kernel_Notes/Zim/Programme/python/The-Python-Standard-Library.txt

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====== The-Python-Standard-Library ======
Created Thursday 29 November 2012
http://docs.python.org/2/library/index.html

While **The Python Language Reference** describes the exact syntax and semantics of the Python language, this library reference manual describes the standard library that is distributed with Python. It also describes some of the optional components that are commonly included in Python distributions.

Python’s standard library is very extensive, offering a wide range of facilities as indicated by the long table of contents listed below. 

The library contains __built-in modules__ (written in C) that provide access to system functionality such as file I/O that would otherwise be inaccessible to Python programmers, as well as modules written in Python that provide __standardized solutions__ for many problems that occur in everyday programming. Some of these modules are explicitly designed to encourage and enhance the portability of Python programs by abstracting away platform-specifics into platform-neutral APIs.

The Python installers for the Windows platform usually includes the entire standard library and often also include many additional components. For Unix-like operating systems Python is normally provided as **a collection of packages**, so it may be necessary to use the packaging tools provided with the operating system to obtain some or all of the optional components.

In addition to the standard library, there is a growing collection of several thousand components (from individual programs and modules to packages and entire application development frameworks), available from the Python Package Index.

1. Introduction
2. Built-in Functions
3. Non-essential Built-in Functions
4. Built-in Constants
4.1. Constants added by the site module
5. Built-in Types
5.1. Truth Value Testing
5.2. Boolean Operations — and, or, not
5.3. Comparisons
5.4. Numeric Types — int, float, long, complex
5.5. Iterator Types
5.6. Sequence Types — str, unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange
5.7. Set Types — set, frozenset
5.8. Mapping Types — dict
5.9. File Objects
5.10. memoryview type
5.11. Context Manager Types
5.12. Other Built-in Types
5.13. Special Attributes
6. Built-in Exceptions
6.1. Exception hierarchy
7. String Services
7.1. string — Common string operations
7.2. re — Regular expression operations
7.3. struct — Interpret strings as packed binary data
7.4. difflib — Helpers for computing deltas
7.5. StringIO — Read and write strings as files
7.6. cStringIO — Faster version of StringIO
7.7. textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
7.8. codecs — Codec registry and base classes
7.9. unicodedata — Unicode Database
7.10. stringprep — Internet String Preparation
7.11. fpformat — Floating point conversions
8. Data Types
8.1. datetime — Basic date and time types
8.2. calendar — General calendar-related functions
8.3. collections — High-performance container datatypes
8.4. heapq — Heap queue algorithm
8.5. bisect — Array bisection algorithm
8.6. array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
8.7. sets — Unordered collections of unique elements
8.8. sched — Event scheduler
8.9. mutex — Mutual exclusion support
8.10. Queue — A synchronized queue class
8.11. weakref — Weak references
8.12. UserDict — Class wrapper for dictionary objects
8.13. UserList — Class wrapper for list objects
8.14. UserString — Class wrapper for string objects
8.15. types — Names for built-in types
8.16. new — Creation of runtime internal objects
8.17. copy — Shallow and deep copy operations
8.18. pprint — Data pretty printer
8.19. repr — Alternate repr() implementation
9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules
9.1. numbers — Numeric abstract base classes
9.2. math — Mathematical functions
9.3. cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
9.4. decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic
9.5. fractions — Rational numbers
9.6. random — Generate pseudo-random numbers
9.7. itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
9.8. functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects
9.9. operator — Standard operators as functions
10. File and Directory Access
10.1. os.path — Common pathname manipulations
10.2. fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
10.3. stat — Interpreting stat() results
10.4. statvfs — Constants used with os.statvfs()
10.5. filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
10.6. tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
10.7. glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
10.8. fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
10.9. linecache — Random access to text lines
10.10. shutil — High-level file operations
10.11. dircache — Cached directory listings
10.12. macpath — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions
11. Data Persistence
11.1. pickle — Python object serialization
11.2. cPickle — A faster pickle
11.3. copy_reg — Register pickle support functions
11.4. shelve — Python object persistence
11.5. marshal — Internal Python object serialization
11.6. anydbm — Generic access to DBM-style databases
11.7. whichdb — Guess which DBM module created a database
11.8. dbm — Simple “database” interface
11.9. gdbm — GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm
11.10. dbhash — DBM-style interface to the BSD database library
11.11. bsddb — Interface to Berkeley DB library
11.12. dumbdbm — Portable DBM implementation
11.13. sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases
12. Data Compression and Archiving
12.1. zlib — Compression compatible with gzip
12.2. gzip — Support for gzip files
12.3. bz2 — Compression compatible with bzip2
12.4. zipfile — Work with ZIP archives
12.5. tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
13. File Formats
13.1. csv — CSV File Reading and Writing
13.2. ConfigParser — Configuration file parser
13.3. robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
