docs: address community issue feedback (#5 #338 #142 #246 #136 #303)

- const README: rewrite the space-saving claim per issue #5 follow-ups
  (constant-expression const vs #define immediates; which const qualify
  as constant expressions)
- const README: fix the class-section diagnosis per issue #338 (overload
  resolution picks the const overload; the restriction only surfaces
  once that overload is removed)
- sizeof README: virtual-inheritance result is compiler-dependent
  (GCC merges vbptr+vfptr -> 16, MSVC keeps them separate -> 32) #246
- static README: new section on internal linkage / access restriction
  with anonymous-namespace comparison #142
- 10-day practice: full problem list table + fixed day links #136
- new design_pattern/singleton/singleton_default.hpp: reusable
  thread-safe CRTP singleton template, compile+concurrency tested #303
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> 来自 [C++那些事网站](https://light-city.github.io/stories_things/cpp-guides/interesting-cpp-code-snippet/) 的文章,由站点同步脚本导出。
# 一段有趣的 C++ 代码
## 0.导语
目标:如何获取参数lambda或者functor的参数个数呢?
本节将从模版 + `::*` + decay + decltype来实现!
## 1.实现
最终效果:
```cpp
auto c1 = [](int x, double y) { return x * y; };
std::cout << argument_count<decltype(c1)>::value << std::endl;
MyClass f;
std::cout << argument_count<decltype(f)>::value << std::endl;
```
输出:2
我们思考一下这个问题,需要直到这几个点:
- 如何定位到functor与lambda的位置?
- 如何获取到这个函数签名的参数数量?
对于第一个问题,我们可以使用`::*`便可以指向成员声明,对于functor与lambda都是`&std::decay<F>::type::operator())`。简单来说都是获取operator()这个声明的地址。
这里使用decay来移除cv限定符,以上述MyClass为例,到这里先通过`std::decay<F>::type`获取到MyClass类型,随后获取对应operator()的地址,然后传递给argument_count_impl。
```cpp
template <typename F>
using argument_count = decltype(argument_count_impl(&std::decay<F>::type::operator()));
```
argument_count_impl的实现也比较简单,使用R (F::*)(A...)签名获取到对应的函数,这里使用了可变参数模版,`::*`,sizeof是用来获取参数数量,integral_constant则表示这个编译器常量类型为int,值为sizeof...(A)。
```cpp
template <typename F, typename R, typename... A>
static std::integral_constant<int, sizeof...(A)> argument_count_impl(R (F::*)(A...));
```
基于此,便实现了获取Lambda or Functor参数个数的功能~