datafile = cbook.get_sample_data('goog.npy')
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r = np.load(datafile).view(np.recarray)
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fig, ax = plt.subplots()
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ax.plot(r.date, r.adj_close)
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# format the ticks
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ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(years)
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ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(yearsFmt)
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ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(months)
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datemin = datetime.date(r.date.min().year, 1, 1)
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datemax = datetime.date(r.date.max().year+1, 1, 1)
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ax.set_xlim(datemin, datemax)
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# format the coords message box
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def price(x): return '$%1.2f'%x
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ax.format_xdata = mdates.DateFormatter('%Y-%m-%d')
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ax.format_ydata = price
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ax.grid(True)
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# rotates and right aligns the x labels, and moves the bottom of the
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# axes up to make room for them
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fig.autofmt_xdate()
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plt.show()
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```
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||
|
||
## 金融数据
|
||
|
||
In [15]:
|
||
|
||
```py
|
||
import datetime
|
||
import numpy as np
|
||
import matplotlib.colors as colors
|
||
import matplotlib.finance as finance
|
||
import matplotlib.dates as mdates
|
||
import matplotlib.ticker as mticker
|
||
import matplotlib.mlab as mlab
|
||
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
|
||
import matplotlib.font_manager as font_manager
|
||
|
||
startdate = datetime.date(2006,1,1)
|
||
today = enddate = datetime.date.today()
|
||
ticker = 'SPY'
|
||
|
||
fh = finance.fetch_historical_yahoo(ticker, startdate, enddate)
|
||
# a numpy record array with fields: date, open, high, low, close, volume, adj_close)
|
||
|
||
r = mlab.csv2rec(fh); fh.close()
|
||
r.sort()
|
||
|
||
def moving_average(x, n, type='simple'):
|
||
"""
|
||
compute an n period moving average.
|
||
|
||
type is 'simple' | 'exponential'
|
||
|
||
"""
|
||
x = np.asarray(x)
|
||
if type=='simple':
|
||
weights = np.ones(n)
|
||
else:
|
||
weights = np.exp(np.linspace(-1., 0., n))
|
||
|
||
weights /= weights.sum()
|
||
|
||
a = np.convolve(x, weights, mode='full')[:len(x)]
|
||
a[:n] = a[n]
|
||
return a
|
||
|
||
def relative_strength(prices, n=14):
|
||
"""
|
||
compute the n period relative strength indicator
|
||
http://stockcharts.com/school/doku.php?id=chart_school:glossary_r#relativestrengthindex
|
||
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/rsi.asp
|
||
"""
|
||
|
||
deltas = np.diff(prices)
|
||
seed = deltas[:n+1]
|
||
up = seed[seed>=0].sum()/n
|
||
down = -seed[seed<0].sum()/n
|
||
rs = up/down
|
||
rsi = np.zeros_like(prices)
|
||
rsi[:n] = 100. - 100./(1.+rs)
|
||
|
||
for i in range(n, len(prices)):
|
||
delta = deltas[i-1] # cause the diff is 1 shorter
|
||
|
||
if delta>0:
|
||
upval = delta
|
||
downval = 0.
|
||
else:
|
||
upval = 0.
