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- const README: rewrite the space-saving claim per issue #5 follow-ups (constant-expression const vs #define immediates; which const qualify as constant expressions) - const README: fix the class-section diagnosis per issue #338 (overload resolution picks the const overload; the restriction only surfaces once that overload is removed) - sizeof README: virtual-inheritance result is compiler-dependent (GCC merges vbptr+vfptr -> 16, MSVC keeps them separate -> 32) #246 - static README: new section on internal linkage / access restriction with anonymous-namespace comparison #142 - 10-day practice: full problem list table + fixed day links #136 - new design_pattern/singleton/singleton_default.hpp: reusable thread-safe CRTP singleton template, compile+concurrency tested #303
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# static那些事
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> 本文档由 [C++那些事网站](https://light-city.github.io/stories_things/cpp-things/static/) 同步生成,网站版本含多语言与更新排版。
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# C++ static 静态成员与生存期
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## 关于作者
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微信公众号:
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当与不同类型一起使用时,Static关键字具有不同的含义。我们可以使用static关键字:
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return 0;
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}
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```
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### 6.static 的内部链接(限定访问范围)
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感谢 [issue #142](https://github.com/Light-City/CPlusPlusThings/issues/142) 指出:static 修饰全局变量/函数时,还起到**限定访问范围**的作用——将其链接性从外部链接(external linkage)改为内部链接(internal linkage),效果类似匿名命名空间:
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- 非 static 的全局变量:其他编译单元可以通过 `extern` 声明访问;
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- static 全局变量/函数:仅当前编译单元可见,`extern` 声明也无法链接到(上面的 undefined reference 正是这个原因)。
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现代 C++ 中更推荐用**匿名命名空间**表达"仅本文件可见"(对类型同样有效),但理解 static 的这一层含义在阅读旧代码时非常重要。
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```cpp
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// file1.cpp
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static int hidden = 42; // 内部链接:其他文件 extern 不可见
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int visible = 1; // 外部链接:其他文件可 extern 访问
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namespace { // 匿名命名空间:等价且更现代的写法
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int also_hidden = 7;
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}
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```
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