docs: address community issue feedback (#5 #338 #142 #246 #136 #303)

- const README: rewrite the space-saving claim per issue #5 follow-ups
  (constant-expression const vs #define immediates; which const qualify
  as constant expressions)
- const README: fix the class-section diagnosis per issue #338 (overload
  resolution picks the const overload; the restriction only surfaces
  once that overload is removed)
- sizeof README: virtual-inheritance result is compiler-dependent
  (GCC merges vbptr+vfptr -> 16, MSVC keeps them separate -> 32) #246
- static README: new section on internal linkage / access restriction
  with anonymous-namespace comparison #142
- 10-day practice: full problem list table + fixed day links #136
- new design_pattern/singleton/singleton_default.hpp: reusable
  thread-safe CRTP singleton template, compile+concurrency tested #303
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> 来自 [C++那些事网站](https://light-city.github.io/stories_things/modern-cpp/cpp20/cpp20-lambda-part1/) 的文章,由站点同步脚本导出。
# C++20 Lambda 表达式(上)
## C++20之lambda模版
C++14 支持泛型 lambda 表达式,这使得 lambda 可以接受任意类型的参数,例如:
```cpp
auto func = [](auto a, auto b) {
return a + b;
};
```
会被展开为:
```cpp
struct Func {
template <typename T1, typename T2>
auto operator()(T1 a, T2 b) const {
return a + b;
}
};
```
但是却无法做到下面几种展开式:
第一种:相同类型
````cpp
template <class T>
auto operator()(T t1, T t2) const;
````
第二种:只有std::array
```cpp
template <class T, std::size_t N>
auto operator()(std::array<T, N> const &) const;
```
第三种:没有推导
```
template <class T>
auto operator()() const;
```
C++14 lambdas 很好,但是 C++20 允许我们轻松实现这些情况。C++20允许lambda表达式在定义中使用模版类型参数,以下是基本的语法:
```cpp
[]<typename T>(){}
```
下面通过几个示例说明它的好处。
## 1.类型限定
像下面这种例子,C++14我们可以写出下面的代码,但是我们在使用的时候传递进来的不一定是一个vector,那么与预期的行为就会不一致,从而产生错误。
```cpp
auto print = [](auto vec) {
for (auto x : vec) {
std::cout << x << std::endl;
}
};
```
C++20之后,我们可以限定其类型:
```cpp
auto print2 = []<typename T>(std::vector<T>& vec){
//使用 std::vector<T> 执行操作
};
```
那么问题来了,出一个面试题目:你知道C++14中为了限定vector,怎么才能保证安全呢?
## 2.完美转发
在C++20中你可以非常轻松的使用完美转发,例如:
```cpp
auto lambdaFunc = []<typename T>(T&& number) {
processFunction(std::forward<T>(number));
};
```
那么问题来了,相比于C++14来说,有什么优势?或者说C++14实现完美转发需要做什么?
> 本节完