mirror of
https://github.com/duguosheng/6.S081-All-in-one.git
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增加了文章
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duguosheng
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更好的浏览体验，请查看[6.S081-All-In-One-Gitbook(xv6.dgs.zone)](http://xv6.dgs.zone/)
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这些笔记开始时写在了飞书上，飞书不支持导出markdown，因此是从飞书上逐篇复制下来的，二者存在一些格式差异，我已经进行了修改，但仍然可能有部分没有注意到~
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SUMMARY.md
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SUMMARY.md
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* [4.6 页面错误异常](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s6.md)
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* [4.7 真实世界](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s7.md)
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* [4.8 练习](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s8.md)
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* [第五章 中断和设备驱动](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c5/s0.md)
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* [5.1 代码：控制台输入](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c5/s1.md)
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* [5.2 代码：控制台输出](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c5/s2.md)
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* [5.3 驱动中的并发](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c5/s3.md)
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* [5.4 定时器中断](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c5/s4.md)
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* [5.5 真实世界](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c5/s5.md)
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* [5.6 练习](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c5/s6.md)
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* [第六章 锁](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c6/s0.md)
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* [6.1 竞态条件](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c6/s1.md)
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* [6.2 代码：Locks](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c6/s2.md)
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* [6.3 代码：使用锁](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c6/s3.md)
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* [6.4 死锁和锁排序](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c6/s4.md)
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* [6.5 锁和中断处理函数](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c6/s5.md)
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* [6.6 指令和内存访问排序](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c6/s6.md)
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* [6.7 睡眠锁](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c6/s7.md)
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* [6.8 真实世界](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c6/s8.md)
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* [6.9 练习](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c6/s9.md)
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* [第七章 调度](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c7/s0.md)
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* [7.1 多路复用](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c7/s1.md)
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* [7.2 代码：上下文切换](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c7/s2.md)
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* [7.3 代码：调度](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c7/s3.md)
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* [7.4 代码：mycpu和myproc](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c7/s4.md)
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* [7.5 sleep与wakeup](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c7/s5.md)
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* [7.6 代码：sleep和wakeup](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c7/s6.md)
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* [7.7 代码：Pipes](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c7/s7.md)
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* [7.8 代码：wait, exit和kill](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c7/s8.md)
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* [7.9 真实世界](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c7/s9.md)
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* [7.10 练习](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c7/s10.md)
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* [第八章 文件系统](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c8/s0.md)
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* [8.1 概述](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c8/s1.md)
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* [8.2 Buffer cache层](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c8/s2.md)
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* [8.3 代码：Buffer cache](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c8/s3.md)
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* [8.4 日志层](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c8/s4.md)
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* [8.5 日志设计](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c8/s5.md)
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* [8.6 代码：日志](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c8/s6.md)
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* [8.7 代码：块分配器](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c8/s7.md)
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* [8.8 索引结点层](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c8/s8.md)
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* [8.9 代码：Inodes](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c8/s9.md)
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* [8.10 代码： Inode包含内容](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c8/s10.md)
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* [8.11 代码：目录层](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c8/s11.md)
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* [8.12 代码：路径名](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c8/s12.md)
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* [8.13 文件描述符层](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c8/s13.md)
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* [8.14 代码：系统调用](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c8/s14.md)
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* [8.15 真实世界](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c8/s15.md)
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* [8.16 练习](tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c8/s16.md)
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* [Introduction](tranlate_books\Introduction.md)
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* [使用GNU Debugger](tranlate_books\Use GUN Debugger.md)
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* [C Pointers, gdb](tranlate_books\C Pointers, gdb.md)
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* [Calling Convention](tranlate_books\Calling Convention.md)
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## 实验记录
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* [版本控制](labs/use_git/git1.md)
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* [实验内容](labs/requirements/summary.md)
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* [Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities](labs/requirements/lab1.md)
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* [Lab2: system calls](labs/requirements/lab2.md)
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* [Lab3: page tables](labs/requirements/lab3.md)
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* [Lab4: traps](labs/requirements/lab4.md)
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* [Lab5: xv6 lazy page allocation](labs/requirements/lab5.md)
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* [Lab6: Copy-on-Write Fork for xv6](labs/requirements/lab6.md)
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* [Lab7: Multithreading](labs/requirements/lab7.md)
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* [Lab8: locks](labs/requirements/lab8.md)
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* [Lab9: file system](labs/requirements/lab9.md)
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* [实验解析](labs/answers/summary.md)
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* [Lab4: traps](labs/answers/lab4.md)
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* [Lab5: xv6 lazy page allocation](labs/answers/lab5.md)
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* [Lab6: Copy-on-Write Fork for xv6](labs/answers/lab6.md)
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* [Lab7: Multithreading](labs/answers/lab7.md)
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* [Lab8: locks](labs/answers/lab8.md)
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* [Lab9: file system](labs/answers/lab9.md)
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<glyph unicode="" horiz-adv-x="1792" />
|
||||
<glyph unicode="" horiz-adv-x="1792" />
|
||||
<glyph unicode="" horiz-adv-x="1792" />
|
||||
<glyph unicode="" horiz-adv-x="1792" />
|
||||
<glyph unicode="" horiz-adv-x="1792" />
|
||||
<glyph unicode="" horiz-adv-x="1792" />
|
||||
<glyph unicode="" horiz-adv-x="1792" />
|
||||
<glyph unicode="" horiz-adv-x="1792" />
|
||||
<glyph unicode="" horiz-adv-x="1792" />
|
||||
<glyph unicode="" horiz-adv-x="1792" />
|
||||
<glyph unicode="" horiz-adv-x="1792" />
|
||||
</font>
|
||||
</defs></svg>
|
||||
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 382 KiB |
Binary file not shown.
Binary file not shown.
Binary file not shown.
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
|
||||
require('./log');
|
||||
|
||||
const defaultConfig = {
|
||||
showLevel: true,
|
||||
associatedWithSummary: true,
|
||||
printLog: false,
|
||||
multipleH1: true,
|
||||
mode: "float",
|
||||
float: {
|
||||
showLevelIcon: false,
|
||||
level1Icon: "fa fa-hand-o-right",
|
||||
level2Icon: "fa fa-hand-o-right",
|
||||
level3Icon: "fa fa-hand-o-right"
|
||||
},
|
||||
pageTop: {
|
||||
showLevelIcon: false,
|
||||
level1Icon: "fa fa-hand-o-right",
|
||||
level2Icon: "fa fa-hand-o-right",
|
||||
level3Icon: "fa fa-hand-o-right"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
||||
themeDefault: {
|
||||
showLevel: false
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function handler(defaultConfig, config) {
|
||||
if (config) {
|
||||
for (var item in defaultConfig) {
|
||||
if (item in config) {
|
||||
defaultConfig[item] = config[item];
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function handlerAll(bookIns) {
|
||||
var config = bookIns.config.get('pluginsConfig')['ancre-navigation'];
|
||||
var themeDefaultConfig = bookIns.config.get('pluginsConfig')['theme-default'];
|
||||
handler(defaultConfig, config);
|
||||
handler(defaultConfig.themeDefault, themeDefaultConfig);
|
||||
|
||||
if (config.isRewritePageTitle) {
|
||||
console.error("error:".error +
|
||||
"plugins[anchor-navigation-ex]：isRewritePageTitle，" +
|
||||
"https://github.com/zq99299/gitbook-plugin-anchor-navigation");
|
||||
console.log("");
|
||||
console.error("error:".error +
|
||||
"Please check here https://github.com/zq99299/gitbook-plugin-anchor-navigation for the latest version of the configuration item");
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
module.exports = {
|
||||
config: defaultConfig,
|
||||
handler: handler,
|
||||
handlerAll: handlerAll
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
|
||||
var colors = require('colors');
|
||||
colors.setTheme({
|
||||
silly: 'rainbow',
|
||||
input: 'grey',
|
||||
verbose: 'cyan',
|
||||
prompt: 'grey',
|
||||
info: 'green',
|
||||
data: 'grey',
|
||||
help: 'cyan',
|
||||
warn: 'yellow',
|
||||
debug: 'blue',
|
||||
error: 'red'
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
module.exports = colors;
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,227 +0,0 @@
|
||||
var cheerio = require('cheerio');
|
||||
var slug = require('github-slugid');
|
||||
var Config = require('./config.js');
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
function handlerTocs($, page) {
|
||||
var config = Config.config;
|
||||
var tocs = [];
|
||||
var count = {
|
||||
h1: 0,
|
||||
h2: 0,
|
||||
h3: 0
|
||||
};
|
||||
var titleCountMap = {};
|
||||
var h1 = 0, h2 = 0, h3 = 0;
|
||||
$(':header').each(function (i, elem) {
|
||||
var header = $(elem);
|
||||
var id = addId(header, titleCountMap);
|
||||
|
||||
if (id) {
|
||||
switch (elem.tagName) {
|
||||
case "h1":
|
||||
handlerH1Toc(config, count, header, tocs, page.level);
|
||||
break;
|
||||
case "h2":
|
||||
handlerH2Toc(config, count, header, tocs, page.level);
|
||||
break;
|
||||
case "h3":
|
||||
handlerH3Toc(config, count, header, tocs, page.level);
|
||||
break;
|
||||
default:
|
||||
titleAddAnchor(header, id);
|
||||
break;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
page.content = $.html();
|
||||
return tocs;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function addId(header, titleCountMap) {
|
||||
var id = header.attr('id') || slug(header.text());
|
||||
var titleCount = titleCountMap[id] || 0;
|
||||
titleCountMap[id] = titleCount + 1;
|
||||
if (titleCount) {
|
||||
id = id + '_' + titleCount;
|
||||
}
|
||||
header.attr("id", id);
|
||||
return id;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function titleAddAnchor(header, id) {
|
||||
header.prepend('<a name="' + id + '" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" '
|
||||
+ 'href="#' + id + '">'
|
||||
+ '<i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i>'
|
||||
+ '</a>');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function handlerH1Toc(config, count, header, tocs, pageLevel) {
|
||||
var title = header.text();
|
||||
var id = header.attr('id');
|
||||
var level = '';
|
||||
titleAddAnchor(header, id);
|
||||
tocs.push({
|
||||
name: title,
|
||||
level: level,
|
||||
url: id,
|
||||
children: []
|
||||
});
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function handlerH2Toc(config, count, header, tocs, pageLevel) {
|
||||
var title = header.text();
|
||||
var id = header.attr('id');
|
||||
var level = '';
|
||||
|
||||
if (tocs.length <= 0) {
|
||||
titleAddAnchor(header, id);
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
var h1Index = tocs.length - 1;
|
||||
var h1Toc = tocs[h1Index];
|
||||
titleAddAnchor(header, id);
|
||||
h1Toc.children.push({
|
||||
name: title,
|
||||
level: level,
|
||||
url: id,
|
||||
children: []
|
||||
});
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function handlerH3Toc(config, count, header, tocs, pageLevel) {
|
||||
var title = header.text();
|
||||
var id = header.attr('id');
|
||||
var level = '';
|
||||
|
||||
if (tocs.length <= 0) {
|
||||
titleAddAnchor(header, id);
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
var h1Index = tocs.length - 1;
|
||||
var h1Toc = tocs[h1Index];
|
||||
var h2Tocs = h1Toc.children;
|
||||
if (h2Tocs.length <= 0) {
|
||||
titleAddAnchor(header, id);
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
var h2Toc = h1Toc.children[h2Tocs.length - 1];
|
||||
titleAddAnchor(header, id);
|
||||
h2Toc.children.push({
|
||||
name: title,
|
||||
level: level,
|
||||
url: id,
|
||||
children: []
|
||||
});
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function handlerFloatNavbar($, tocs, page) {
|
||||
var config = Config.config;
|
||||
var float = config.float;
|
||||
var level1Icon = '';
|
||||
var level2Icon = '';
|
||||
var level3Icon = '';
|
||||
if (float.showLevelIcon) {
|
||||
level1Icon = float.level1Icon;
|
||||
level2Icon = float.level2Icon;
|
||||
level3Icon = float.level3Icon;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
var html = "<div id='anchor-navigation-ex-navbar'><i class='fa fa-anchor'></i><ul>";
|
||||
for (var i = 0; i < tocs.length; i++) {
|
||||
var h1Toc = tocs[i];
|
||||
html += "<li><span class='title-icon " + level1Icon + "'></span><a href='#" + h1Toc.url + "'><b>" + h1Toc.level + "</b>" + h1Toc.name + "</a></li>";
|
||||
if (h1Toc.children.length > 0) {
|
||||
html += "<ul>"
|
||||
for (var j = 0; j < h1Toc.children.length; j++) {
|
||||
var h2Toc = h1Toc.children[j];
|
||||
html += "<li><span class='title-icon " + level2Icon + "'></span><a href='#" + h2Toc.url + "'><b>" + h2Toc.level + "</b>" + h2Toc.name + "</a></li>";