|
||
downval = -delta
|
||
|
||
up = (up*(n-1) + upval)/n
|
||
down = (down*(n-1) + downval)/n
|
||
|
||
rs = up/down
|
||
rsi[i] = 100. - 100./(1.+rs)
|
||
|
||
return rsi
|
||
|
||
def moving_average_convergence(x, nslow=26, nfast=12):
|
||
"""
|
||
compute the MACD (Moving Average Convergence/Divergence) using a fast and slow exponential moving avg'
|
||
return value is emaslow, emafast, macd which are len(x) arrays
|
||
"""
|
||
emaslow = moving_average(x, nslow, type='exponential')
|
||
emafast = moving_average(x, nfast, type='exponential')
|
||
return emaslow, emafast, emafast - emaslow
|
||
|
||
plt.rc('axes', grid=True)
|
||
plt.rc('grid', color='0.75', linestyle='-', linewidth=0.5)
|
||
|
||
textsize = 9
|
||
left, width = 0.1, 0.8
|
||
rect1 = [left, 0.7, width, 0.2]
|
||
rect2 = [left, 0.3, width, 0.4]
|
||
rect3 = [left, 0.1, width, 0.2]
|
||
|
||
fig = plt.figure(facecolor='white')
|
||
axescolor = '#f6f6f6' # the axes background color
|
||
|
||
ax1 = fig.add_axes(rect1, axisbg=axescolor) #left, bottom, width, height
|
||
ax2 = fig.add_axes(rect2, axisbg=axescolor, sharex=ax1)
|
||
ax2t = ax2.twinx()
|
||
ax3 = fig.add_axes(rect3, axisbg=axescolor, sharex=ax1)
|
||
|
||
### plot the relative strength indicator
|
||
prices = r.adj_close
|
||
rsi = relative_strength(prices)
|
||
fillcolor = 'darkgoldenrod'
|
||
|
||
ax1.plot(r.date, rsi, color=fillcolor)
|
||
ax1.axhline(70, color=fillcolor)
|
||
ax1.axhline(30, color=fillcolor)
|
||
ax1.fill_between(r.date, rsi, 70, where=(rsi>=70), facecolor=fillcolor, edgecolor=fillcolor)
|
||
ax1.fill_between(r.date, rsi, 30, where=(rsi<=30), facecolor=fillcolor, edgecolor=fillcolor)
|
||
ax1.text(0.6, 0.9, '>70 = overbought', va='top', transform=ax1.transAxes, fontsize=textsize)
|
||
ax1.text(0.6, 0.1, '<30 = oversold', transform=ax1.transAxes, fontsize=textsize)
|
||
ax1.set_ylim(0, 100)
|
||
ax1.set_yticks([30,70])
|
||
ax1.text(0.025, 0.95, 'RSI (14)', va='top', transform=ax1.transAxes, fontsize=textsize)
|
||
ax1.set_title('%s daily'%ticker)
|
||
|
||
### plot the price and volume data
|
||
dx = r.adj_close - r.close
|
||
low = r.low + dx
|
||
high = r.high + dx
|
||
|
||
deltas = np.zeros_like(prices)
|
||
deltas[1:] = np.diff(prices)
|
||
up = deltas>0
|
||
ax2.vlines(r.date[up], low[up], high[up], color='black', label='_nolegend_')
|
||
ax2.vlines(r.date[~up], low[~up], high[~up], color='black', label='_nolegend_')
|
||
ma20 = moving_average(prices, 20, type='simple')
|
||
ma200 = moving_average(prices, 200, type='simple')
|
||
|
||
linema20, = ax2.plot(r.date, ma20, color='blue', lw=2, label='MA (20)')
|
||
linema200, = ax2.plot(r.date, ma200, color='red', lw=2, label='MA (200)')
|
||
|
||
last = r[-1]
|
||
s = '%s O:%1.2f H:%1.2f L:%1.2f C:%1.2f, V:%1.1fM Chg:%+1.2f' % (
|
||
today.strftime('%d-%b-%Y'),
|
||
last.open, last.high,
|
||
last.low, last.close,
|
||
last.volume*1e-6,
|
||
last.close-last.open )
|
||
t4 = ax2.text(0.3, 0.9, s, transform=ax2.transAxes, fontsize=textsize)
|
||
|
||
props = font_manager.FontProperties(size=10)
|
||
leg = ax2.legend(loc='center left', shadow=True, fancybox=True, prop=props)
|
||
leg.get_frame().set_alpha(0.5)
|
||
|
||
volume = (r.close*r.volume)/1e6 # dollar volume in millions
|
||
vmax = volume.max()
|
||
poly = ax2t.fill_between(r.date, volume, 0, label='Volume', facecolor=fillcolor, edgecolor=fillcolor)
|
||
ax2t.set_ylim(0, 5*vmax)
|
||
ax2t.set_yticks([])
|
||
|
||
### compute the MACD indicator
|
||
