docs: address community issue feedback (#5 #338 #142 #246 #136 #303)

- const README: rewrite the space-saving claim per issue #5 follow-ups
  (constant-expression const vs #define immediates; which const qualify
  as constant expressions)
- const README: fix the class-section diagnosis per issue #338 (overload
  resolution picks the const overload; the restriction only surfaces
  once that overload is removed)
- sizeof README: virtual-inheritance result is compiler-dependent
  (GCC merges vbptr+vfptr -> 16, MSVC keeps them separate -> 32) #246
- static README: new section on internal linkage / access restriction
  with anonymous-namespace comparison #142
- 10-day practice: full problem list table + fixed day links #136
- new design_pattern/singleton/singleton_default.hpp: reusable
  thread-safe CRTP singleton template, compile+concurrency tested #303
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> 来自 [C++那些事网站](https://light-city.github.io/stories_things/cpp-things/cpp-dereference-operator/) 的文章,由站点同步脚本导出。
# C++ 解引用运算符 *
## 0.导语
通常我们在操作指针时,会使用到`*`,例如:
```cpp
int a = 1;
int *ptr = a;
std::cout << *ptr << std::endl;
```
除此之外,还有什么用途?
答案是肯定的,例如,在C++中还有下面三类:
- `::*`
- `.*`
- `->*`
那么你知道这三个分别表示什么吗?
## 1.::*
`::*`被称之为**Pointer to member declarator**,指向成员声明符的指针。
举个例子吧:
下面这个例子你如何区w_的地址呢?
如果你写成`double * d = &w_`; 它便是无效的,因为不知道`w_`在哪里哦,所以需要指向成员声明符的指针,这样便可以进行绑定,有了这个指针之后,便可以访问成员了,继续讲后面两个。
```cpp
class Rectangle {
public:
double w_, h_;
Rectangle(double w, double h) : w_(w), h_(h) {}
double area() { return w_ * h_; }
};
int main() {
Rectangle r{2.1, 3.2};
double Rectangle::* w = &Rectangle::w_;
r.*w = 2.2;
std::cout << r.w_ << std::endl;
};
```
## 2..*
`.*`被称为pointer to member of object,这个比较好理解,就是访问**对象**成员的指针,指向成员的指针允许你引用类对象的非静态成员。不能使用指向成员的指针指向静态类成员,因为静态成员的地址与任何特定对象都没有关联。
所以看上面的例子中有了这一行代码,修改成员w的值为2.2。
```cpp
r.*w = 2.2;
```
## 3.->*
`->*`被称为pointer to member of pointer,这个就更好理解了,跟.*类似,不过操作的是**指针对象**成员的地址,
所以对应的例子变为:
```cpp
Rectangle r{2.1, 3.2}, *pr;
pr = &r;
std::cout << pr->*w << std::endl;
```
更加详细的请阅读cppreference.com。
> https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/pointer#Pointers_to_members
你学会了吗?本节完~