|
||||
if (h2Toc.children.length > 0) {
|
||||
html += "<ul>";
|
||||
for (var k = 0; k < h2Toc.children.length; k++) {
|
||||
var h3Toc = h2Toc.children[k];
|
||||
html += "<li><span class='title-icon " + level3Icon + "'></span><a href='#" + h3Toc.url + "'><b>" + h3Toc.level + "</b>" + h3Toc.name + "</a></li>";
|
||||
}
|
||||
html += "</ul>";
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
html += "</ul>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
html += "</ul></div><a href='#" + tocs[0].url + "' id='anchorNavigationExGoTop'><i class='fa fa-arrow-up'></i></a>";
|
||||
|
||||
page.content = html + $.html();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function handlerPageTopNavbar($, tocs, page) {
|
||||
var html = buildTopNavbar($, tocs, page);
|
||||
html += "<a href='#" + tocs[0].url + "' id='anchorNavigationExGoTop'><i class='fa fa-arrow-up'></i></a>";
|
||||
page.content = html + $.html();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function buildTopNavbar($, tocs, page) {
|
||||
var config = Config.config;
|
||||
var pageTop = config.pageTop;
|
||||
var level1Icon = '';
|
||||
var level2Icon = '';
|
||||
var level3Icon = '';
|
||||
if (pageTop.showLevelIcon) {
|
||||
level1Icon = pageTop.level1Icon;
|
||||
level2Icon = pageTop.level2Icon;
|
||||
level3Icon = pageTop.level3Icon;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
var html = "<div id='anchor-navigation-ex-pagetop-navbar'><ul>";
|
||||
for (var i = 0; i < tocs.length; i++) {
|
||||
var h1Toc = tocs[i];
|
||||
html += "<li><span class='title-icon " + level1Icon + "'></span><a href='#" + h1Toc.url + "'><b>" + h1Toc.level + "</b>" + h1Toc.name + "</a></li>";
|
||||
if (h1Toc.children.length > 0) {
|
||||
html += "<ul>"
|
||||
for (var j = 0; j < h1Toc.children.length; j++) {
|
||||
var h2Toc = h1Toc.children[j];
|
||||
html += "<li><span class='title-icon " + level2Icon + "'></span><a href='#" + h2Toc.url + "'><b>" + h2Toc.level + "</b>" + h2Toc.name + "</a></li>";
|
||||
if (h2Toc.children.length > 0) {
|
||||
html += "<ul>";
|
||||
for (var k = 0; k < h2Toc.children.length; k++) {
|
||||
var h3Toc = h2Toc.children[k];
|
||||
html += "<li><span class='title-icon " + level3Icon + "'></span><a href='#" + h3Toc.url + "'><b>" + h3Toc.level + "</b>" + h3Toc.name + "</a></li>";
|
||||
}
|
||||
html += "</ul>";
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
html += "</ul>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
html += "</ul></div>";
|
||||
|
||||
return html;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function start(bookIns, page) {
|
||||
var $ = cheerio.load(page.content);
|
||||
|
||||
var tocs = handlerTocs($, page);
|
||||
|
||||
if (tocs.length == 0) {
|
||||
page.content = $.html();
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
if(!/<!--[ \t]*ex_nonav[ \t]*-->/.test(page.content)){
|
||||
var config = Config.config;
|
||||
var mode = config.mode;
|
||||
if (mode == 'float') {
|
||||
handlerFloatNavbar($, tocs, page);
|
||||
} else if (mode == 'pageTop') {
|
||||
handlerPageTopNavbar($, tocs, page);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
var $x = cheerio.load(page.content);
|
||||
$x('extoc').replaceWith($x(buildTopNavbar($, tocs, page)));
|
||||
page.content = $x.html();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
module.exports = start;
|
||||
@@ -1,203 +0,0 @@
|
||||
#anchor-navigation-ex-navbar {
|
||||
background-color: #fafafa;
|
||||
border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, .07);
|
||||
border-radius: 1px;
|
||||
-webkit-box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, .175);
|
||||
box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, .175);
|
||||
background-clip: padding-box;
|
||||
padding: 5px 10px;
|
||||
position: fixed;
|
||||
/*background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.98);*/
|
||||
right: 50px;
|
||||
top: 68px;
|
||||
font-size: 12px;
|
||||
white-space: nowrap;
|
||||
z-index: 999;
|
||||
cursor: pointer;
|
||||
text-align: right;
|
||||
max-height: 70%;
|
||||
overflow-y: auto;
|
||||
overflow-x: hidden;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#anchor-navigation-ex-navbar ul {
|
||||
display: none;
|
||||
text-align: left;
|
||||
padding-right: 10px;
|
||||
padding-left: 10px;
|
||||
list-style-type: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#anchor-navigation-ex-navbar:hover ul {
|
||||
display: block;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#anchor-navigation-ex-navbar ul li a {
|
||||
text-decoration: none;
|
||||
border-bottom: none;
|
||||
font-size: 14px;
|
||||
color: #364149;
|
||||
background: 0 0;
|
||||
text-overflow: ellipsis;
|
||||
overflow: hidden;
|
||||
white-space: nowrap;
|
||||
position: relative;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#anchor-navigation-ex-navbar ul li a:hover {
|
||||
text-decoration: underline;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#anchor-navigation-ex-navbar ul li .title-icon {
|
||||
padding-right: 4px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 #anchor-navigation-ex-navbar {
|
||||
background-color: #111111;
|
||||
border-color: #7e888b;
|
||||
color: #afa790;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 #anchor-navigation-ex-navbar ul li a {
|
||||
color: #877f6a;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 #anchor-navigation-ex-navbar {
|
||||
background-color: #2d3143;
|
||||
border-color: #272a3a;
|
||||
color: #bcc1d2;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 #anchor-navigation-ex-navbar ul li a {
|
||||
color: #c1c6d7;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#anchorNavigationExGoTop {
|
||||
position: fixed;
|
||||
right: 50px;
|
||||
bottom: 68px;
|
||||
background-color: #fafafa;
|
||||
border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, .07);
|
||||
border-radius: 1px;
|
||||
-webkit-box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, .175);
|
||||
box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, .175);
|
||||
background-clip: padding-box;
|
||||
z-index: 999;
|
||||
cursor: pointer;
|
||||
font-size: 12px;
|
||||
padding: 5px 10px;
|
||||
color: #364149;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 #anchorNavigationExGoTop {
|
||||
background-color: #111111;
|
||||
border-color: #7e888b;
|
||||
color: #afa790;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 #anchorNavigationExGoTop {
|
||||
background-color: #2d3143;
|
||||
border-color: #272a3a;
|
||||
color: #bcc1d2;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
a.anchor-navigation-ex-anchor {
|
||||
color: inherit !important;
|
||||
display: none;
|
||||
margin-left: -30px;
|
||||
padding-left: 40px;
|
||||
cursor: pointer;
|
||||
position: absolute;
|
||||
top: 0;
|
||||
left: 0;
|
||||
bottom: 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
a.anchor-navigation-ex-anchor i {
|
||||
margin-left: -30px;
|
||||
vertical-align: middle;
|
||||
font-size: 16px !important;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
|
||||
position: relative;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
h1:hover a.anchor-navigation-ex-anchor, h2:hover a.anchor-navigation-ex-anchor, h3:hover a.anchor-navigation-ex-anchor,
|
||||
h4:hover a.anchor-navigation-ex-anchor, h5:hover a.anchor-navigation-ex-anchor, h6:hover a.anchor-navigation-ex-anchor {
|
||||
display: inline-block;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.book .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal {
|
||||
overflow: visible;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#anchor-navigation-ex-pagetop-navbar{
|
||||
border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, .07);
|
||||
border-radius: 1px;
|
||||
background-clip: padding-box;
|
||||
padding: 5px 10px;
|
||||
background-color: #fafafa;
|
||||
font-size: 12px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#anchor-navigation-ex-pagetop-navbar ul {
|
||||
text-align: left;
|
||||
padding-right: 10px;
|
||||
padding-left: 10px;
|
||||
list-style-type: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#anchor-navigation-ex-pagetop-navbar:hover ul {
|
||||
display: block;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#anchor-navigation-ex-pagetop-navbar ul li a {
|
||||
text-decoration: none;
|
||||
border-bottom: none;
|
||||
font-size: 14px;
|
||||
color: #364149;
|
||||
background: 0 0;
|
||||
text-overflow: ellipsis;
|
||||
overflow: hidden;
|
||||
white-space: nowrap;
|
||||
position: relative;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#anchor-navigation-ex-pagetop-navbar ul li a:hover {
|
||||
text-decoration: underline;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#anchor-navigation-ex-pagetop-navbar ul li .title-icon {
|
||||
padding-right: 4px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 #anchor-navigation-ex-pagetop-navbar {
|
||||
background-color: #111111;
|
||||
border-color: #7e888b;
|
||||
color: #afa790;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 #anchor-navigation-ex-pagetop-navbar ul li a {
|
||||
color: #877f6a;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 #anchor-navigation-ex-pagetop-navbar {
|
||||
background-color: #2d3143;
|
||||
border-color: #272a3a;
|
||||
color: #bcc1d2;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 #anchor-navigation-ex-pagetop-navbar ul li a {
|
||||
color: #c1c6d7;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
|
||||
.book .book-summary .chapter > .articles {
|
||||
overflow: hidden;
|
||||
max-height: 0px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.book .book-summary .chapter.expanded > .articles {
|
||||
max-height: 9999px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.book .book-summary .exc-trigger {
|
||||
position: absolute;
|
||||
left: 12px;
|
||||
top: 12px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.book .book-summary ul.summary li a,
|
||||
.book .book-summary ul.summary li span {
|
||||
padding-left: 30px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.book .book-summary .exc-trigger:before {
|
||||
content: "\f105";
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.book .book-summary .expanded > a .exc-trigger:before,
|
||||
.book .book-summary .expanded > span .exc-trigger:before {
|
||||
content: "\f107";
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
|
||||
require(['gitbook', 'jQuery'], function(gitbook, $) {
|
||||
var TOGGLE_CLASSNAME = 'expanded',
|
||||
CHAPTER = '.chapter',
|
||||
ARTICLES = '.articles',
|
||||
TRIGGER_TEMPLATE = '<i class="exc-trigger fa"></i>',
|
||||
LS_NAMESPACE = 'expChapters';
|
||||
var init = function () {
|
||||
// adding the trigger element to each ARTICLES parent and binding the event
|
||||
var chapterLink = $(ARTICLES).parent(CHAPTER).children('a');
|
||||
chapterLink.append($(TRIGGER_TEMPLATE));
|
||||
chapterLink.on('click', function (e) {
|
||||
e.preventDefault();
|
||||
//e.stopPropagation();
|
||||
toggle($(e.target).closest(CHAPTER));
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
expand(lsItem());
|
||||
//expand current selected chapter with it's parents
|
||||
collapse($(CHAPTER));
|
||||
var activeChapter = $(CHAPTER + '.active');
|
||||
expand(activeChapter);
|
||||
expand(activeChapter.parents(CHAPTER));
|
||||
}
|
||||
//on page.change will happend the function.
|
||||
|
||||
var toggle = function ($chapter) {
|
||||
if ($chapter.hasClass('expanded')) {
|
||||
collapse($chapter);
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
expand($chapter);
|
||||
//$chapter.addClass('active').siblings().removeClass('active');
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
var collapse = function ($chapter) {
|
||||
if ($chapter.length && $chapter.hasClass(TOGGLE_CLASSNAME)) {
|
||||
$chapter.removeClass(TOGGLE_CLASSNAME);
|
||||
lsItem($chapter);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
var expand = function ($chapter) {
|
||||
if ($chapter.length && !$chapter.hasClass(TOGGLE_CLASSNAME)) {
|
||||
$chapter.addClass(TOGGLE_CLASSNAME);
|
||||
lsItem($chapter);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
var lsItem = function () {
|
||||
var map = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(LS_NAMESPACE)) || {}
|
||||
if (arguments.length) {
|
||||
var $chapters = arguments[0];
|
||||
$chapters.each(function (index, element) {
|
||||
var level = $(this).data('level');
|
||||
var value = $(this).hasClass(TOGGLE_CLASSNAME);
|
||||
map[level] = value;
|
||||
})
|
||||
localStorage.setItem(LS_NAMESPACE, JSON.stringify(map));
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
return $(CHAPTER).map(function(index, element){
|
||||
if (map[$(this).data('level')]) {
|
||||
return this;
|
||||
}
|
||||
})
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
gitbook.events.bind('page.change', function() {
|
||||
init()
|
||||
});
|
||||
});
|
||||
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
|
||||
#code-textarea {
|
||||
height: 0;
|
||||
position: fixed;
|
||||
top: -1000px;
|
||||
width: 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.code-wrapper {
|
||||
position: relative;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.code-wrapper i {
|
||||
color: #c1c7cd;
|
||||
cursor: pointer;
|
||||
font-size: 12px;
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
position: absolute;
|
||||
right: 1em;
|
||||
top: 1em;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.code-wrapper pre {
|
||||
background: #f7f8f9;
|
||||
border-radius: 3px;
|
||||
counter-reset: line;
|
||||
font-size: 15px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.code-wrapper pre > code > span.code-line:before {
|
||||
counter-increment: line;
|
||||
color: #c1c7cd;
|
||||
content: counter(line);
|
||||
display: inline-block;
|
||||
font-size: 12px;
|
||||
margin-right: 1.5em;
|
||||
width: 1em;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
|
||||
require(['gitbook', 'jQuery'], function(gitbook, $) {
|
||||
|
||||
const TERMINAL_HOOK = '**[terminal]'
|
||||
|
||||
var pluginConfig = {};
|
||||
var timeouts = {};
|
||||
|
||||
function addCopyButton(wrapper) {
|
||||
wrapper.append(
|
||||
$('<i class="fa fa-clone t-copy" title="复制"></i>')
|
||||
.click(function() {
|
||||
copyCommand($(this));
|
||||
})
|
||||
);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function addCopyTextarea() {
|
||||
|
||||
/* Add also the text area that will allow to copy */
|
||||
$('body').append('<textarea id="code-textarea" />');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function copyCommand(button) {
|
||||
pre = button.parent();
|
||||
textarea = $('#code-textarea');
|
||||
textarea.val(pre.text());
|
||||
textarea.focus();
|
||||
textarea.select();
|
||||
document.execCommand('copy');
|
||||
pre.focus();
|
||||
updateCopyButton(button);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function initializePlugin(config) {
|
||||
pluginConfig = config['code-optimize'];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function format_code_block(block) {
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* Add line numbers for multiline blocks.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
code = block.children('code');
|
||||
|
||||
// Add wrapper to pre element
|
||||
wrapper = block.wrap('<div class="code-wrapper"></div>');
|
||||
|
||||
if(pluginConfig.showLines) {
|
||||
lines = code.html().split('\n');
|
||||
|
||||
if (lines[lines.length - 1] == '') {
|
||||
lines.splice(-1, 1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
if (lines.length > 1) {
|
||||
console.log(lines);
|
||||
lines = lines.map(line => '<span class="code-line">' + line + '</span>');
|
||||
console.log(lines);
|
||||
code.html(lines.join('\n'));
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
if (pluginConfig.copyButtons) {
|
||||
addCopyButton(wrapper);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function updateCopyButton(button) {
|
||||
id = button.attr('data-command');
|
||||
button.removeClass('fa-clone').addClass('fa-check');
|
||||
|
||||
// Clear timeout
|
||||
if (id in timeouts) {
|
||||
clearTimeout(timeouts[id]);
|
||||
}
|
||||
timeouts[id] = window.setTimeout(function() {
|
||||
button.removeClass('fa-check').addClass('fa-clone');
|
||||
}, 1000);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
gitbook.events.bind('start', function(e, config) {
|
||||
initializePlugin(config);
|
||||
|
||||
if (pluginConfig.copyButtons) {
|
||||
addCopyTextarea();
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
gitbook.events.bind('page.change', function() {
