docs: address community issue feedback (#5 #338 #142 #246 #136 #303)

- const README: rewrite the space-saving claim per issue #5 follow-ups
  (constant-expression const vs #define immediates; which const qualify
  as constant expressions)
- const README: fix the class-section diagnosis per issue #338 (overload
  resolution picks the const overload; the restriction only surfaces
  once that overload is removed)
- sizeof README: virtual-inheritance result is compiler-dependent
  (GCC merges vbptr+vfptr -> 16, MSVC keeps them separate -> 32) #246
- static README: new section on internal linkage / access restriction
  with anonymous-namespace comparison #142
- 10-day practice: full problem list table + fixed day links #136
- new design_pattern/singleton/singleton_default.hpp: reusable
  thread-safe CRTP singleton template, compile+concurrency tested #303
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> 来自 [C++那些事网站](https://light-city.github.io/stories_things/cpp-things/cpp-template-disambiguator/) 的文章,由站点同步脚本导出。
# C++ 模板消歧
## 1.背景
最近看到一段代码:
```cpp
auto chunk_left = first_sort_key.template GetChunk<ArrayType>(left);
```
请问,这里的`.template`代表什么意义?
本节将从实际例子出发,探讨这个意义。
## 2.template disambiguator
在C++中,当使用模板的依赖名称(dependent names)时,有时需要使用模板消除符(template disambiguator)来帮助编译器区分这些名称。所谓"dependent names"是指依赖于模板参数的类型或值,编译器不能在实例化模板之前确定它们的具体含义。这可能会导致编译器在解析这些名称时产生二义性。
模板消除符(template disambiguator)使用关键字"template"来明确告诉编译器一个特定的名称是一个模板。这样编译器就可以正确地解析该名称,而不会产生二义性。
关键字template只能在操作符::(作用域解析)、->(通过指针访问成员)和.(成员访问),以下都是有效的示例
- T::template foo<X>();
- s.template foo<X>();
- this->template foo<X>();
- typename T::template iterator<int>::value_type v;
官方资料:
> https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/dependent_name
假设有下面这个代码,我们如果不加.template会得到什么?
```cpp
template <typename T>
auto foo_is_not_a_template() {
// ((T::foo) < 34) > (::val())
return T::foo<34>::val();
}
```
上述会被解析为:((T::foo) < 34) > (::val())
对应的.template例子为:
```cpp
template <typename T>
auto foo_is_a_template() {
return T::template foo<34>::val();
}
```
这样便调用会正确解析为模版,foo<34>。
本节完整代码将会在星球公布,感兴趣加入即可,谢谢!