fillcolor = 'darkslategrey'
|
||
nslow = 26
|
||
nfast = 12
|
||
nema = 9
|
||
emaslow, emafast, macd = moving_average_convergence(prices, nslow=nslow, nfast=nfast)
|
||
ema9 = moving_average(macd, nema, type='exponential')
|
||
ax3.plot(r.date, macd, color='black', lw=2)
|
||
ax3.plot(r.date, ema9, color='blue', lw=1)
|
||
ax3.fill_between(r.date, macd-ema9, 0, alpha=0.5, facecolor=fillcolor, edgecolor=fillcolor)
|
||
|
||
ax3.text(0.025, 0.95, 'MACD (%d, %d, %d)'%(nfast, nslow, nema), va='top',
|
||
transform=ax3.transAxes, fontsize=textsize)
|
||
|
||
#ax3.set_yticks([])
|
||
# turn off upper axis tick labels, rotate the lower ones, etc
|
||
for ax in ax1, ax2, ax2t, ax3:
|
||
if ax!=ax3:
|
||
for label in ax.get_xticklabels():
|
||
label.set_visible(False)
|
||
else:
|
||
for label in ax.get_xticklabels():
|
||
label.set_rotation(30)
|
||
label.set_horizontalalignment('right')
|
||
|
||
ax.fmt_xdata = mdates.DateFormatter('%Y-%m-%d')
|
||
|
||
class MyLocator(mticker.MaxNLocator):
|
||
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
|
||
mticker.MaxNLocator.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
|
||
|
||
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
|
||
return mticker.MaxNLocator.__call__(self, *args, **kwargs)
|
||
|
||
# at most 5 ticks, pruning the upper and lower so they don't overlap
|
||
# with other ticks
|
||
#ax2.yaxis.set_major_locator(mticker.MaxNLocator(5, prune='both'))
|
||
#ax3.yaxis.set_major_locator(mticker.MaxNLocator(5, prune='both'))
|
||
|
||
ax2.yaxis.set_major_locator(MyLocator(5, prune='both'))
|
||
ax3.yaxis.set_major_locator(MyLocator(5, prune='both'))
|
||
|
||
plt.show()
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
## basemap 画地图
|
||
|
||
需要安装 `basemap` 包：
|
||
|
||
In [16]:
|
||
|
||
```py
|
||
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
|
||
import numpy as np
|
||
|
||
try:
|
||
from mpl_toolkits.basemap import Basemap
|
||
have_basemap = True
|
||
except ImportError:
|
||
have_basemap = False
|
||
|
||
def plotmap():
|
||
# create figure
|
||
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8,8))
|
||
# set up orthographic map projection with
|
||
# perspective of satellite looking down at 50N, 100W.
|
||
# use low resolution coastlines.
|
||
map = Basemap(projection='ortho',lat_0=50,lon_0=-100,resolution='l')
|
||
# lat/lon coordinates of five cities.
|
||
lats=[40.02,32.73,38.55,48.25,17.29]
|
||
lons=[-105.16,-117.16,-77.00,-114.21,-88.10]
|
||
cities=['Boulder, CO','San Diego, CA',
|
||
'Washington, DC','Whitefish, MT','Belize City, Belize']
|
||
# compute the native map projection coordinates for cities.
|
||
xc,yc = map(lons,lats)
|
||
# make up some data on a regular lat/lon grid.
|
||
nlats = 73; nlons = 145; delta = 2.*np.pi/(nlons-1)
|
||
lats = (0.5*np.pi-delta*np.indices((nlats,nlons))[0,:,:])
|
||
lons = (delta*np.indices((nlats,nlons))[1,:,:])
|
||
wave = 0.75*(np.sin(2.*lats)**8*np.cos(4.*lons))
|
||
mean = 0.5*np.cos(2.*lats)*((np.sin(2.*lats))**2 + 2.)
|
||
# compute native map projection coordinates of lat/lon grid.
|
||
# (convert lons and lats to degrees first)
|
||
x, y = map(lons*180./np.pi, lats*180./np.pi)
|
||
# draw map boundary
|
||
map.drawmapboundary(color="0.9")
|
||
# draw graticule (latitude and longitude grid lines)
|
||
map.drawmeridians(np.arange(0,360,30),color="0.9")
|
||
map.drawparallels(np.arange(-90,90,30),color="0.9")
|
||
# plot filled circles at the locations of the cities.
|
||
map.plot(xc,yc,'wo')