|
||||
$('pre').each(function() {
|
||||
format_code_block($(this));
|
||||
});
|
||||
});
|
||||
});
|
||||
@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
|
||||
.gitbook-donate {
|
||||
padding: 10px 0; margin: 20px auto; width: 90%; text-align: center;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#rewardButton {
|
||||
cursor: pointer;
|
||||
border: 0;
|
||||
outline: 0;
|
||||
border-radius: 100%;
|
||||
padding: 0;
|
||||
margin: 0;
|
||||
letter-spacing: normal;
|
||||
text-transform: none;
|
||||
text-indent: 0px;
|
||||
text-shadow: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
#rewardButton span {
|
||||
display: inline-block;
|
||||
width: 80px;
|
||||
height: 35px;
|
||||
line-height: 35px;
|
||||
border-radius: 5px;
|
||||
color: #fff;
|
||||
font-weight: 400;
|
||||
font-style: normal;
|
||||
font-variant: normal;
|
||||
font-stretch: normal;
|
||||
font-size: 18px;
|
||||
font-family: "Microsoft Yahei";
|
||||
background: #f44336;
|
||||
}
|
||||
#rewardButton span:hover {
|
||||
background: #f7877f;
|
||||
}
|
||||
#QR {
|
||||
padding-top: 20px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
#QR a {
|
||||
border: 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
#QR img {
|
||||
width: 180px;
|
||||
max-width: 100%;
|
||||
display: inline-block;
|
||||
margin: 0.8em 2em 0 2em;
|
||||
}
|
||||
#wechat:hover p {
|
||||
animation: roll 0.1s infinite linear;
|
||||
-webkit-animation: roll 0.1s infinite linear;
|
||||
-moz-animation: roll 0.1s infinite linear;
|
||||
}
|
||||
#alipay:hover p {
|
||||
animation: roll 0.1s infinite linear;
|
||||
-webkit-animation: roll 0.1s infinite linear;
|
||||
-moz-animation: roll 0.1s infinite linear;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@-moz-keyframes roll {
|
||||
from {
|
||||
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
|
||||
-moz-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
|
||||
-ms-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
|
||||
-o-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
|
||||
transform: rotateZ(30deg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
to {
|
||||
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
|
||||
-moz-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
|
||||
-ms-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
|
||||
-o-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
|
||||
transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@-webkit-keyframes roll {
|
||||
from {
|
||||
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
|
||||
-moz-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
|
||||
-ms-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
|
||||
-o-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
|
||||
transform: rotateZ(30deg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
to {
|
||||
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
|
||||
-moz-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
|
||||
-ms-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
|
||||
-o-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
|
||||
transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@-o-keyframes roll {
|
||||
from {
|
||||
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
|
||||
-moz-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
|
||||
-ms-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
|
||||
-o-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
|
||||
transform: rotateZ(30deg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
to {
|
||||
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
|
||||
-moz-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
|
||||
-ms-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
|
||||
-o-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
|
||||
transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@keyframes roll {
|
||||
from {
|
||||
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
|
||||
-moz-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
|
||||
-ms-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
|
||||
-o-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
|
||||
transform: rotateZ(30deg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
to {
|
||||
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
|
||||
-moz-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
|
||||
-ms-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
|
||||
-o-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
|
||||
transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
|
||||
require(['gitbook', 'jQuery'], function(gitbook, $) {
|
||||
var wechatURL;
|
||||
var alipayURL;
|
||||
var titleText;
|
||||
var buttonText;
|
||||
var wechatText;
|
||||
var alipayText;
|
||||
|
||||
function insertDonateLink() {
|
||||
if ($('.gitbook-donate').length === 0 && wechatURL !== undefined && (wechatURL !== '' || alipayURL !== '')) {
|
||||
var html = [
|
||||
'<div class="gitbook-donate">',
|
||||
'<div>' + titleText + '</div>',
|
||||
'<button id="rewardButton" disable="enable" onclick="var qr = document.getElementById(\'QR\'); if (qr.style.display === \'none\') {qr.style.display=\'block\';} else {qr.style.display=\'none\'}">',
|
||||
'<span>' + buttonText + '</span>',
|
||||
'</button>',
|
||||
'<div id="QR" style="display: none;">'
|
||||
];
|
||||
if (wechatURL !== '') {
|
||||
html = html.concat([
|
||||
'<div id="wechat" style="display: inline-block">',
|
||||
'<a href="' + wechatURL + '" class="fancybox" rel="group">',
|
||||
'<img id="wechat_qr" src="' + wechatURL + '" alt="WeChat Pay"/>',
|
||||
'</a>',
|
||||
'<p>' + wechatText + '</p>',
|
||||
'</div>'
|
||||
]);
|
||||
}
|
||||
if (alipayURL !== '') {
|
||||
html = html.concat([
|
||||
'<div id="alipay" style="display: inline-block">',
|
||||
'<a href="' + alipayURL+ '" class="fancybox" rel="group">',
|
||||
'<img id="alipay_qr" src="' + alipayURL + '" alt="Alipay"/>',
|
||||
'</a>',
|
||||
'<p>' + alipayText + '</p>', '</div>'
|
||||
]);
|
||||
}
|
||||
html = html.concat(['</div>', '</div>']);
|
||||
$('.page-inner section.normal:last').after(html.join(''));
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
gitbook.events.bind('start', function(e, config) {
|
||||
wechatURL = config.donate.wechat || '';
|
||||
wechatText = config.donate.wechatText || '微信捐赠';
|
||||
alipayURL = config.donate.alipay || '';
|
||||
alipayText = config.donate.alipayText || '支付宝捐赠';
|
||||
titleText = config.donate.title || '';
|
||||
buttonText = config.donate.button || '赏';
|
||||
insertDonateLink();
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
gitbook.events.bind('page.change', function() {
|
||||
insertDonateLink();
|
||||
});
|
||||
});
|
||||
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
|
||||
/*!
|
||||
* gitbook-plugin-flexible-alerts
|
||||
* v1.0.3
|
||||
* https://github.com/zanfab/gitbook-plugin-flexible-alerts#readme
|
||||
* (c) 2019 Fabian Zankl
|
||||
* MIT license
|
||||
*/
|
||||
"use strict";function _typeof(t){return(_typeof="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(t){return typeof t}:function(t){return t&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&t.constructor===Symbol&&t!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof t})(t)}function findAlertSetting(t,n,e,i){var o=(t||"").match(new RegExp("".concat(n,":(([^\\r\\n|]*))")));return o?i?i(o[1]):o[1]:i?i(e):e}require(["gitbook","jQuery"],function(p,e){p.events.bind("page.change",function(){var b=p.state.config.pluginsConfig["flexible-alerts"];e("blockquote").each(function(){var t=e(this).html(),n=t.replace(/\[!(\w*)((?:\|\w*:.*)*?)\]([\s\S]*)/g,function(t,n,e,i){var o=b[n.toLowerCase()];if(!o)return t;var r=findAlertSetting(e,"style",b.style),c=findAlertSetting(e,"iconVisibility","visible",function(t){return"hidden"!==t}),l=findAlertSetting(e,"labelVisibility","visible",function(t){return"hidden"!==t}),a=findAlertSetting(e,"label",o.label),f=findAlertSetting(e,"icon",o.icon),s=findAlertSetting(e,"className",o.className);if("object"===_typeof(a)){var u=p.state.innerLanguage;u&&a.hasOwnProperty(u)?a=a[u]:c=l=!1}var y='<i class="'.concat(f,'"></i>');return'<div class="alert '.concat(r," ").concat(s,'">\n <p class="title">\n ').concat(c?y:"","\n ").concat(l?a:"","\n </p>\n <p>").concat(i,"\n </div>")});n!==t&&e(this).replaceWith(n)})})});
|
||||
//# sourceMappingURL=plugin.js.map
|
||||
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||
{"version":3,"file":"plugin.js","sources":["../../src/book/plugin.js"],"sourcesContent":["function findAlertSetting(input, key, fallback, callback) {\n const match = (input || '').match(new RegExp(`${key}:(([^\\\\r\\\\n|]*))`));\n if (!match) {\n return callback ? callback(fallback) : fallback;\n }\n\n return callback ? callback(match[1]) : match[1];\n}\n\nrequire(['gitbook', 'jQuery'], function (gitbook, $) {\n gitbook.events.bind('page.change', function () {\n const options = gitbook.state.config.pluginsConfig['flexible-alerts'];\n\n $('blockquote').each(function () {\n const origin = $(this).html();\n const content = origin.replace(/\\[!(\\w*)((?:\\|\\w*:.*)*?)\\]([\\s\\S]*)/g, (match, key, settings, value) => {\n const config = options[key.toLowerCase()];\n\n if (!config) {\n return match;\n }\n\n // Style configuration\n const style = findAlertSetting(settings, 'style', options.style);\n let isIconVisible = findAlertSetting(settings, 'iconVisibility', 'visible', (value) => value !== 'hidden');\n let isLabelVisible = findAlertSetting(settings, 'labelVisibility', 'visible', (value) => value !== 'hidden');\n let label = findAlertSetting(settings, 'label', config.label);\n const icon = findAlertSetting(settings, 'icon', config.icon);\n const className = findAlertSetting(settings, 'className', config.className);\n\n // Label can be language specific and could be specified via user configuration\n if (typeof label === 'object') {\n const language = gitbook.state.innerLanguage;\n\n if (language && label.hasOwnProperty(language)) {\n label = label[language];\n } else {\n isLabelVisible = false;\n isIconVisible = false;\n }\n }\n\n const iconTag = `<i class=\"${icon}\"></i>`;\n\n return (\n `<div class=\"alert ${style} ${className}\">\n <p class=\"title\">\n ${isIconVisible ? iconTag : ''}\n ${isLabelVisible ? label : ''}\n </p>\n <p>${value}\n </div>`\n );\n });\n\n // Do not change blockquotes without alert indicator.\n if (content !== origin) {\n $(this).replaceWith(content);\n }\n });\n });\n});\n"],"names":["findAlertSetting","input","key","fallback","callback","match","RegExp","require","gitbook","$","events","bind","options","state","config","pluginsConfig","each","origin","this","html","content","replace","settings","value","toLowerCase","style","isIconVisible","isLabelVisible","label","icon","className","_typeof","language","innerLanguage","hasOwnProperty","iconTag","replaceWith"],"mappings":";;;;;;;8PAAA,SAASA,iBAAiBC,EAAOC,EAAKC,EAAUC,OACxCC,GAASJ,GAAS,IAAII,MAAM,IAAIC,iBAAUJ,+BAC3CG,EAIED,EAAWA,EAASC,EAAM,IAAMA,EAAM,GAHpCD,EAAWA,EAASD,GAAYA,EAM3CI,QAAQ,CAAC,UAAW,UAAW,SAAUC,EAASC,GAChDD,EAAQE,OAAOC,KAAK,cAAe,eAC3BC,EAAUJ,EAAQK,MAAMC,OAAOC,cAAc,mBAEnDN,EAAE,cAAcO,KAAK,eACbC,EAASR,EAAES,MAAMC,OACjBC,EAAUH,EAAOI,QAAQ,uCAAwC,SAAChB,EAAOH,EAAKoB,EAAUC,OACtFT,EAASF,EAAQV,EAAIsB,mBAEtBV,SACIT,MAIHoB,EAAQzB,iBAAiBsB,EAAU,QAASV,EAAQa,OACtDC,EAAgB1B,iBAAiBsB,EAAU,iBAAkB,UAAW,SAACC,SAAoB,WAAVA,IACnFI,EAAiB3B,iBAAiBsB,EAAU,kBAAmB,UAAW,SAACC,SAAoB,WAAVA,IACrFK,EAAQ5B,iBAAiBsB,EAAU,QAASR,EAAOc,OACjDC,EAAO7B,iBAAiBsB,EAAU,OAAQR,EAAOe,MACjDC,EAAY9B,iBAAiBsB,EAAU,YAAaR,EAAOgB,cAG5C,WAAjBC,QAAOH,GAAoB,KACvBI,EAAWxB,EAAQK,MAAMoB,cAE3BD,GAAYJ,EAAMM,eAAeF,GACnCJ,EAAQA,EAAMI,GAGdN,EADAC,GAAiB,MAKfQ,sBAAuBN,8CAGNJ,cAASK,oEAEpBJ,EAAgBS,EAAU,kCAC1BR,EAAiBC,EAAQ,qDAE1BL,4BAMTH,IAAYH,GACdR,EAAES,MAAMkB,YAAYhB"}
|
||||
@@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
|
||||
.alert {
|
||||
display: block;
|
||||
position: relative;
|
||||
word-wrap: break-word;
|
||||
word-break: break-word;
|
||||
padding: .75rem 1.25rem;
|
||||
margin-bottom: 1rem;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert > * {
|
||||
max-width: 100%;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert + .alert {
|
||||
margin-top: -.25rem;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert p {
|
||||
margin-top: .5rem;
|
||||
margin-bottom: .5rem;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert i {
|
||||
margin-right: .5rem;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert .title {
|
||||
font-weight: 600;
|
||||
margin: 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert > :first-child {
|
||||
margin-top: 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert > :last-child {
|
||||
margin-bottom: 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert.callout {
|
||||
border: 1px solid #eee;
|
||||
border-left-width: .25rem;
|
||||
border-radius: .25rem;
|
||||
background: #FFF;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert.callout.warning {
|
||||
border-left-color: #f0ad4e !important;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert.callout.warning .title {
|
||||
color: #f0ad4e;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert.callout.tip {
|
||||
border-left-color: #28a745 !important;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert.callout.tip .title {
|
||||
color: #28a745;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert.callout.info {
|
||||
border-left-color: #17a2b8 !important;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert.callout.info .title {
|
||||
color: #17a2b8;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert.callout.danger {
|
||||
border-left-color: #dc3545 !important;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert.callout.danger .title {
|
||||
color: #dc3545;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert.flat {
|
||||
border: 1px solid transparent;
|
||||
border-radius: .125rem;
|
||||
|
||||
color: #383d41;
|
||||
background-color: #e2e3e5;
|
||||
border-color: #d6d8db;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert.flat.info {
|
||||
color: #02587f;
|
||||
background-color: #cdeefd;
|
||||
border-color: #b8e7fc;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert.flat.info .title {
|
||||
color: #01354d;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert.flat.tip {
|
||||
color: #285b2a;
|
||||
background-color: #dbefdc;
|
||||
border-color: #cde9ce;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert.flat.tip .title {
|
||||
color: #18381a;;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert.flat.warning {
|
||||
color: #852d12;
|
||||
background-color: #ffddd3;
|
||||
border-color: #ffd0c1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert.flat.warning .title {
|
||||
color: #581e0c;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert.flat.danger {
|
||||
color: #7f231c;
|
||||
background-color: #fdd9d7;
|
||||
border-color: #fccac7;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.alert.flat.danger .title {
|
||||
color: #551713;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -1,240 +0,0 @@
|
||||
require(['gitbook', 'jquery'], function(gitbook, $) {
|
||||
// Configuration
|
||||
var MAX_SIZE = 4,
|
||||
MIN_SIZE = 0,
|
||||
BUTTON_ID;
|
||||
|
||||
// Current fontsettings state
|
||||
var fontState;
|
||||
|
||||
// Default themes
|
||||
var THEMES = [
|
||||
{
|
||||
config: 'white',
|
||||
text: 'White',
|
||||
id: 0
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
config: 'sepia',
|
||||
text: 'Sepia',
|
||||
id: 1
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
config: 'night',
|
||||
text: 'Night',
|
||||
id: 2
|
||||
}
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
// Default font families
|
||||
var FAMILIES = [
|
||||
{
|
||||
config: 'serif',
|
||||
text: 'Serif',
|
||||
id: 0
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
config: 'sans',
|
||||
text: 'Sans',
|
||||
id: 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
// Return configured themes
|
||||
function getThemes() {
|
||||
return THEMES;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Modify configured themes
|
||||
function setThemes(themes) {
|
||||
THEMES = themes;
|
||||
updateButtons();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Return configured font families
|
||||
function getFamilies() {
|
||||
return FAMILIES;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Modify configured font families
|
||||
function setFamilies(families) {
|
||||
FAMILIES = families;
|
||||
updateButtons();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Save current font settings
|
||||