13.4. netrc — netrc file processing
13.5. xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
13.6. plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files
14. Cryptographic Services
14.1. hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests
14.2. hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
14.3. md5 — MD5 message digest algorithm
14.4. sha — SHA-1 message digest algorithm
15. Generic Operating System Services
15.1. os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
15.2. io — Core tools for working with streams
15.3. time — Time access and conversions
15.4. argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands
15.5. optparse — Parser for command line options
15.6. getopt — C-style parser for command line options
15.7. logging — Logging facility for Python
15.8. logging.config — Logging configuration
15.9. logging.handlers — Logging handlers
15.10. getpass — Portable password input
15.11. curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays
15.12. curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
15.13. curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
15.14. curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
15.15. platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data
15.16. errno — Standard errno system symbols
15.17. ctypes — A foreign function library for Python
16. Optional Operating System Services
16.1. select — Waiting for I/O completion
16.2. threading — Higher-level threading interface
16.3. thread — Multiple threads of control
16.4. dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module
16.5. dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the thread module
16.6. multiprocessing — Process-based “threading” interface
16.7. mmap — Memory-mapped file support
16.8. readline — GNU readline interface
16.9. rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline
17. Interprocess Communication and Networking
17.1. subprocess — Subprocess management
17.2. socket — Low-level networking interface
17.3. ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
17.4. signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
17.5. popen2 — Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
17.6. asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler
17.7. asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler
18. Internet Data Handling
18.1. email — An email and MIME handling package
18.2. json — JSON encoder and decoder
18.3. mailcap — Mailcap file handling
18.4. mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
18.5. mhlib — Access to MH mailboxes
18.6. mimetools — Tools for parsing MIME messages
18.7. mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
18.8. MimeWriter — Generic MIME file writer
18.9. mimify — MIME processing of mail messages
18.10. multifile — Support for files containing distinct parts
18.11. rfc822 — Parse RFC 2822 mail headers
18.12. base64 — RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings
18.13. binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files
18.14. binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII
18.15. quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
18.16. uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
19. Structured Markup Processing Tools
19.1. HTMLParser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser
19.2. sgmllib — Simple SGML parser
19.3. htmllib — A parser for HTML documents
19.4. htmlentitydefs — Definitions of HTML general entities
19.5. xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
19.6. xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
19.7. xml.dom.minidom — Lightweight DOM implementation
19.8. xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
19.9. xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
19.10. xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
19.11. xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
19.12. xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
19.13. xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
20. Internet Protocols and Support
20.1. webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller
20.2. cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
20.3. cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
20.4. wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
20.5. urllib — Open arbitrary resources by URL
20.6. urllib2 — extensible library for opening URLs
20.7. httplib — HTTP protocol client
20.8. ftplib — FTP protocol client
20.9. poplib — POP3 protocol client
20.10. imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
20.11. nntplib — NNTP protocol client
20.12. smtplib — SMTP protocol client
20.13. smtpd — SMTP Server
20.14. telnetlib — Telnet client
20.15. uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
20.16. urlparse — Parse URLs into components
20.17. SocketServer — A framework for network servers
20.18. BaseHTTPServer — Basic HTTP server
20.19. SimpleHTTPServer — Simple HTTP request handler
20.20. CGIHTTPServer — CGI-capable HTTP request handler
20.21. cookielib — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
20.22. Cookie — HTTP state management
20.23. xmlrpclib — XML-RPC client access
20.24. SimpleXMLRPCServer — Basic XML-RPC server
20.25. DocXMLRPCServer — Self-documenting XML-RPC server
21. Multimedia Services
21.1. audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
21.2. imageop — Manipulate raw image data
21.3. aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
21.4. sunau — Read and write Sun AU files
21.5. wave — Read and write WAV files
21.6. chunk — Read IFF chunked data
21.7. colorsys — Conversions between color systems
21.8. imghdr — Determine the type of an image
21.9. sndhdr — Determine type of sound file
21.10. ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
22. Internationalization
22.1. gettext — Multilingual internationalization services
22.2. locale — Internationalization services
23. Program Frameworks
23.1. cmd — Support for line-oriented command interpreters
23.2. shlex — Simple lexical analysis
24. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