|
||
# plot the names of five cities.
|
||
for name,xpt,ypt in zip(cities,xc,yc):
|
||
plt.text(xpt+100000,ypt+100000,name,fontsize=9,color='w')
|
||
# contour data over the map.
|
||
cs = map.contour(x,y,wave+mean,15,linewidths=1.5)
|
||
# draw blue marble image in background.
|
||
# (downsample the image by 50% for speed)
|
||
map.bluemarble(scale=0.5)
|
||
|
||
def plotempty():
|
||
# create figure
|
||
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8,8))
|
||
fig.text(0.5, 0.5, "Sorry, could not import Basemap",
|
||
horizontalalignment='center')
|
||
|
||
if have_basemap:
|
||
plotmap()
|
||
else:
|
||
plotempty()
|
||
plt.show()
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
## 对数图
|
||
|
||
`loglog, semilogx, semilogy, errorbar` 函数：
|
||
|
||
In [17]:
|
||
|
||
```py
|
||
import numpy as np
|
||
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
|
||
|
||
plt.subplots_adjust(hspace=0.4)
|
||
t = np.arange(0.01, 20.0, 0.01)
|
||
|
||
# log y axis
|
||
plt.subplot(221)
|
||
plt.semilogy(t, np.exp(-t/5.0))
|
||
plt.title('semilogy')
|
||
plt.grid(True)
|
||
|
||
# log x axis
|
||
plt.subplot(222)
|
||
plt.semilogx(t, np.sin(2*np.pi*t))
|
||
plt.title('semilogx')
|
||
plt.grid(True)
|
||
|
||
# log x and y axis
|
||
plt.subplot(223)
|
||
plt.loglog(t, 20*np.exp(-t/10.0), basex=2)
|
||
plt.grid(True)
|
||
plt.title('loglog base 4 on x')
|
||
|
||
# with errorbars: clip non-positive values
|
||
ax = plt.subplot(224)
|
||
ax.set_xscale("log", nonposx='clip')
|
||
ax.set_yscale("log", nonposy='clip')
|
||
|
||
x = 10.0**np.linspace(0.0, 2.0, 20)
|
||
y = x**2.0
|
||
plt.errorbar(x, y, xerr=0.1*x, yerr=5.0+0.75*y)
|
||
ax.set_ylim(ymin=0.1)
|
||
ax.set_title('Errorbars go negative')
|
||
|
||
plt.show()
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
## 极坐标
|
||
|
||
设置 `polar=True`：
|
||
|
||
In [18]:
|
||
|
||
```py
|
||
import numpy as np
|
||
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
|
||
|
||
r = np.arange(0, 3.0, 0.01)
|
||
theta = 2 * np.pi * r
|
||
|
||
ax = plt.subplot(111, polar=True)
|
||
ax.plot(theta, r, color='r', linewidth=3)
|
||
ax.set_rmax(2.0)
|
||
ax.grid(True)
|
||
|
||
ax.set_title("A line plot on a polar axis", va='bottom')
|
||
plt.show()
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
## 标注
|
||
|
||
`legend` 函数：
|
||
|
||
In [19]:
|
||
|
||
```py
|
||
import numpy as np
|
||
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
|
||
|
||
# Make some fake data.
|
||
a = b = np.arange(0,3, .02)
|
||
c = np.exp(a)
|
||
d = c[::-1]
|
||
|
||
# Create plots with pre-defined labels.
|
||
plt.plot(a, c, 'k--', label='Model length')
|
||
plt.plot(a, d, 'k:', label='Data length')
|
||
plt.plot(a, c+d, 'k', label='Total message length')
|
||
|
||
legend = plt.legend(loc='upper center', shadow=True, fontsize='x-large')