function saveFontSettings() {
|
||||
gitbook.storage.set('fontState', fontState);
|
||||
update();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Increase font size
|
||||
function enlargeFontSize(e) {
|
||||
e.preventDefault();
|
||||
if (fontState.size >= MAX_SIZE) return;
|
||||
|
||||
fontState.size++;
|
||||
saveFontSettings();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Decrease font size
|
||||
function reduceFontSize(e) {
|
||||
e.preventDefault();
|
||||
if (fontState.size <= MIN_SIZE) return;
|
||||
|
||||
fontState.size--;
|
||||
saveFontSettings();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Change font family
|
||||
function changeFontFamily(configName, e) {
|
||||
if (e && e instanceof Event) {
|
||||
e.preventDefault();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
var familyId = getFontFamilyId(configName);
|
||||
fontState.family = familyId;
|
||||
saveFontSettings();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Change type of color theme
|
||||
function changeColorTheme(configName, e) {
|
||||
if (e && e instanceof Event) {
|
||||
e.preventDefault();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
var $book = gitbook.state.$book;
|
||||
|
||||
// Remove currently applied color theme
|
||||
if (fontState.theme !== 0)
|
||||
$book.removeClass('color-theme-'+fontState.theme);
|
||||
|
||||
// Set new color theme
|
||||
var themeId = getThemeId(configName);
|
||||
fontState.theme = themeId;
|
||||
if (fontState.theme !== 0)
|
||||
$book.addClass('color-theme-'+fontState.theme);
|
||||
|
||||
saveFontSettings();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Return the correct id for a font-family config key
|
||||
// Default to first font-family
|
||||
function getFontFamilyId(configName) {
|
||||
// Search for plugin configured font family
|
||||
var configFamily = $.grep(FAMILIES, function(family) {
|
||||
return family.config == configName;
|
||||
})[0];
|
||||
// Fallback to default font family
|
||||
return (!!configFamily)? configFamily.id : 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Return the correct id for a theme config key
|
||||
// Default to first theme
|
||||
function getThemeId(configName) {
|
||||
// Search for plugin configured theme
|
||||
var configTheme = $.grep(THEMES, function(theme) {
|
||||
return theme.config == configName;
|
||||
})[0];
|
||||
// Fallback to default theme
|
||||
return (!!configTheme)? configTheme.id : 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function update() {
|
||||
var $book = gitbook.state.$book;
|
||||
|
||||
$('.font-settings .font-family-list li').removeClass('active');
|
||||
$('.font-settings .font-family-list li:nth-child('+(fontState.family+1)+')').addClass('active');
|
||||
|
||||
$book[0].className = $book[0].className.replace(/\bfont-\S+/g, '');
|
||||
$book.addClass('font-size-'+fontState.size);
|
||||
$book.addClass('font-family-'+fontState.family);
|
||||
|
||||
if(fontState.theme !== 0) {
|
||||
$book[0].className = $book[0].className.replace(/\bcolor-theme-\S+/g, '');
|
||||
$book.addClass('color-theme-'+fontState.theme);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function init(config) {
|
||||
// Search for plugin configured font family
|
||||
var configFamily = getFontFamilyId(config.family),
|
||||
configTheme = getThemeId(config.theme);
|
||||
|
||||
// Instantiate font state object
|
||||
fontState = gitbook.storage.get('fontState', {
|
||||
size: config.size || 2,
|
||||
family: configFamily,
|
||||
theme: configTheme
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
update();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function updateButtons() {
|
||||
// Remove existing fontsettings buttons
|
||||
if (!!BUTTON_ID) {
|
||||
gitbook.toolbar.removeButton(BUTTON_ID);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Create buttons in toolbar
|
||||
BUTTON_ID = gitbook.toolbar.createButton({
|
||||
icon: 'fa fa-font',
|
||||
label: 'Font Settings',
|
||||
className: 'font-settings',
|
||||
dropdown: [
|
||||
[
|
||||
{
|
||||
text: 'A',
|
||||
className: 'font-reduce',
|
||||
onClick: reduceFontSize
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
text: 'A',
|
||||
className: 'font-enlarge',
|
||||
onClick: enlargeFontSize
|
||||
}
|
||||
],
|
||||
$.map(FAMILIES, function(family) {
|
||||
family.onClick = function(e) {
|
||||
return changeFontFamily(family.config, e);
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
return family;
|
||||
}),
|
||||
$.map(THEMES, function(theme) {
|
||||
theme.onClick = function(e) {
|
||||
return changeColorTheme(theme.config, e);
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
return theme;
|
||||
})
|
||||
]
|
||||
});
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Init configuration at start
|
||||
gitbook.events.bind('start', function(e, config) {
|
||||
var opts = config.fontsettings;
|
||||
|
||||
// Generate buttons at start
|
||||
updateButtons();
|
||||
|
||||
// Init current settings
|
||||
init(opts);
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
// Expose API
|
||||
gitbook.fontsettings = {
|
||||
enlargeFontSize: enlargeFontSize,
|
||||
reduceFontSize: reduceFontSize,
|
||||
setTheme: changeColorTheme,
|
||||
setFamily: changeFontFamily,
|
||||
getThemes: getThemes,
|
||||
setThemes: setThemes,
|
||||
getFamilies: getFamilies,
|
||||
setFamilies: setFamilies
|
||||
};
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,291 +0,0 @@
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* Theme 1
|
||||
*/
|
||||
.color-theme-1 .dropdown-menu {
|
||||
background-color: #111111;
|
||||
border-color: #7e888b;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.color-theme-1 .dropdown-menu .dropdown-caret .caret-inner {
|
||||
border-bottom: 9px solid #111111;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.color-theme-1 .dropdown-menu .buttons {
|
||||
border-color: #7e888b;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.color-theme-1 .dropdown-menu .button {
|
||||
color: #afa790;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.color-theme-1 .dropdown-menu .button:hover {
|
||||
color: #73553c;
|
||||
}
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* Theme 2
|
||||
*/
|
||||
.color-theme-2 .dropdown-menu {
|
||||
background-color: #2d3143;
|
||||
border-color: #272a3a;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.color-theme-2 .dropdown-menu .dropdown-caret .caret-inner {
|
||||
border-bottom: 9px solid #2d3143;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.color-theme-2 .dropdown-menu .buttons {
|
||||
border-color: #272a3a;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.color-theme-2 .dropdown-menu .button {
|
||||
color: #62677f;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.color-theme-2 .dropdown-menu .button:hover {
|
||||
color: #f4f4f5;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book .book-header .font-settings .font-enlarge {
|
||||
line-height: 30px;
|
||||
font-size: 1.4em;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book .book-header .font-settings .font-reduce {
|
||||
line-height: 30px;
|
||||
font-size: 1em;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body {
|
||||
color: #704214;
|
||||
background: #f3eacb;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section {
|
||||
background: #f3eacb;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body {
|
||||
color: #bdcadb;
|
||||
background: #1c1f2b;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section {
|
||||
background: #1c1f2b;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.font-size-0 .book-body .page-inner section {
|
||||
font-size: 1.2rem;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.font-size-1 .book-body .page-inner section {
|
||||
font-size: 1.4rem;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.font-size-2 .book-body .page-inner section {
|
||||
font-size: 1.6rem;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.font-size-3 .book-body .page-inner section {
|
||||
font-size: 2.2rem;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.font-size-4 .book-body .page-inner section {
|
||||
font-size: 4rem;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.font-family-0 {
|
||||
font-family: Georgia, serif;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.font-family-1 {
|
||||
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal {
|
||||
color: #704214;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal a {
|
||||
color: inherit;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h1,
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h2,
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h3,
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h4,
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h5,
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h6 {
|
||||
color: inherit;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h1,
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h2 {
|
||||
border-color: inherit;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h6 {
|
||||
color: inherit;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal hr {
|
||||
background-color: inherit;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal blockquote {
|
||||
border-color: inherit;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal pre,
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal code {
|
||||
background: #fdf6e3;
|
||||
color: #657b83;
|
||||
border-color: #f8df9c;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal .highlight {
|
||||
background-color: inherit;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table th,
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table td {
|
||||
border-color: #f5d06c;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table tr {
|
||||
color: inherit;
|
||||
background-color: #fdf6e3;
|
||||
border-color: #444444;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table tr:nth-child(2n) {
|
||||
background-color: #fbeecb;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal {
|
||||
color: #bdcadb;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal a {
|
||||
color: #3eb1d0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h1,
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h2,
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h3,
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h4,
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h5,
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h6 {
|
||||
color: #fffffa;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h1,
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h2 {
|
||||
border-color: #373b4e;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h6 {
|
||||
color: #373b4e;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal hr {
|
||||
background-color: #373b4e;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal blockquote {
|
||||
border-color: #373b4e;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal pre,
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal code {
|
||||
color: #9dbed8;
|
||||
background: #2d3143;
|
||||
border-color: #2d3143;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal .highlight {
|
||||
background-color: #282a39;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table th,
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table td {
|
||||
border-color: #3b3f54;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table tr {
|
||||
color: #b6c2d2;
|
||||
background-color: #2d3143;
|
||||
border-color: #3b3f54;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table tr:nth-child(2n) {
|
||||
background-color: #35394b;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-header {
|
||||
color: #afa790;
|
||||
background: transparent;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-header .btn {
|
||||
color: #afa790;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-header .btn:hover {
|
||||
color: #73553c;
|
||||
background: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-header h1 {
|
||||
color: #704214;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-header {
|
||||
color: #7e888b;
|
||||
background: transparent;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-header .btn {
|
||||
color: #3b3f54;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-header .btn:hover {
|
||||
color: #fffff5;
|
||||
background: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-header h1 {
|
||||
color: #bdcadb;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .navigation {
|
||||
color: #afa790;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .navigation:hover {
|
||||
color: #73553c;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .navigation {
|
||||
color: #383f52;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .navigation:hover {
|
||||
color: #fffff5;
|
||||
}
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* Theme 1
|
||||
*/
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-summary {
|
||||
color: #afa790;
|
||||
background: #111111;
|
||||
border-right: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-summary .book-search {
|
||||
background: transparent;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-summary .book-search input,
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-summary .book-search input:focus {
|
||||
border: 1px solid transparent;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-summary ul.summary li.divider {
|
||||
background: #7e888b;
|
||||
box-shadow: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-summary ul.summary li i.fa-check {
|
||||
color: #33cc33;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-summary ul.summary li.done > a {
|
||||
color: #877f6a;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-summary ul.summary li a,
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-summary ul.summary li span {
|
||||
color: #877f6a;
|
||||
background: transparent;
|
||||
font-weight: normal;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-summary ul.summary li.active > a,
|
||||
.book.color-theme-1 .book-summary ul.summary li a:hover {
|
||||
color: #704214;
|
||||
background: transparent;
|
||||
font-weight: normal;
|
||||
}
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* Theme 2
|
||||
*/
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-summary {
|
||||
color: #bcc1d2;
|
||||
background: #2d3143;
|
||||
border-right: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-summary .book-search {
|
||||
background: transparent;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-summary .book-search input,
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-summary .book-search input:focus {
|
||||
border: 1px solid transparent;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-summary ul.summary li.divider {
|
||||
background: #272a3a;
|
||||
box-shadow: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-summary ul.summary li i.fa-check {
|
||||
color: #33cc33;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-summary ul.summary li.done > a {
|
||||
color: #62687f;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-summary ul.summary li a,
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-summary ul.summary li span {
|
||||
color: #c1c6d7;
|
||||
background: transparent;
|
||||
font-weight: 600;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-summary ul.summary li.active > a,
|
||||
.book.color-theme-2 .book-summary ul.summary li a:hover {
|
||||
color: #f4f4f5;
|
||||
background: #252737;
|
||||
font-weight: 600;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
|
||||
require([ 'gitbook' ], function (gitbook) {
|
||||
gitbook.events.bind('start', function (e, config) {
|
||||
var githubURL = config.github.url;
|
||||
|
||||
gitbook.toolbar.createButton({
|
||||
icon: 'fa fa-github',
|
||||
label: 'GitHub',
|
||||
position: 'right',
|
||||
onClick: function() {
|
||||
window.open(githubURL)
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
});
|
||||
});
|
||||
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
|
||||
.page-view-wrapper .btn{
|
||||
display: inline-block;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.page-view-counter{
|
||||
margin-left: -14px;
|
||||
font-size: 15px;
|
||||
display:inline-block;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
|
||||
var gitbook = window.gitbook;
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
<!-- Start of CuterCounter Code -->
|
||||
<a href="http://www.cutercounter.com/" target="_blank"><img src="http://www.cutercounter.com/hit.php?id=gmvufxqck&nd=1&style=116" border="0" alt="visitor counter"></a>
