feat: LRU (Least recently used) cache - different implementation (#2783)

* feat: add lru cache

* test: add test to cover exception

* test: add assert for exception message

* review: change int to uint32_t

* review: add header for std::uint32_t

---------

Co-authored-by: realstealthninja <68815218+realstealthninja@users.noreply.github.com>

others/lru_cache2.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @brief Implementation for [LRU Cache]
+ * (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_replacement_policies#:~:text=Least%20Recently%20Used%20(LRU))
+ *
+ * @details
+ * LRU discards the least recently used value.
+ * Data structures used - doubly linked list and unordered_map
+ *
+ * unordered_map maps the key to the address of the node of the linked list.
+ * If the element is accessed, the element is moved to the beginning of the
+ * linked list.
+ *
+ * When the cache is full, the last element in the linked list is popped.
+ *
+ * @author [Karan Sharma](https://github.com/deDSeC00720)
+ */
+
+#include <cassert>        // for assert
+#include <cstdint>        // for std::uint32_t
+#include <iostream>       // for std::cout
+#include <unordered_map>  // for std::unordered_map
+
+/**
+ * @namespace
+ * @brief Other algorithms
+ */
+namespace others {
+
+/**
+ * @namespace
+ * @brief Cache algorithm
+ */
+namespace Cache {
+
+/**
+ * @class
+ * @brief Node for a doubly linked list with data, prev and next pointers
+ * @tparam T type of the data of the node
+ */
+template <typename T>
+class D_Node {
+ public:
+    T data;           ///< data of the node
+    D_Node<T> *prev;  ///< previous node in the doubly linked list
+    D_Node<T> *next;  ///< next node in the doubly linked list
+
+    explicit D_Node(T data) : data(data), prev(nullptr), next(nullptr) {}
+};
+
+template <typename K, typename V>
+using CacheNode = D_Node<std::pair<K, V>>;
+
+/**
+ * @class
+ * @brief LRUCache
+ * @tparam K type of key in the LRU
+ * @tparam V type of value in the LRU
+ */
+template <typename K, typename V>
+class LRUCache {
+    CacheNode<K, V> *head;    ///< head of the doubly linked list
+    CacheNode<K, V> *tail;    ///< tail of the doubly linked list
+    std::uint32_t _capacity;  ///< maximum capacity of the cache
+
+    std::unordered_map<K, CacheNode<K, V> *>
+        node_map;  ///< maps the key to the node address
+
+ public:
+    /**
+     * @brief Constructor, Initialize the head and tail pointers to nullptr and
+     * initialize the _capacity of the cache
+     * @param _capacity Total capacity of the cache
+     */
+    explicit LRUCache(int _capacity)
+        : head(nullptr), tail(nullptr), _capacity(_capacity) {}
+
+ private:
+    /**
+     * @brief push the node to the front of the linked list.
+     * @param node_ptr the node to be pushed
+     */
+    void push_front(CacheNode<K, V> *node_ptr) {
+        if (!head) {
+            head = node_ptr;
+            tail = node_ptr;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        node_ptr->next = head;
+        head->prev = node_ptr;
+        head = node_ptr;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief move the existing node in the list to the beginning of the list.
+     * @param node_ptr node to be moved to the beginning.
+     */
+    void make_recent(CacheNode<K, V> *node_ptr) {
+        if (head == node_ptr) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        CacheNode<K, V> *prev = node_ptr->prev;
+        CacheNode<K, V> *next = node_ptr->next;
+
+        prev->next = next;
+        if (next) {
+            next->prev = prev;
+        } else {
+            tail = prev;
+        }
+
+        node_ptr->prev = nullptr;
+        node_ptr->next = nullptr;
+        push_front(node_ptr);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief pop the last node in the linked list.
+     */
+    void pop_back() {
+        if (!head) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (head == tail) {
+            delete head;
+            head = nullptr;
+            tail = nullptr;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        CacheNode<K, V> *temp = tail;
+        tail = tail->prev;
+        tail->next = nullptr;
+        delete temp;
+    }
+
+ public:
+    /**
+     * @brief upsert a key-value pair
+     * @param key key of the key-value pair
+     * @param value value of the key-value pair
+     */
+    void put(K key, V value) {
+        // update the value if key already exists
+        if (node_map.count(key)) {
+            node_map[key]->data.second = value;
+            make_recent(node_map[key]);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // if the cache is full
+        // remove the least recently used item
+        if (node_map.size() == _capacity) {
+            node_map.erase(tail->data.first);
+            pop_back();
+        }
+
+        CacheNode<K, V> *newNode = new CacheNode<K, V>({key, value});
+
+        node_map[key] = newNode;
+        push_front(newNode);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief get the value of the key-value pair if exists
+     * @param key key of the key-value pair
+     * @return the value mapped to the given key
+     * @exception exception is thrown if the key is not present in the cache
+     */
+    V get(K key) {
+        if (!node_map.count(key)) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("key is not present in the cache");
+        }
+
+        // move node to the beginning of the list
+        V value = node_map[key]->data.second;
+        make_recent(node_map[key]);
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns the number of items present in the cache.
+     * @return number of items in the cache
+     */
+    int size() const { return node_map.size(); }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns the total capacity of the cache
+     * @return Total capacity of the cache
+     */
+    int capacity() const { return _capacity; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief returns whether the cache is empty or not
+     * @return true if the cache is empty, false otherwise.
+     */
+    bool empty() const { return node_map.empty(); }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief destructs the cache, iterates on the map and deletes every node
+     * present in the cache.
+     */
+    ~LRUCache() {
+        auto it = node_map.begin();
+        while (it != node_map.end()) {
+            delete it->second;
+            ++it;
+        }
+    }
+};
+}  // namespace Cache
+}  // namespace others
+
+/**
+ * @brief self test implementations
+ * @return void
+ */
+static void test() {
+    others::Cache::LRUCache<int, int> cache(5);
+
+    // test the initial state of the cache
+    assert(cache.size() == 0);
+    assert(cache.capacity() == 5);
+    assert(cache.empty());
+
+    // test insertion in the cache
+    cache.put(1, 10);
+    cache.put(-2, 20);
+
+    // test the state of cache after inserting some items
+    assert(cache.size() == 2);
+    assert(cache.capacity() == 5);
+    assert(!cache.empty());
+
+    // test getting items from the cache
+    assert(cache.get(1) == 10);
+    assert(cache.get(-2) == 20);
+
+    cache.put(-3, -30);
+    cache.put(4, 40);
+    cache.put(5, -50);
+    cache.put(6, 60);
+
+    // test the state after inserting more items than the capacity
+    assert(cache.size() == 5);
+    assert(cache.capacity() == 5);
+    assert(!cache.empty());
+
+    // fetching 1 throws runtime_error
+    // as 1 was evicted being the least recently used
+    // when 6 was added
+    try {
+        cache.get(1);
+    } catch (const std::runtime_error &e) {
+        assert(std::string(e.what()) == "key is not present in the cache");
+    }
+
+    // test retrieval of all items in the cache
+    assert(cache.get(-2) == 20);
+    assert(cache.get(-3) == -30);
+    assert(cache.get(4) == 40);
+    assert(cache.get(5) == -50);
+    assert(cache.get(6) == 60);
+
+    std::cout << "test - passed\n";
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief main function
+ * @return 0 on exit
+ */
+int main() {
+    test();  // run the self test implementation
+    return 0;
+}