|
||
|
||
# Put a nicer background color on the legend.
|
||
legend.get_frame().set_facecolor('#00FFCC')
|
||
|
||
plt.show()
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
## 数学公式
|
||
|
||
In [20]:
|
||
|
||
```py
|
||
from __future__ import print_function
|
||
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
|
||
import os
|
||
import sys
|
||
import re
|
||
import gc
|
||
|
||
# Selection of features following "Writing mathematical expressions" tutorial
|
||
mathtext_titles = {
|
||
0: "Header demo",
|
||
1: "Subscripts and superscripts",
|
||
2: "Fractions, binomials and stacked numbers",
|
||
3: "Radicals",
|
||
4: "Fonts",
|
||
5: "Accents",
|
||
6: "Greek, Hebrew",
|
||
7: "Delimiters, functions and Symbols"}
|
||
n_lines = len(mathtext_titles)
|
||
|
||
# Randomly picked examples
|
||
mathext_demos = {
|
||
0: r"$W^{3\beta}_{\delta_1 \rho_1 \sigma_2} = "
|
||
r"U^{3\beta}_{\delta_1 \rho_1} + \frac{1}{8 \pi 2} "
|
||
r"\int^{\alpha_2}_{\alpha_2} d \alpha^\prime_2 \left[\frac{ "
|
||
r"U^{2\beta}_{\delta_1 \rho_1} - \alpha^\prime_2U^{1\beta}_"
|
||
r"{\rho_1 \sigma_2} }{U^{0\beta}_{\rho_1 \sigma_2}}\right]$",
|
||
|
||
1: r"$\alpha_i > \beta_i,\ "
|
||
r"\alpha_{i+1}^j = {\rm sin}(2\pi f_j t_i) e^{-5 t_i/\tau},\ "
|
||
r"\ldots$",
|
||
|
||
2: r"$\frac{3}{4},\ \binom{3}{4},\ \stackrel{3}{4},\ "
|
||
r"\left(\frac{5 - \frac{1}{x}}{4}\right),\ \ldots$",
|
||
|
||
3: r"$\sqrt{2},\ \sqrt[3]{x},\ \ldots$",
|
||
|
||
4: r"$\mathrm{Roman}\ , \ \mathit{Italic}\ , \ \mathtt{Typewriter} \ "
|
||
r"\mathrm{or}\ \mathcal{CALLIGRAPHY}$",
|
||
|
||
5: r"$\acute a,\ \bar a,\ \breve a,\ \dot a,\ \ddot a, \ \grave a, \ "
|
||
r"\hat a,\ \tilde a,\ \vec a,\ \widehat{xyz},\ \widetilde{xyz},\ "
|
||
r"\ldots$",
|
||
|
||
6: r"$\alpha,\ \beta,\ \chi,\ \delta,\ \lambda,\ \mu,\ "
|
||
r"\Delta,\ \Gamma,\ \Omega,\ \Phi,\ \Pi,\ \Upsilon,\ \nabla,\ "
|
||
r"\aleph,\ \beth,\ \daleth,\ \gimel,\ \ldots$",
|
||
|
||
7: r"$\coprod,\ \int,\ \oint,\ \prod,\ \sum,\ "
|
||
r"\log,\ \sin,\ \approx,\ \oplus,\ \star,\ \varpropto,\ "
|
||
r"\infty,\ \partial,\ \Re,\ \leftrightsquigarrow, \ \ldots$"}
|
||
|
||
def doall():
|
||
# Colors used in mpl online documentation.
|
||
mpl_blue_rvb = (191./255., 209./256., 212./255.)
|
||
mpl_orange_rvb = (202/255., 121/256., 0./255.)
|
||
mpl_grey_rvb = (51./255., 51./255., 51./255.)
|
||
|
||
# Creating figure and axis.
|
||
plt.figure(figsize=(6, 7))
|
||
plt.axes([0.01, 0.01, 0.98, 0.90], axisbg="white", frameon=True)
|
||
plt.gca().set_xlim(0., 1.)
|
||
plt.gca().set_ylim(0., 1.)
|
||
plt.gca().set_title("Matplotlib's math rendering engine",
|
||
color=mpl_grey_rvb, fontsize=14, weight='bold')
|
||
plt.gca().set_xticklabels("", visible=False)
|
||
plt.gca().set_yticklabels("", visible=False)
|
||
|
||
# Gap between lines in axes coords
|
||
line_axesfrac = (1. / (n_lines))
|
||
|
||
# Plotting header demonstration formula
|
||
full_demo = mathext_demos[0]
|
||
plt.annotate(full_demo,
|
||
xy=(0.5, 1. - 0.59*line_axesfrac),
|
||
xycoords='data', color=mpl_orange_rvb, ha='center',
|
||
fontsize=20)
|
||
|
||
# Plotting features demonstration formulae
|
||
for i_line in range(1, n_lines):
|
||
baseline = 1. - (i_line)*line_axesfrac
|
||
baseline_next = baseline - line_axesfrac*1.