|
||||
<!-- End of CuterCounter Code -->
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
var iconSVg = '<svg t="1543310294340" \
|
||||
class="icon" style="" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" version="1.1" \
|
||||
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" p-id="1104" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="14" height="14"><defs><style type="text/css"></style></defs>\
|
||||
<path d="M512 416a96 96 0 1 0 0 192 96 96 0 0 0 0-192z m511.952 102.064c-0.016-0.448-0.064-0.864-0.096-1.296a8.16 8.16 0 0 0-0.08-0.656c0-0.32-0.064-0.624-0.128-0.928-0.032-0.368-0.064-0.736-0.128-1.088-0.032-0.048-0.032-0.096-0.032-0.144a39.488 39.488 0 0 0-10.704-21.536c-32.672-39.616-71.536-74.88-111.04-107.072-85.088-69.392-182.432-127.424-289.856-150.8-62.112-13.504-124.576-14.064-187.008-2.64-56.784 10.384-111.504 32-162.72 58.784-80.176 41.92-153.392 99.696-217.184 164.48-11.808 11.984-23.552 24.224-34.288 37.248-14.288 17.328-14.288 37.872 0 55.216 32.672 39.616 71.52 74.848 111.04 107.056 85.12 69.392 182.448 127.408 289.888 150.784 62.096 13.504 124.608 14.096 187.008 2.656 56.768-10.4 111.488-32 162.736-58.768 80.176-41.936 153.376-99.696 217.184-164.48 11.792-12 23.536-24.224 34.288-37.248 5.712-5.872 9.456-13.44 10.704-21.568l0.032-0.128a12.592 12.592 0 0 0 0.128-1.088c0.064-0.304 0.096-0.624 0.128-0.928l0.08-0.656 0.096-1.28c0.032-0.656 0.048-1.296 0.048-1.952l-0.096-1.968zM512 704c-106.032 0-192-85.952-192-192s85.952-192 192-192 192 85.968 192 192c0 106.048-85.968 192-192 192z"\
|
||||
fill="#CCC" p-id="1105"></path></svg>'
|
||||
|
||||
function requestCount(targetUrl) {
|
||||
return $.ajax('https://hitcounter.pythonanywhere.com/count',{
|
||||
data:{url:encodeURIComponent(targetUrl)},
|
||||
})
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
require(["gitbook", "jQuery"], function (gitbook, $) {
|
||||
|
||||
function resetViewCount() {
|
||||
var bookHeader = $('.book-header')
|
||||
var lastChild = bookHeader.children().last()
|
||||
|
||||
var renderWrapper = $('<div class="page-view-wrapper dropdown pull-left">\
|
||||
<span class="btn toggle-dropdown">'+ iconSVg + '</span>\
|
||||
<span class="page-view-counter" title="阅读数">-</span>\
|
||||
</div>')
|
||||
|
||||
if(lastChild.length){
|
||||
renderWrapper.insertBefore(lastChild)
|
||||
}else{
|
||||
bookHeader.append(renderWrapper)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
requestCount(location.href).then(function(data){
|
||||
renderWrapper.find('.page-view-counter').html(data)
|
||||
})
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
gitbook.events.bind("page.change", resetViewCount)
|
||||
});
|
||||
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
|
||||
/*
|
||||
This CSS only styled the search results section, not the search input
|
||||
It defines the basic interraction to hide content when displaying results, etc
|
||||
*/
|
||||
#book-search-input {
|
||||
background: inherit;
|
||||
}
|
||||
#book-search-results .search-results {
|
||||
display: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
#book-search-results .search-results ul.search-results-list {
|
||||
list-style-type: none;
|
||||
padding-left: 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
#book-search-results .search-results ul.search-results-list li {
|
||||
margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
|
||||
padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
|
||||
/* Highlight results */
|
||||
}
|
||||
#book-search-results .search-results ul.search-results-list li p em {
|
||||
background-color: rgba(255, 220, 0, 0.4);
|
||||
font-style: normal;
|
||||
}
|
||||
#book-search-results .search-results .no-results {
|
||||
display: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
#book-search-results.open .search-results {
|
||||
display: block;
|
||||
}
|
||||
#book-search-results.open .search-noresults {
|
||||
display: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
#book-search-results.no-results .search-results .has-results {
|
||||
display: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
#book-search-results.no-results .search-results .no-results {
|
||||
display: block;
|
||||
}
|
||||
#book-search-results span.search-highlight-keyword {
|
||||
background: #ff0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -1,261 +0,0 @@
|
||||
require([
|
||||
'gitbook',
|
||||
'jquery'
|
||||
], function(gitbook, $) {
|
||||
var MAX_DESCRIPTION_SIZE = 500;
|
||||
var state = gitbook.state;
|
||||
var INDEX_DATA = {};
|
||||
var usePushState = (typeof history.pushState !== 'undefined');
|
||||
|
||||
// DOM Elements
|
||||
var $body = $('body');
|
||||
var $bookSearchResults;
|
||||
var $searchList;
|
||||
var $searchTitle;
|
||||
var $searchResultsCount;
|
||||
var $searchQuery;
|
||||
|
||||
// Throttle search
|
||||
function throttle(fn, wait) {
|
||||
var timeout;
|
||||
|
||||
return function() {
|
||||
var ctx = this,
|
||||
args = arguments;
|
||||
if (!timeout) {
|
||||
timeout = setTimeout(function() {
|
||||
timeout = null;
|
||||
fn.apply(ctx, args);
|
||||
}, wait);
|
||||
}
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function displayResults(res) {
|
||||
$bookSearchResults = $('#book-search-results');
|
||||
$searchList = $bookSearchResults.find('.search-results-list');
|
||||
$searchTitle = $bookSearchResults.find('.search-results-title');
|
||||
$searchResultsCount = $searchTitle.find('.search-results-count');
|
||||
$searchQuery = $searchTitle.find('.search-query');
|
||||
|
||||
$bookSearchResults.addClass('open');
|
||||
|
||||
var noResults = res.count == 0;
|
||||
$bookSearchResults.toggleClass('no-results', noResults);
|
||||
|
||||
// Clear old results
|
||||
$searchList.empty();
|
||||
|
||||
// Display title for research
|
||||
$searchResultsCount.text(res.count);
|
||||
$searchQuery.text(res.query);
|
||||
|
||||
// Create an <li> element for each result
|
||||
res.results.forEach(function(item) {
|
||||
var $li = $('<li>', {
|
||||
'class': 'search-results-item'
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
var $title = $('<h3>');
|
||||
|
||||
var $link = $('<a>', {
|
||||
'href': gitbook.state.basePath + '/' + item.url + '?h=' + encodeURIComponent(res.query),
|
||||
'text': item.title,
|
||||
'data-is-search': 1
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
if ($link[0].href.split('?')[0] === location.href.split('?')[0]) {
|
||||
$link[0].setAttribute('data-need-reload', 1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
var content = item.body.trim();
|
||||
if (content.length > MAX_DESCRIPTION_SIZE) {
|
||||
content = content + '...';
|
||||
}
|
||||
var $content = $('<p>').html(content);
|
||||
|
||||
$link.appendTo($title);
|
||||
$title.appendTo($li);
|
||||
$content.appendTo($li);
|
||||
$li.appendTo($searchList);
|
||||
});
|
||||
$('.body-inner').scrollTop(0);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function escapeReg(keyword) {
|
||||
//escape regexp prevserve word
|
||||
return String(keyword).replace(/([\*\.\?\+\$\^\[\]\(\)\{\}\|\/\\])/g, '\\$1');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function query(keyword) {
|
||||
if (keyword == null || keyword.trim() === '') return;
|
||||
|
||||
var results = [],
|
||||
index = -1;
|
||||
for (var page in INDEX_DATA) {
|
||||
if ((index = INDEX_DATA[page].body.toLowerCase().indexOf(keyword.toLowerCase())) !== -1) {
|
||||
results.push({
|
||||
url: page,
|
||||
title: INDEX_DATA[page].title,
|
||||
body: INDEX_DATA[page].body.substr(Math.max(0, index - 50), MAX_DESCRIPTION_SIZE).replace(new RegExp('(' + escapeReg(keyword) + ')', 'gi'), '<span class="search-highlight-keyword">$1</span>')
|
||||
});
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
displayResults({
|
||||
count: results.length,
|
||||
query: keyword,
|
||||
results: results
|
||||
});
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function launchSearch(keyword) {
|
||||
// Add class for loading
|
||||
$body.addClass('with-search');
|
||||
$body.addClass('search-loading');
|
||||
|
||||
function doSearch() {
|
||||
query(keyword);
|
||||
$body.removeClass('search-loading');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
throttle(doSearch)();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function closeSearch() {
|
||||
$body.removeClass('with-search');
|
||||
$('#book-search-results').removeClass('open');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function bindSearch() {
|
||||
// Bind DOM
|
||||
var $body = $('body');
|
||||
|
||||
// Launch query based on input content
|
||||
function handleUpdate() {
|
||||
var $searchInput = $('#book-search-input input');
|
||||
var keyword = $searchInput.val();
|
||||
|
||||
if (keyword.length == 0) {
|
||||
closeSearch();
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
launchSearch(keyword);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
$body.on('keyup', '#book-search-input input', function(e) {
|
||||
if (e.keyCode === 13) {
|
||||
if (usePushState) {
|
||||
var uri = updateQueryString('q', $(this).val());
|
||||
history.pushState({
|
||||
path: uri
|
||||
}, null, uri);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
handleUpdate();
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
// Push to history on blur
|
||||
$body.on('blur', '#book-search-input input', function(e) {
|
||||
// Update history state
|
||||
if (usePushState) {
|
||||
var uri = updateQueryString('q', $(this).val());
|
||||
history.pushState({
|
||||
path: uri
|
||||
}, null, uri);
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
gitbook.events.on('start', function() {
|
||||
bindSearch();
|
||||
$.getJSON(state.basePath + "/search_plus_index.json").then(function(data) {
|
||||
INDEX_DATA = data;
|
||||
showResult();
|
||||
closeSearch();
|
||||
});
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
// 高亮文本
|
||||
var highLightPageInner = function(keyword) {
|
||||
$('.page-inner').mark(keyword, {
|
||||
'ignoreJoiners': true,
|
||||
'acrossElements': true,
|
||||
'separateWordSearch': false
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
setTimeout(function() {
|
||||
var mark = $('mark[data-markjs="true"]');
|
||||
if (mark.length) {
|
||||
mark[0].scrollIntoView();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}, 100);
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
function showResult() {
|
||||
var keyword, type;
|
||||
if (/\b(q|h)=([^&]+)/.test(location.search)) {
|
||||
type = RegExp.$1;
|
||||
keyword = decodeURIComponent(RegExp.$2);
|
||||
if (type === 'q') {
|
||||
launchSearch(keyword);
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
highLightPageInner(keyword);
|
||||
}
|
||||
$('#book-search-input input').val(keyword);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
gitbook.events.on('page.change', showResult);
|
||||
|
||||
function getParameterByName(name) {
|
||||
var url = window.location.href;
|
||||
name = name.replace(/[\[\]]/g, '\\$&');
|
||||
var regex = new RegExp('[?&]' + name + '(=([^&#]*)|&|#|$)', 'i'),
|
||||
results = regex.exec(url);
|
||||
if (!results) return null;
|
||||
if (!results[2]) return '';
|
||||
return decodeURIComponent(results[2].replace(/\+/g, ' '));
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function updateQueryString(key, value) {
|
||||
value = encodeURIComponent(value);
|
||||
|
||||
var url = window.location.href.replace(/([?&])(?:q|h)=([^&]+)(&|$)/, function(all, pre, value, end) {
|
||||
if (end === '&') {
|
||||
return pre;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return '';
|
||||
});
|
||||
var re = new RegExp('([?&])' + key + '=.*?(&|#|$)(.*)', 'gi'),
|
||||
hash;
|
||||
|
||||
if (re.test(url)) {
|
||||
if (typeof value !== 'undefined' && value !== null)
|
||||
return url.replace(re, '$1' + key + '=' + value + '$2$3');
|
||||
else {
|
||||
hash = url.split('#');
|
||||
url = hash[0].replace(re, '$1$3').replace(/(&|\?)$/, '');
|
||||
if (typeof hash[1] !== 'undefined' && hash[1] !== null)
|
||||
url += '#' + hash[1];
|
||||
return url;
|
||||
}
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
if (typeof value !== 'undefined' && value !== null) {
|
||||
var separator = url.indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '&' : '?';
|
||||
hash = url.split('#');
|
||||
url = hash[0] + separator + key + '=' + value;
|
||||
if (typeof hash[1] !== 'undefined' && hash[1] !== null)
|
||||
url += '#' + hash[1];
|
||||
return url;
|
||||
} else
|
||||
return url;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
window.addEventListener('click', function(e) {
|
||||
if (e.target.tagName === 'A' && e.target.getAttribute('data-need-reload')) {
|
||||
setTimeout(function() {
|
||||
location.reload();
|
||||
}, 100);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}, true);
|
||||
});
|
||||
@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
|
||||
require(['gitbook', 'jquery'], function(gitbook, $) {
|
||||
var SITES = {
|
||||
'facebook': {
|
||||
'label': 'Facebook',
|
||||
'icon': 'fa fa-facebook',
|
||||
'onClick': function(e) {
|
||||
e.preventDefault();
|
||||
window.open('http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?s=100&p[url]='+encodeURIComponent(location.href));
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
'twitter': {
|
||||
'label': 'Twitter',
|
||||
'icon': 'fa fa-twitter',
|
||||
'onClick': function(e) {
|
||||
e.preventDefault();
|
||||
window.open('http://twitter.com/home?status='+encodeURIComponent(document.title+' '+location.href));
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
'google': {
|
||||
'label': 'Google+',
|
||||
'icon': 'fa fa-google-plus',
|
||||
'onClick': function(e) {
|
||||
e.preventDefault();
|
||||
window.open('https://plus.google.com/share?url='+encodeURIComponent(location.href));
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
'weibo': {
|
||||
'label': 'Weibo',
|
||||
'icon': 'fa fa-weibo',
|
||||
'onClick': function(e) {
|
||||
e.preventDefault();
|
||||
window.open('http://service.weibo.com/share/share.php?content=utf-8&url='+encodeURIComponent(location.href)+'&title='+encodeURIComponent(document.title));
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
'instapaper': {
|
||||
'label': 'Instapaper',
|
||||
'icon': 'fa fa-instapaper',
|
||||
'onClick': function(e) {
|
||||
e.preventDefault();
|
||||
window.open('http://www.instapaper.com/text?u='+encodeURIComponent(location.href));
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
'vk': {
|
||||
'label': 'VK',
|
||||
'icon': 'fa fa-vk',
|
||||
'onClick': function(e) {
|
||||
e.preventDefault();
|
||||
window.open('http://vkontakte.ru/share.php?url='+encodeURIComponent(location.href));
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
gitbook.events.bind('start', function(e, config) {
|
||||
var opts = config.sharing;
|
||||
|
||||
// Create dropdown menu
|
||||
var menu = $.map(opts.all, function(id) {
|
||||
var site = SITES[id];
|
||||
|
||||
return {
|
||||
text: site.label,
|
||||
onClick: site.onClick
|
||||
};
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
// Create main button with dropdown
|
||||
if (menu.length > 0) {
|
||||
gitbook.toolbar.createButton({
|
||||
icon: 'fa fa-share-alt',
|
||||
label: 'Share',
|
||||
position: 'right',
|
||||
dropdown: [menu]
|
||||
});
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Direct actions to share
|
||||
$.each(SITES, function(sideId, site) {
|
||||
if (!opts[sideId]) return;
|
||||
|
||||
gitbook.toolbar.createButton({
|
||||
icon: site.icon,
|
||||
label: site.text,
|
||||
position: 'right',
|
||||
onClick: site.onClick
|
||||
});
|
||||
});
|
||||
});
|
||||
});
|
||||
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
|
||||
.divider-content-summary {
|
||||
position: absolute;
|
||||
top: 0;
|
||||
right: 0;
|
||||
height: 100%;
|
||||
width: 5px;
|
||||
display: table;
|
||||
cursor: col-resize;
|
||||
color: #ccc;
|
||||
-webkit-transition: color 350ms ease;
|
||||
-moz-transition: color 350ms ease;
|
||||
-o-transition: color 350ms ease;
|
||||
transition: color 350ms ease
|
||||
}
|
||||
.divider-content-summary:hover {
|
||||
color: #444;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.divider-content-summary__icon {
|
||||
display: table-cell;
|
||||
vertical-align: middle;
|
||||
text-align: center;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -1,128 +0,0 @@
|
||||
require(['gitbook', 'jQuery'], function (gitbook, $) {
|
||||
|
||||
// MEMO:
|
||||
// Gitbook is calculated as "calc (100% - 60px)" in the horizontal width when the width of the screen size is 600px
|
||||
// or less.
