docs: address community issue feedback (#5 #338 #142 #246 #136 #303)

- const README: rewrite the space-saving claim per issue #5 follow-ups
  (constant-expression const vs #define immediates; which const qualify
  as constant expressions)
- const README: fix the class-section diagnosis per issue #338 (overload
  resolution picks the const overload; the restriction only surfaces
  once that overload is removed)
- sizeof README: virtual-inheritance result is compiler-dependent
  (GCC merges vbptr+vfptr -> 16, MSVC keeps them separate -> 32) #246
- static README: new section on internal linkage / access restriction
  with anonymous-namespace comparison #142
- 10-day practice: full problem list table + fixed day links #136
- new design_pattern/singleton/singleton_default.hpp: reusable
  thread-safe CRTP singleton template, compile+concurrency tested #303
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> 来自 [C++那些事网站](https://light-city.github.io/stories_things/modern-cpp/cpp17/cpp-nodiscard/) 的文章,由站点同步脚本导出。
# C++17 [[nodiscard]] 属性
自C++17引入[[nodiscard]]属性以来,我们在编写API时有了一种更强大的工具,用于标记那些在调用时不应该被忽略的函数返回值。在本文中,我们将深入探讨[[nodiscard]]的用法,并注意一些潜在的陷阱。
## 什么是[[nodiscard]]?
[[nodiscard]]是一种函数属性,它告诉编译器函数的返回值不应该被忽略。这在那些依赖于返回值的函数中尤为有用,例如谓词函数或工厂函数。
## 如何使用[[nodiscard]]?
在类、构造函数以及枚举上使用[[nodiscard]]都是可能的。下面是一些示例:
```cpp
class [[nodiscard]] A {};
class B {
public:
[[nodiscard]] B() = default;
};
enum class [[nodiscard]] State {
Default,
Foo,
Bar
};
```
在上述例子中,编译器将在返回值被忽略时发出警告,有助于我们及早发现潜在的bug。
## 警惕:[[nodiscard]]的陷阱
尽管[[nodiscard]]可以有效地防止返回值被无意中忽略,但我们需要注意一些潜在的陷阱。一个常见的陷阱是使用[[nodiscard]]的函数返回一个类似于作用域守卫的对象,以在作用域结束时执行清理操作(比如提交事务)。
```cpp
[[nodiscard]] ScopeGuard createScopeGuard() {
// Implementation of a scope guard
}
// 在这里,用户可以选择忽略返回值,导致作用域立即销毁,从而失去清理效果
std::ignore = createScopeGuard();
```
尽管[[nodiscard]]表明函数返回值不应该被忽略,但用户仍然可以通过`std::ignore`等手段明确地忽略返回值,从而绕过清理操作。
## 完整示例
```cpp
#include <tuple> // std::ignore
class [[nodiscard]] A {};
class B {
public:
[[nodiscard]] bool isOk() const { return true; }
};
// no need for nodiscard, A is nodiscard
A foo() {
return A();
}
// B is not nodiscard, mark it explicitly
[[nodiscard]] B bar() {
return B();
}
int main()
{
foo(); // warning: ignoring temporary created by a constructor declared with 'nodiscard' attribute
bar(); // warning
std::ignore = foo(); // ok
auto b = bar(); // ok
b.isOk(); // warning
if (b.isOk()) {} // ok
}
```