docs: address community issue feedback (#5 #338 #142 #246 #136 #303)

- const README: rewrite the space-saving claim per issue #5 follow-ups
  (constant-expression const vs #define immediates; which const qualify
  as constant expressions)
- const README: fix the class-section diagnosis per issue #338 (overload
  resolution picks the const overload; the restriction only surfaces
  once that overload is removed)
- sizeof README: virtual-inheritance result is compiler-dependent
  (GCC merges vbptr+vfptr -> 16, MSVC keeps them separate -> 32) #246
- static README: new section on internal linkage / access restriction
  with anonymous-namespace comparison #142
- 10-day practice: full problem list table + fixed day links #136
- new design_pattern/singleton/singleton_default.hpp: reusable
  thread-safe CRTP singleton template, compile+concurrency tested #303
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> 来自 [C++那些事网站](https://light-city.github.io/stories_things/cpp-things/vector-resize-reverse/) 的文章,由站点同步脚本导出。
# C++ vector resize 与 reverse
在C++中,`resize`和`reserve`是用于容器(例如`std::vector`)的两个成员函数,用于管理vector的大小和内存分配。
例如:
```
std::vector<int> v1;
v1.resize(1000); //allocation + instance creation
cout <<(v1.size() == 1000)<< endl; //prints 1
cout <<(v1.capacity()==1000)<< endl; //prints 1
std::vector<int> v2;
v2.reserve(1000); //only allocation
cout <<(v2.size() == 1000)<< endl; //prints 0
cout <<(v2.capacity()==1000)<< endl; //prints 1
```
`resize`函数用于更改容器的大小,可以增加或减少容器中元素的数量。当增加容器的大小时,新添加的元素将会进行初始化。当减少容器的大小时,超出新大小的元素将会被移除。
`reserve`函数用于预分配容器的内存空间,但不改变容器的大小。它可以用于提前分配足够的内存,以避免频繁的重新分配内存操作,从而提高性能。但是,调用`reserve`并不会改变容器的大小,只是为容器分配足够的内存空间。
需要注意的是,`resize`和`reserve`函数在容器类型上的可用性有所不同。`resize`函数对于大多数容器类型是可用的,而`reserve`函数只对具有动态大小的容器类型有效,例如`std::vector`和`std::deque`。对于固定大小的容器类型(例如`std::array`),调用`reserve`没有任何效果。
从源码层面上来看:
```
void resize(size_type new_size, value_type value = value_type()) {
if (new_size < size()) {
erase(begin() + new_size, end()); // 移除超出新大小的元素
} else {
insert(end(), new_size - size(), value); // 添加新元素
}
}
void reserve(size_type _n) {
if (__n > max_size())
__throw_length_error(__N("vector::reserve"));
if (capacity() < __n)
_M_reallocate(__n);
}
```
> 本节完