|
||||
// In this case, since contradiction occurs in the implementation of this module, return.
|
||||
if($(window).width() <= 600) {
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
gitbook.events.bind('start', function () {
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
gitbook.events.bind('page.change', function () {
|
||||
|
||||
var KEY_SPLIT_STATE = 'plugin_gitbook_split';
|
||||
|
||||
var dividerWidth = null;
|
||||
var isDraggable = false;
|
||||
var dividerCenterOffsetLeft = null;
|
||||
var splitState = null;
|
||||
var grabPointWidth = null;
|
||||
|
||||
var $body = $('body');
|
||||
var $book = $('.book');
|
||||
var $summary = $('.book-summary');
|
||||
var $bookBody = $('.book-body');
|
||||
var $divider = $('<div class="divider-content-summary">' +
|
||||
'<div class="divider-content-summary__icon">' +
|
||||
'<i class="fa fa-ellipsis-v"></i>' +
|
||||
'</div>' +
|
||||
'</div>');
|
||||
|
||||
$summary.append($divider);
|
||||
|
||||
dividerWidth = $divider.outerWidth();
|
||||
dividerCenterOffsetLeft = $divider.outerWidth() / 2;
|
||||
|
||||
// restore split state from sessionStorage
|
||||
splitState = getSplitState();
|
||||
setSplitState(
|
||||
splitState.summaryWidth,
|
||||
splitState.summaryOffset,
|
||||
splitState.bookBodyOffset
|
||||
);
|
||||
|
||||
setTimeout(function() {
|
||||
var isGreaterThanEqualGitbookV2_5 = !Boolean($('.toggle-summary').length);
|
||||
|
||||
var $toggleSummary = isGreaterThanEqualGitbookV2_5
|
||||
? $('.fa.fa-align-justify').parent() : $('.toggle-summary');
|
||||
|
||||
$toggleSummary.on('click', function () {
|
||||
|
||||
var summaryOffset = null;
|
||||
var bookBodyOffset = null;
|
||||
|
||||
var isOpen = isGreaterThanEqualGitbookV2_5
|
||||
? !gitbook.sidebar.isOpen() : $book.hasClass('with-summary');
|
||||
|
||||
if (isOpen) {
|
||||
summaryOffset = -($summary.outerWidth());
|
||||
bookBodyOffset = 0;
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
summaryOffset = 0;
|
||||
bookBodyOffset = $summary.outerWidth();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
setSplitState($summary.outerWidth(), summaryOffset, bookBodyOffset);
|
||||
saveSplitState($summary.outerWidth(), summaryOffset, bookBodyOffset);
|
||||
});
|
||||
}, 1);
|
||||
|
||||
$divider.on('mousedown', function (event) {
|
||||
event.stopPropagation();
|
||||
isDraggable = true;
|
||||
grabPointWidth = $summary.outerWidth() - event.pageX;
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
$body.on('mouseup', function (event) {
|
||||
event.stopPropagation();
|
||||
isDraggable = false;
|
||||
saveSplitState(
|
||||
$summary.outerWidth(),
|
||||
$summary.position().left,
|
||||
$bookBody.position().left
|
||||
);
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
$body.on('mousemove', function (event) {
|
||||
if (!isDraggable) {
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
event.stopPropagation();
|
||||
event.preventDefault();
|
||||
$summary.outerWidth(event.pageX + grabPointWidth);
|
||||
$bookBody.offset({ left: event.pageX + grabPointWidth });
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
function getSplitState() {
|
||||
var splitState = JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(KEY_SPLIT_STATE));
|
||||
splitState || (splitState = {});
|
||||
splitState.summaryWidth || (splitState.summaryWidth = $summary.outerWidth());
|
||||
splitState.summaryOffset || (splitState.summaryOffset = $summary.position().left);
|
||||
splitState.bookBodyOffset || (splitState.bookBodyOffset = $bookBody.position().left);
|
||||
return splitState;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function saveSplitState(summaryWidth, summaryWidthOffset, bookBodyOffset) {
|
||||
sessionStorage.setItem(KEY_SPLIT_STATE, JSON.stringify({
|
||||
summaryWidth: summaryWidth,
|
||||
summaryOffset: summaryWidthOffset,
|
||||
bookBodyOffset: bookBodyOffset,
|
||||
}));
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function setSplitState(summaryWidth, summaryOffset, bookBodyOffset) {
|
||||
$summary.outerWidth(summaryWidth);
|
||||
$summary.offset({ left: summaryOffset });
|
||||
$bookBody.offset({ left: bookBodyOffset });
|
||||
// improved broken layout in windows chrome.
|
||||
// "$(x).offset" automatically add to "position:relative".
|
||||
// but it cause layout broken..
|
||||
$summary.css({ position: 'absolute' });
|
||||
$bookBody.css({ position: 'absolute' });
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
});
|
||||
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
|
||||
.page-footer {
|
||||
margin-top: 50px;
|
||||
border-top: 1px solid #ccc;
|
||||
overflow: hidden;
|
||||
padding: 10px 0;
|
||||
font-size: 12px;
|
||||
color: #808080;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.page-footer a {
|
||||
color: #808080!important;
|
||||
text-decoration: underline!important;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.footer-modification {
|
||||
float: right;
|
||||
}
|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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858
_book/index.html
858
_book/index.html
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
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|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 18 KiB |
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
@@ -1,398 +0,0 @@
|
||||
# Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# 实验任务
|
||||
|
||||
## 启动xv6(难度：Easy)
|
||||
|
||||
获取实验室的xv6源代码并切换到util分支
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
$ git clone git://g.csail.mit.edu/xv6-labs-2020
|
||||
Cloning into 'xv6-labs-2020'...
|
||||
...
|
||||
$ cd xv6-labs-2020
|
||||
$ git checkout util
|
||||
Branch 'util' set up to track remote branch 'util' from 'origin'.
|
||||
Switched to a new branch 'util'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Xv6-labs-2020存储库与本书的xv6-riscv稍有不同;它主要添加一些文件。如果你好奇的话，可以执行`git log`:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
$ git log
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
您将需要使用Git版本控制系统管理和提交文件以及后续的实验室作业。接下来，切换到一个分支(执行`git checkout util`)，其中包含针对该实验室定制的xv6版本。要了解关于Git的更多信息，请查看Git用户手册。Git允许您跟踪对代码所做的更改。例如，如果你完成了其中一个练习，并且想检查你的进度，你可以通过运行以下命令来提交你的变化:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
$ git commit -am 'my solution for util lab exercise 1'
|
||||
Created commit 60d2135: my solution for util lab exercise 1
|
||||
1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
|
||||
$
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
您可以使用`git diff`命令跟踪您的更改。运行`git diff`将显示自上次提交以来对代码的更改，`git diff origin/util`将显示相对于初始xv6-labs-2020代码的更改。这里，***origin/xv6-labs-2020***是git分支的名称，它是包含您下载的初始代码分支。
|
||||
|
||||
- **构建并运行xv6**
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
$ make qemu
|
||||
riscv64-unknown-elf-gcc -c -o kernel/entry.o kernel/entry.S
|
||||
riscv64-unknown-elf-gcc -Wall -Werror -O -fno-omit-frame-pointer -ggdb -DSOL_UTIL -MD -mcmodel=medany -ffreestanding -fno-common -nostdlib -mno-relax -I. -fno-stack-protector -fno-pie -no-pie -c -o kernel/start.o kernel/start.c
|
||||
...
|
||||
riscv64-unknown-elf-ld -z max-page-size=4096 -N -e main -Ttext 0 -o user/_zombie user/zombie.o user/ulib.o user/usys.o user/printf.o user/umalloc.o
|
||||
riscv64-unknown-elf-objdump -S user/_zombie > user/zombie.asm
|
||||
riscv64-unknown-elf-objdump -t user/_zombie | sed '1,/SYMBOL TABLE/d; s/ .* / /; /^$/d' > user/zombie.sym
|
||||
mkfs/mkfs fs.img README user/xargstest.sh user/_cat user/_echo user/_forktest user/_grep user/_init user/_kill user/_ln user/_ls user/_mkdir user/_rm user/_sh user/_stressfs user/_usertests user/_grind user/_wc user/_zombie
|
||||
nmeta 46 (boot, super, log blocks 30 inode blocks 13, bitmap blocks 1) blocks 954 total 1000
|
||||
balloc: first 591 blocks have been allocated
|
||||
balloc: write bitmap block at sector 45
|
||||
qemu-system-riscv64 -machine virt -bios none -kernel kernel/kernel -m 128M -smp 3 -nographic -drive file=fs.img,if=none,format=raw,id=x0 -device virtio-blk-device,drive=x0,bus=virtio-mmio-bus.0
|
||||
|
||||
xv6 kernel is booting
|
||||
|
||||
hart 2 starting
|
||||
hart 1 starting
|
||||
init: starting sh
|
||||
$
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果你在提示符下输入 `ls`，你会看到类似如下的输出:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
$ ls
|
||||
. 1 1 1024
|
||||
.. 1 1 1024
|
||||
README 2 2 2059
|
||||
xargstest.sh 2 3 93
|
||||
cat 2 4 24256
|
||||
echo 2 5 23080
|
||||
forktest 2 6 13272
|
||||
grep 2 7 27560
|
||||
init 2 8 23816
|
||||
kill 2 9 23024
|
||||
ln 2 10 22880
|
||||
ls 2 11 26448
|
||||
mkdir 2 12 23176
|
||||
rm 2 13 23160
|
||||
sh 2 14 41976
|
||||
stressfs 2 15 24016
|
||||
usertests 2 16 148456
|
||||
grind 2 17 38144
|
||||
wc 2 18 25344
|
||||
zombie 2 19 22408
|
||||
console 3 20 0
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这些是`mkfs`在初始文件系统中包含的文件；大多数是可以运行的程序。你刚刚跑了其中一个：`ls`。
|
||||
|
||||
xv6没有`ps`命令，但是如果您键入Ctrl-p，内核将打印每个进程的信息。如果现在尝试，您将看到两行：一行用于init，另一行用于sh。
|
||||
|
||||
退出 qemu : `Ctrl-a x`。
|
||||
|
||||
## sleep(难度：Easy)
|
||||
|
||||
> [!TIP|label:YOUR JOB]
|
||||
> **实现xv6的UNIX程序**`sleep`**：您的**`sleep`**应该暂停到用户指定的计时数。一个滴答(tick)是由xv6内核定义的时间概念，即来自定时器芯片的两个中断之间的时间。您的解决方案应该在文件*user/sleep.c*中**
|
||||
|
||||
**提示：**
|
||||
|
||||
- 在你开始编码之前，请阅读《book-riscv-rev1》的第一章
|
||||
|
||||
- 看看其他的一些程序（如***/user/echo.c, /user/grep.c, /user/rm.c***）查看如何获取传递给程序的命令行参数
|
||||
|
||||
- 如果用户忘记传递参数，`sleep`应该打印一条错误信息
|
||||
|
||||
- 命令行参数作为字符串传递; 您可以使用`atoi`将其转换为数字（详见***/user/ulib.c***）
|
||||
|
||||
- 使用系统调用`sleep`
|
||||
|
||||
- 请参阅***kernel/sysproc.c***以获取实现`sleep`系统调用的xv6内核代码（查找`sys_sleep`），***user/user.h***提供了`sleep`的声明以便其他程序调用，用汇编程序编写的***user/usys.S***可以帮助`sleep`从用户区跳转到内核区。
|
||||
|
||||
- 确保`main`函数调用`exit()`以退出程序。
|
||||
|
||||
- 将你的`sleep`程序添加到***Makefile***中的`UPROGS`中；完成之后，`make qemu`将编译您的程序，并且您可以从xv6的shell运行它。
|
||||
|
||||
- 看看Kernighan和Ritchie编著的《C程序设计语言》（第二版）来了解C语言。
|
||||
|
||||
从xv6 shell运行程序：
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
$ make qemu
|
||||
...