|
||
title = mathtext_titles[i_line] + ":"
|
||
fill_color = ['white', mpl_blue_rvb][i_line % 2]
|
||
plt.fill_between([0., 1.], [baseline, baseline],
|
||
[baseline_next, baseline_next],
|
||
color=fill_color, alpha=0.5)
|
||
plt.annotate(title,
|
||
xy=(0.07, baseline - 0.3*line_axesfrac),
|
||
xycoords='data', color=mpl_grey_rvb, weight='bold')
|
||
demo = mathext_demos[i_line]
|
||
plt.annotate(demo,
|
||
xy=(0.05, baseline - 0.75*line_axesfrac),
|
||
xycoords='data', color=mpl_grey_rvb,
|
||
fontsize=16)
|
||
|
||
for i in range(n_lines):
|
||
s = mathext_demos[i]
|
||
print(i, s)
|
||
plt.show()
|
||
|
||
if '--latex' in sys.argv:
|
||
# Run: python mathtext_examples.py --latex
|
||
# Need amsmath and amssymb packages.
|
||
fd = open("mathtext_examples.ltx", "w")
|
||
fd.write("\\documentclass{article}\n")
|
||
fd.write("\\usepackage{amsmath, amssymb}\n")
|
||
fd.write("\\begin{document}\n")
|
||
fd.write("\\begin{enumerate}\n")
|
||
|
||
for i in range(n_lines):
|
||
s = mathext_demos[i]
|
||
s = re.sub(r"(?<!\\)\$", "$$", s)
|
||
fd.write("\\item %s\n" % s)
|
||
|
||
fd.write("\\end{enumerate}\n")
|
||
fd.write("\\end{document}\n")
|
||
fd.close()
|
||
|
||
os.system("pdflatex mathtext_examples.ltx")
|
||
else:
|
||
doall()
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
```py
|
||
0 $W^{3\beta}_{\delta_1 \rho_1 \sigma_2} = U^{3\beta}_{\delta_1 \rho_1} + \frac{1}{8 \pi 2} \int^{\alpha_2}_{\alpha_2} d \alpha^\prime_2 \left[\frac{ U^{2\beta}_{\delta_1 \rho_1} - \alpha^\prime_2U^{1\beta}_{\rho_1 \sigma_2} }{U^{0\beta}_{\rho_1 \sigma_2}}\right]$
|
||
1 $\alpha_i > \beta_i,\ \alpha_{i+1}^j = {\rm sin}(2\pi f_j t_i) e^{-5 t_i/\tau},\ \ldots$
|
||
2 $\frac{3}{4},\ \binom{3}{4},\ \stackrel{3}{4},\ \left(\frac{5 - \frac{1}{x}}{4}\right),\ \ldots$
|
||
3 $\sqrt{2},\ \sqrt[3]{x},\ \ldots$
|
||
4 $\mathrm{Roman}\ , \ \mathit{Italic}\ , \ \mathtt{Typewriter} \ \mathrm{or}\ \mathcal{CALLIGRAPHY}$
|
||
5 $\acute a,\ \bar a,\ \breve a,\ \dot a,\ \ddot a, \ \grave a, \ \hat a,\ \tilde a,\ \vec a,\ \widehat{xyz},\ \widetilde{xyz},\ \ldots$
|
||
6 $\alpha,\ \beta,\ \chi,\ \delta,\ \lambda,\ \mu,\ \Delta,\ \Gamma,\ \Omega,\ \Phi,\ \Pi,\ \Upsilon,\ \nabla,\ \aleph,\ \beth,\ \daleth,\ \gimel,\ \ldots$
|
||
7 $\coprod,\ \int,\ \oint,\ \prod,\ \sum,\ \log,\ \sin,\ \approx,\ \oplus,\ \star,\ \varpropto,\ \infty,\ \partial,\ \Re,\ \leftrightsquigarrow, \ \ldots$
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
 |