24.1. Tkinter — Python interface to Tcl/Tk
24.2. ttk — Tk themed widgets
24.3. Tix — Extension widgets for Tk
24.4. ScrolledText — Scrolled Text Widget
24.5. turtle — Turtle graphics for Tk
24.6. IDLE
24.7. Other Graphical User Interface Packages
25. Development Tools
25.1. pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
25.2. doctest — Test interactive Python examples
25.3. unittest — Unit testing framework
25.4. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation
25.5. test — Regression tests package for Python
25.6. test.test_support — Utility functions for tests
26. Debugging and Profiling
26.1. bdb — Debugger framework
26.2. pdb — The Python Debugger
26.3. Debugger Commands
26.4. The Python Profilers
26.5. hotshot — High performance logging profiler
26.6. timeit — Measure execution time of small code snippets
26.7. trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
27. Python Runtime Services
27.1. sys — System-specific parameters and functions
27.2. sysconfig — Provide access to Python’s configuration information
27.3. __builtin__ — Built-in objects
27.4. future_builtins — Python 3 builtins
27.5. __main__ — Top-level script environment
27.6. warnings — Warning control
27.7. contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
27.8. abc — Abstract Base Classes
27.9. atexit — Exit handlers
27.10. traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
27.11. __future__ — Future statement definitions
27.12. gc — Garbage Collector interface
27.13. inspect — Inspect live objects
27.14. site — Site-specific configuration hook
27.15. user — User-specific configuration hook
27.16. fpectl — Floating point exception control
27.17. distutils — Building and installing Python modules
28. Custom Python Interpreters
28.1. code — Interpreter base classes
28.2. codeop — Compile Python code
29. Restricted Execution
29.1. rexec — Restricted execution framework
29.2. Bastion — Restricting access to objects
30. Importing Modules
30.1. imp — Access the import internals
30.2. importlib – Convenience wrappers for __import__()
30.3. imputil — Import utilities
30.4. zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
30.5. pkgutil — Package extension utility
30.6. modulefinder — Find modules used by a script
30.7. runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
31. Python Language Services
31.1. parser — Access Python parse trees
31.2. ast — Abstract Syntax Trees
31.3. symtable — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables
31.4. symbol — Constants used with Python parse trees
31.5. token — Constants used with Python parse trees
31.6. keyword — Testing for Python keywords
31.7. tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
31.8. tabnanny — Detection of ambiguous indentation
31.9. pyclbr — Python class browser support
31.10. py_compile — Compile Python source files
31.11. compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
31.12. dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode
31.13. pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
32. Python compiler package
32.1. The basic interface
32.2. Limitations
32.3. Python Abstract Syntax
32.4. Using Visitors to Walk ASTs
32.5. Bytecode Generation
33. Miscellaneous Services
33.1. formatter — Generic output formatting
34. MS Windows Specific Services
34.1. msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
34.2. msvcrt – Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
34.3. _winreg – Windows registry access
34.4. winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
35. Unix Specific Services
35.1. posix — The most common POSIX system calls
35.2. pwd — The password database
35.3. spwd — The shadow password database
35.4. grp — The group database
35.5. crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
35.6. dl — Call C functions in shared objects
35.7. termios — POSIX style tty control
35.8. tty — Terminal control functions
35.9. pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
35.10. fcntl — The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls
35.11. pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
35.12. posixfile — File-like objects with locking support
35.13. resource — Resource usage information
35.14. nis — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)
35.15. syslog — Unix syslog library routines
35.16. commands — Utilities for running commands
36. Mac OS X specific services
36.1. ic — Access to the Mac OS X Internet Config
36.2. MacOS — Access to Mac OS interpreter features
36.3. macostools — Convenience routines for file manipulation
36.4. findertools — The finder‘s Apple Events interface
36.5. EasyDialogs — Basic Macintosh dialogs
36.6. FrameWork — Interactive application framework
36.7. autoGIL — Global Interpreter Lock handling in event loops
36.8. Mac OS Toolbox Modules
36.9. ColorPicker — Color selection dialog
37. MacPython OSA Modules
37.1. gensuitemodule — Generate OSA stub packages
37.2. aetools — OSA client support
37.3. aepack — Conversion between Python variables and AppleEvent data containers
37.4. aetypes — AppleEvent objects
37.5. MiniAEFrame — Open Scripting Architecture server support
38. SGI IRIX Specific Services
38.1. al — Audio functions on the SGI
38.2. AL — Constants used with the al module
38.3. cd — CD-ROM access on SGI systems
38.4. fl — FORMS library for graphical user interfaces
38.5. FL — Constants used with the fl module
38.6. flp — Functions for loading stored FORMS designs
38.7. fm — Font Manager interface
38.8. gl — Graphics Library interface
38.9. DEVICE — Constants used with the gl module
38.10. GL — Constants used with the gl module
38.11. imgfile — Support for SGI imglib files
38.12. jpeg — Read and write JPEG files
39. SunOS Specific Services
39.1. sunaudiodev — Access to Sun audio hardware
39.2. SUNAUDIODEV — Constants used with sunaudiodev
40. Undocumented Modules
40.1. Miscellaneous useful utilities
40.2. Platform specific modules
40.3. Multimedia
40.4. Undocumented Mac OS modules
40.5. Obsolete
40.6. SGI-specific Extension modules
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