|
||||
init: starting sh
|
||||
$ sleep 10
|
||||
(nothing happens for a little while)
|
||||
$
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果程序在如上所示运行时暂停，则解决方案是正确的。运行`make grade`看看你是否真的通过了睡眠测试。
|
||||
|
||||
请注意，`make grade`运行所有测试，包括下面作业的测试。如果要对一项作业运行成绩测试，请键入（不要启动XV6，在外部终端下使用）：
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
$ ./grade-lab-util sleep
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这将运行与`sleep`匹配的成绩测试。或者，您可以键入：
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
$ make GRADEFLAGS=sleep grade
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
效果是一样的。
|
||||
|
||||
## pingpong（难度：Easy）
|
||||
|
||||
> [!TIP|label:YOUR JOB]
|
||||
> **编写一个使用UNIX系统调用的程序来在两个进程之间“ping-pong”一个字节，请使用两个管道，每个方向一个。父进程应该向子进程发送一个字节;子进程应该打印“`<pid>: received ping`”，其中`<pid>`是进程ID，并在管道中写入字节发送给父进程，然后退出;父级应该从读取从子进程而来的字节，打印“`<pid>: received pong`”，然后退出。您的解决方案应该在文件*user/pingpong.c*中。**
|
||||
|
||||
**提示：**
|
||||
|
||||
- 使用`pipe`来创造管道
|
||||
|
||||
- 使用`fork`创建子进程
|
||||
|
||||
- 使用`read`从管道中读取数据，并且使用`write`向管道中写入数据
|
||||
|
||||
- 使用`getpid`获取调用进程的pid
|
||||
|
||||
- 将程序加入到***Makefile***的`UPROGS`
|
||||
|
||||
- xv6上的用户程序有一组有限的可用库函数。您可以在***user/user.h***中看到可调用的程序列表；源代码（系统调用除外）位于***user/ulib.c***、***user/printf.c***和***user/umalloc.c***中。
|
||||
|
||||
运行程序应得到下面的输出
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
$ make qemu
|
||||
...
|
||||
init: starting sh
|
||||
$ pingpong
|
||||
4: received ping
|
||||
3: received pong
|
||||
$
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果您的程序在两个进程之间交换一个字节并产生如上所示的输出，那么您的解决方案是正确的。
|
||||
|
||||
## Primes(素数，难度：Moderate/Hard)
|
||||
|
||||
> [!TIP|label:YOUR JOB]
|
||||
> **使用管道编写**`prime sieve`**(筛选素数)的并发版本。这个想法是由Unix管道的发明者Doug McIlroy提出的。请查看[这个网站](http://swtch.com/~rsc/thread/)(翻译在下面)，该网页中间的图片和周围的文字解释了如何做到这一点。您的解决方案应该在*user/primes.c*文件中。**
|
||||
|
||||
您的目标是使用`pipe`和`fork`来设置管道。第一个进程将数字2到35输入管道。对于每个素数，您将安排创建一个进程，该进程通过一个管道从其左邻居读取数据，并通过另一个管道向其右邻居写入数据。由于xv6的文件描述符和进程数量有限，因此第一个进程可以在35处停止。
|
||||
|
||||
**提示：**
|
||||
|
||||
- 请仔细关闭进程不需要的文件描述符，否则您的程序将在第一个进程达到35之前就会导致xv6系统资源不足。
|
||||
|
||||
- 一旦第一个进程达到35，它应该使用`wait`等待整个管道终止，包括所有子孙进程等等。因此，主`primes`进程应该只在打印完所有输出之后，并且在所有其他`primes`进程退出之后退出。
|
||||
|
||||
- 提示：当管道的`write`端关闭时，`read`返回零。
|
||||
|
||||
- 最简单的方法是直接将32位（4字节）int写入管道，而不是使用格式化的ASCII I/O。
|
||||
|
||||
- 您应该仅在需要时在管线中创建进程。
|
||||
|
||||
- 将程序添加到***Makefile***中的`UPROGS`
|
||||
|
||||
如果您的解决方案实现了基于管道的筛选并产生以下输出，则是正确的：
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
$ make qemu
|
||||
...
|
||||
init: starting sh
|
||||
$ primes
|
||||
prime 2
|
||||
prime 3
|
||||
prime 5
|
||||
prime 7
|
||||
prime 11
|
||||
prime 13
|
||||
prime 17
|
||||
prime 19
|
||||
prime 23
|
||||
prime 29
|
||||
prime 31
|
||||
$
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**参考资料翻译：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 考虑所有小于1000的素数的生成。Eratosthenes的筛选法可以通过执行以下伪代码的进程管线来模拟：
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
p = get a number from left neighbor
|
||||
print p
|
||||
=loop:
|
||||
n = get a number from left neighbor
|
||||
if (p does not divide n)
|
||||
send n to right neighbor
|
||||
p = 从左邻居中获取一个数
|
||||
print p
|
||||
loop:
|
||||
n = 从左邻居中获取一个数
|
||||
if (n不能被p整除)
|
||||
将n发送给右邻居
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> 生成进程可以将数字2、3、4、…、1000输入管道的左端：行中的第一个进程消除2的倍数，第二个进程消除3的倍数，第三个进程消除5的倍数，依此类推。
|
||||
|
||||
## find（难度：Moderate）
|
||||
|
||||
> [!TIP|label:YOUR JOB]
|
||||
> **写一个简化版本的UNIX的`find`程序：查找目录树中具有特定名称的所有文件，你的解决方案应该放在*user/find.c***
|
||||
|
||||
提示：
|
||||
|
||||
- 查看***user/ls.c***文件学习如何读取目录
|
||||
- 使用递归允许`find`下降到子目录中
|
||||
- 不要在“`.`”和“`..`”目录中递归
|
||||
- 对文件系统的更改会在qemu的运行过程中一直保持；要获得一个干净的文件系统，请运行`make clean`，然后`make qemu`
|
||||
- 你将会使用到C语言的字符串，要学习它请看《C程序设计语言》（K&R）,例如第5.5节
|
||||
- 注意在C语言中不能像python一样使用“`==`”对字符串进行比较，而应当使用`strcmp()`
|
||||
- 将程序加入到Makefile的`UPROGS`
|
||||
|
||||
如果你的程序输出下面的内容，那么它是正确的（当文件系统中包含文件***b***和***a/b***的时候）
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
$ make qemu
|
||||
...
|
||||
init: starting sh
|
||||
$ echo > b
|
||||
$ mkdir a
|
||||
$ echo > a/b
|
||||
$ find . b
|
||||
./b
|
||||
./a/b
|
||||
$
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## xargs（难度：Moderate）
|
||||
|
||||
> [!TIP|label:YOUR JOB]
|
||||
> 编写一个简化版UNIX的`xargs`程序：它从标准输入中按行读取，并且为每一行执行一个命令，将行作为参数提供给命令。你的解决方案应该在***user/xargs.c***
|
||||
|
||||
下面的例子解释了`xargs`的行为
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
$ echo hello too | xargs echo bye
|
||||
bye hello too
|
||||
$
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
注意，这里的命令是`echo bye`，额外的参数是`hello too`，这样就组成了命令`echo bye hello too`，此命令输出`bye hello too`
|
||||
|
||||
请注意，UNIX上的`xargs`进行了优化，一次可以向该命令提供更多的参数。 我们不需要您进行此优化。 要使UNIX上的`xargs`表现出本实验所实现的方式，请将`-n`选项设置为1。例如
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
$ echo "1\n2" | xargs -n 1 echo line
|
||||
line 1
|
||||
line 2
|
||||
$
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**提示：**
|
||||
|
||||
- 使用`fork`和`exec`对每行输入调用命令，在父进程中使用`wait`等待子进程完成命令。
|
||||
- 要读取单个输入行，请一次读取一个字符，直到出现换行符（'\n'）。
|
||||
- ***kernel/param.h***声明`MAXARG`，如果需要声明`argv`数组，这可能很有用。
|
||||
- 将程序添加到***Makefile***中的`UPROGS`。
|
||||
- 对文件系统的更改会在qemu的运行过程中保持不变；要获得一个干净的文件系统，请运行`make clean`，然后`make qemu`
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
`xargs`、`find`和`grep`结合得很好
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
$ find . b | xargs grep hello
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
将对“`.`”下面的目录中名为***b***的每个文件运行`grep hello`。
|
||||
|
||||
要测试您的`xargs`方案是否正确，请运行shell脚本***xargstest.sh***。如果您的解决方案产生以下输出，则是正确的：
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
$ make qemu
|
||||
...
|
||||
init: starting sh
|
||||
$ sh < xargstest.sh
|
||||
$ $ $ $ $ $ hello
|
||||
hello
|
||||
hello
|
||||
$ $
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你可能不得不回去修复你的`find`程序中的bug。输出有许多`$`，因为xv6 shell没有意识到它正在处理来自文件而不是控制台的命令，并为文件中的每个命令打印`$`。
|
||||
|
||||
# 提交实验
|
||||
|
||||
**这就完成了实验**。确保你通过了所有的成绩测试。如果这个实验有问题，别忘了把你的答案写在***answers-lab-name.txt***中***。***提交你的更改（包括***answers-lab-name.txt***），然后在实验目录中键入`make handin`以提交实验。
|
||||
|
||||
**花费的时间**
|
||||
|
||||
创建一个命名为***time.txt***的新文件，并在其中输入一个整数，即您在实验室花费的小时数。不要忘记`git add`和`git commit`文件。
|
||||
|
||||
**提交**
|
||||
|
||||
你将使用**[提交网站](https://6828.scripts.mit.edu/2020/handin.py/)**提交作业。您需要从提交网站请求一次API密钥，然后才能提交任何作业或实验。
|
||||
|
||||
将最终更改提交到实验后，键入`make handin`以提交实验。
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
$ git commit -am "ready to submit my lab"
|
||||
[util c2e3c8b] ready to submit my lab
|
||||
2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
|
||||
|
||||
$ make handin
|
||||
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
|
||||
Get an API key for yourself by visiting https://6828.scripts.mit.edu/2020/handin.py/
|
||||
Please enter your API key: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
|
||||
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
|
||||
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
|
||||
100 79258 100 239 100 79019 853 275k --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 276k
|
||||
$
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
`make handin`将把你的API密钥存储在***myapi.key***中。如果需要更改API密钥，只需删除此文件并让`make handin`再次生成它(***myapi.key***不得包含换行符）。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你运行了`make handin`，并且你有未提交的更改或未跟踪的文件，则会看到类似于以下内容的输出：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
M hello.c
|
||||
?? bar.c
|
||||
?? foo.pyc
|
||||
Untracked files will not be handed in. Continue? [y/N]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
检查上述行，确保跟踪了您的实验解决方案所需的所有文件，即以??开头的行中所显示的文件。您可以使用`git add filename`命令使git追踪创建的新文件。
|
||||
|
||||
如果`make handin`无法正常工作，请尝试使用curl或Git命令修复该问题。或者你可以运行`make tarball`。这将为您制作一个tar文件，然后您可以通过我们的web界面上传。
|
||||
|
||||
- 请运行“`make grade`”以确保您的代码通过所有测试
|
||||
- 在运行“`make handin`”之前提交任何修改过的源代码`
|
||||
- 您可以检查提交的状态，并在以下位置下载提交的代码：https://6828.scripts.mit.edu/2020/handin.py/
|
||||
|
||||
# 可选的挑战练习
|
||||
|
||||
- 编写一个`uptime`程序，使用`uptime`系统调用以滴答为单位打印计算机正常运行时间。（easy）
|
||||
|
||||
- 在`find`程序的名称匹配中支持正则表达式。***grep.c***对正则表达式有一些基本的支持。（easy）
|
||||
|
||||
- xv6 shell（***user/sh.c***）只是另一个用户程序，您可以对其进行改进。它是一个最小的shell，缺少建立在真实shell中的许多特性。例如，
|
||||
|
||||
- 在处理**文件中的**shell命令时，将shell修改为不打印$（moderate）
|
||||
- 将shell修改为支持`wait`（easy）
|
||||
- 将shell修改为支持用“`;`”分隔的命令列表（moderate）
|
||||
- 通过实现左括号“`(`” 以及右括号“`)`”来修改shell以支持子shell（moderate）
|
||||
- 将shell修改为支持`tab`键补全（easy）
|
||||
- 修改shell使其支持命令历史记录（moderate）
|
||||
- 或者您希望shell执行的任何其他操作。
|
||||
|
||||
- 如果您非常雄心勃勃，可能需要修改内核以支持所需的内核特性；xv6支持的并不多。
|
||||
@@ -1,892 +0,0 @@
|
||||
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
|
||||
<html lang="" >
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta charset="UTF-8">
|
||||
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
|
||||
<title>实验内容 · 6.S081 All-In-One</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="GitBook 3.2.3">
|
||||
<meta name="author" content="DuGuoSheng">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../gitbook/style.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-search-pro/search.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-chapter-fold/chapter-fold.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-code-optimize/plugin.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-splitter/splitter.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-pageview-count/plugin.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-donate/plugin.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-tbfed-pagefooter/footer.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-flexible-alerts/style.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-ancre-navigation/style/plugin.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-fontsettings/website.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/>
|
||||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, user-scalable=no">
|
||||
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
|
||||
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black">
|
||||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../gitbook/images/apple-touch-icon-precomposed-152.png">
|
||||
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../gitbook/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="next" href="lab1.html" />
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="../use_git/git1.html" />
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="book">
|
||||
<div class="book-summary">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="book-search-input" role="search">
|
||||
<input type="text" placeholder="Type to search" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<nav role="navigation">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="summary">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">概述</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="../../">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
课程介绍
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">文档翻译</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
book-riscv-rev1
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第一章 操作系统接口
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.1" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.1 进程和内存
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.2" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.2 I/O和文件描述符
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.3" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.3 管道
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.4" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.4 文件系统
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.5" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.5 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.6" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.6 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第二章 操作系统架构
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.1" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.1 抽象系统资源
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.2" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.3" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.3 内核组织
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.4" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.5" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.5 进程概述
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.6" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.7" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.8" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.4" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.4 系统调用参数
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.5" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.5 从内核空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.6" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.6 页面错误异常
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.7" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.8" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">实验记录</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="../use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
版本控制
|
||||
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||||
</a>
|
||||
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||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter active" data-level="3.2" data-path="summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
实验内容
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2.1" data-path="lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
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||||
</li>
|
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|
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Published with GitBook
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<div class="body-inner">
|
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<div class="book-header" role="navigation">
|
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<!-- Title -->
|
||||
<h1>
|
||||
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
|
||||
<a href="../.." >实验内容</a>
|
||||
</h1>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="page-wrapper" tabindex="-1" role="main">
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<div class="page-inner">
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<div id="book-search-results">
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<div class="search-noresults">
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<section class="normal markdown-section">
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||||
|
||||
<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#实验说明"><b></b>实验说明</a></li><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#实验难度"><b></b>实验难度</a></li><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#调试技巧"><b></b>调试技巧</a></li></ul></ul></div><a href="#实验说明" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="实验说明"><a name="实验说明" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#实验说明"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>实验说明</h1>
|
||||
<h2 id="实验难度"><a name="实验难度" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#实验难度"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>实验难度</h2>
|
||||
<p>每个实验都具有相应的难度</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><p>Easy：不到一个小时。这些锻炼通常是为后续锻炼做的热身运动。</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><p>Moderate：1-2小时。</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><p>Hard：超过2个小时。这些练习通常不需要很多代码，但是代码很难正确。</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>实验往往不需要很多行代码(几十到几百行) ，但是代码在概念上很复杂，而且细节往往很重要。所以，在你写任何代码之前，一定要完成实验室指定的阅读，通读相关文件，查阅文档(RISC-V手册等存放在了<a href="https://pdos.csail.mit.edu/6.828/2020/reference.html" target="_blank">参考页面</a>上)。只有当你确定掌握了任务和解决方案，再开始编码。当你开始编写代码的时候，一小步一小步地实现你的解决方案(作业通常会建议如何将问题分解为更小的步骤)，并且在继续下一个步骤之前测试每个步骤是否正常工作。</p>
|
||||
<h2 id="调试技巧"><a name="调试技巧" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#调试技巧"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>调试技巧</h2>
|
||||
<p>确保你理解了c和指针。Kernighan和Ritchie的《c程序设计语言》一书对C语言进行了简要的描述。这里有一些有用的指针练习。除非你已经完全掌握了C语言，不要跳过或略读上面的指针练习。如果你不能真正理解C语言中的指针，你将在实验室中遭受难以言喻的痛苦，然后最终以一种艰难的方式来理解它们。相信我们，你不会想知道什么是“艰难的路”的。</p>
|
||||
<p>一些常见的习惯用法特别值得记住:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><p>如果<code>int *p = (int*)100</code>，那么<code>(int)p + 1</code>及<code>(int)(p + 1)</code>是不同的数字，第一个是101，但第二个是104。当向指针添加一个整数时，如第二种情况，整数被隐式地乘以指针指向的对象的大小。</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><p><code>p[i]</code>被定义为与<code>*(p+i)</code>相同，指向内存中p指向的第i个对象，当对象大于1字节时，上面所说的加法规则有利于此定义工作</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>虽然大多数C程序不需要在指针和整数之间进行强制转换，但操作系统经常需要这样做。每当您看到一个包含内存地址的加法时，问问自己它是整数加法还是指针加法，并确保所添加的值是否适当地相乘。</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><p>如果你有一个部分工作的练习，请通过提交代码来检查你的进度。如果您稍后破坏了某些东西，那么您可以回滚到您的检查点，然后以较小的步骤继续前进。要了解关于Git的更多信息，请查看<a href="http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/user-manual.html" target="_blank">Git用户手册</a>，或者您可能会发现这个<a href="http://eagain.net/articles/git-for-computer-scientists/" target="_blank">面向计算机科学家的Git概述</a>非常有用。</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><p>如果您没有通过测试，确保您了解为什么您的代码没有通过测试。插入打印(printf)语句，直到您理解正在发生的事情。</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><p>您可能会发现您的print语句可能会产生许多您想要搜索的输出；其中一种方法是在<code>script</code>内部运行<code>make qemu</code>（在您的机器上运行<code>man script</code>），它将所有控制台输出记录到一个文件中，然后您可以搜索该文件。别忘了退出<code>script</code>。</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><p>在许多情况下，print语句就足够了，但有时能够单步遍历一些汇编代码或检查堆栈上的变量是有帮助的。要在xv6中使用gdb，请在一个窗口中运行<code>make qemu-gdb</code>，在另一个窗口中运行<code>gdb</code>（或<code>riscv64-linux-gnu-gdb</code>），设置断点，后跟“<code>c</code>”（continue），xv6将一直运行，直到到达断点。（有关有用的GDB提示，请参阅<a href="https://pdos.csail.mit.edu/6.828/2019/lec/gdb_slides.pdf" target="_blank">使用GNU调试器</a>。）</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><p>如果要查看编译器为内核生成的程序集是什么，或者要找出特定内核地址的指令是什么，请参阅文件<code>kernel.asm</code>，该文件在编译内核时由Makefile生成。（Makefile同时也为所有用户程序生成.asm文件。）</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><p>如果内核崩溃，它将打印一条错误消息，列出崩溃时程序计数器的值；您可以进行搜索<code>kernel.asm</code>找出程序计数器崩溃时在哪个函数中，或者可以运行<code>addr2line -e kernel/kernel pc-value</code>（有关详细信息，请运行<code>man addr2line</code>）。如果要获取回溯，请使用gdb重新启动：在一个窗口中运行'<code>make qemu-gdb</code>'，在另一个窗口中运行gdb（或<code>riscv64-linux-gnu-gdb</code>），在<code>panic</code>中设置断点（“<code>b panic</code>”），后跟“<code>c</code>”（continue）。当内核到达断点时，键入“bt”以获取回溯跟踪。</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><p>如果您的内核挂起(例如，由于死锁)或无法进一步执行(例如，由于在执行内核指令时出现页面错误)，您可以使用gdb查找挂起的位置。在一个窗口中运行“ <code>make qemu-gdb</code>”，在另一个窗口中运行 <code>gdb</code> (<code>riscv64-linux-gnu-gdb</code>) ，后跟“<code>c</code>”(continue)。当内核出现挂起时，在 <code>qemu-gdb</code> 窗口中按 <code>Ctrl-C</code> 并键入“<code>bt</code>”以获得回溯跟踪。</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><p>qemu有一个“监视器”，允许您查询模拟机器的状态。您可以通过键入<code><ctrl>+a c</ctrl></code>（c表示控制台）来获得它。一个特别有用的monitor命令<code>是info mem</code>，用于打印页表。您可能需要使用<code>cpu</code>命令来选择<code>info mem</code>查看哪一个核心，或者可以使用<code>make CPUS=1 qemu</code>启动qemu，以使其只有一个核心。</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>花时间学习上述工具是非常值得的 </p>
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<footer class="page-footer"><span class="copyright">copyright by duguosheng all right reserved，powered by Gitbook</span><span class="footer-modification">该文件修订时间：
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</html>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
|
||||
# 实验说明
|
||||
|
||||
## 实验难度
|
||||
|
||||
每个实验都具有相应的难度
|
||||
|
||||
- Easy：不到一个小时。这些锻炼通常是为后续锻炼做的热身运动。
|
||||
|
||||
- Moderate：1-2小时。
|
||||
|
||||
- Hard：超过2个小时。这些练习通常不需要很多代码，但是代码很难正确。
|
||||
|
||||
实验往往不需要很多行代码(几十到几百行) ，但是代码在概念上很复杂，而且细节往往很重要。所以，在你写任何代码之前，一定要完成实验室指定的阅读，通读相关文件，查阅文档(RISC-V手册等存放在了[参考页面](https://pdos.csail.mit.edu/6.828/2020/reference.html)上)。只有当你确定掌握了任务和解决方案，再开始编码。当你开始编写代码的时候，一小步一小步地实现你的解决方案(作业通常会建议如何将问题分解为更小的步骤)，并且在继续下一个步骤之前测试每个步骤是否正常工作。
|
||||
|
||||
## 调试技巧
|
||||
|
||||
确保你理解了c和指针。Kernighan和Ritchie的《c程序设计语言》一书对C语言进行了简要的描述。这里有一些有用的指针练习。除非你已经完全掌握了C语言，不要跳过或略读上面的指针练习。如果你不能真正理解C语言中的指针，你将在实验室中遭受难以言喻的痛苦，然后最终以一种艰难的方式来理解它们。相信我们，你不会想知道什么是“艰难的路”的。
|
||||
|
||||
一些常见的习惯用法特别值得记住:
|
||||
|
||||
- 如果`int *p = (int*)100`，那么`(int)p + 1`及`(int)(p + 1)`是不同的数字，第一个是101，但第二个是104。当向指针添加一个整数时，如第二种情况，整数被隐式地乘以指针指向的对象的大小。
|
||||
|
||||
- `p[i]`被定义为与`*(p+i)`相同，指向内存中p指向的第i个对象，当对象大于1字节时，上面所说的加法规则有利于此定义工作
|
||||
|
||||
虽然大多数C程序不需要在指针和整数之间进行强制转换，但操作系统经常需要这样做。每当您看到一个包含内存地址的加法时，问问自己它是整数加法还是指针加法，并确保所添加的值是否适当地相乘。
|
||||
|
||||
- 如果你有一个部分工作的练习，请通过提交代码来检查你的进度。如果您稍后破坏了某些东西，那么您可以回滚到您的检查点，然后以较小的步骤继续前进。要了解关于Git的更多信息，请查看[Git用户手册](http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/user-manual.html)，或者您可能会发现这个[面向计算机科学家的Git概述](http://eagain.net/articles/git-for-computer-scientists/)非常有用。
|
||||
|
||||
- 如果您没有通过测试，确保您了解为什么您的代码没有通过测试。插入打印(printf)语句，直到您理解正在发生的事情。
|
||||
|
||||
- 您可能会发现您的print语句可能会产生许多您想要搜索的输出；其中一种方法是在`script`内部运行`make qemu`（在您的机器上运行`man script`），它将所有控制台输出记录到一个文件中，然后您可以搜索该文件。别忘了退出`script`。
|
||||
|
||||
- 在许多情况下，print语句就足够了，但有时能够单步遍历一些汇编代码或检查堆栈上的变量是有帮助的。要在xv6中使用gdb，请在一个窗口中运行`make qemu-gdb`，在另一个窗口中运行`gdb`（或`riscv64-linux-gnu-gdb`），设置断点，后跟“`c`”（continue），xv6将一直运行，直到到达断点。（有关有用的GDB提示，请参阅[使用GNU调试器](https://pdos.csail.mit.edu/6.828/2019/lec/gdb_slides.pdf)。）
|
||||
|
||||
- 如果要查看编译器为内核生成的程序集是什么，或者要找出特定内核地址的指令是什么，请参阅文件`kernel.asm`，该文件在编译内核时由Makefile生成。（Makefile同时也为所有用户程序生成.asm文件。）
|
||||
|
||||
- 如果内核崩溃，它将打印一条错误消息，列出崩溃时程序计数器的值；您可以进行搜索`kernel.asm`找出程序计数器崩溃时在哪个函数中，或者可以运行`addr2line -e kernel/kernel pc-value`（有关详细信息，请运行`man addr2line`）。如果要获取回溯，请使用gdb重新启动：在一个窗口中运行'`make qemu-gdb`'，在另一个窗口中运行gdb（或`riscv64-linux-gnu-gdb`），在`panic`中设置断点（“`b panic`”），后跟“`c`”（continue）。当内核到达断点时，键入“bt”以获取回溯跟踪。
|
||||
|
||||
- 如果您的内核挂起(例如，由于死锁)或无法进一步执行(例如，由于在执行内核指令时出现页面错误)，您可以使用gdb查找挂起的位置。在一个窗口中运行“ `make qemu-gdb`”，在另一个窗口中运行 `gdb` (`riscv64-linux-gnu-gdb`) ，后跟“`c`”(continue)。当内核出现挂起时，在 `qemu-gdb` 窗口中按 `Ctrl-C` 并键入“`bt`”以获得回溯跟踪。
|
||||
|
||||
- qemu有一个“监视器”，允许您查询模拟机器的状态。您可以通过键入`<Ctrl>+a c`（c表示控制台）来获得它。一个特别有用的monitor命令`是info mem`，用于打印页表。您可能需要使用`cpu`命令来选择`info mem`查看哪一个核心，或者可以使用`make CPUS=1 qemu`启动qemu，以使其只有一个核心。
|
||||
|
||||
花时间学习上述工具是非常值得的
|
||||
@@ -1,919 +0,0 @@
|
||||
|
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<html lang="" >
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<title>版本控制 · 6.S081 All-In-One</title>
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<link rel="prev" href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s8.html" />
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<body>
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<div class="book">
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<nav role="navigation">
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<ul class="summary">
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||||
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||||
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||||
|
||||
<li class="header">概述</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="../../">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
课程介绍
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">文档翻译</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
book-riscv-rev1
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第一章 操作系统接口
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.1" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.1 进程和内存
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.2" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.2 I/O和文件描述符
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.3" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.3 管道
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.4" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.4 文件系统
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.5" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.5 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.6" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c1/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.6 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第二章 操作系统架构
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.1" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.1 抽象系统资源
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.2" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.3" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.3 内核组织
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.4" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.5" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.5 进程概述
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.6" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.7" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.8" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.4" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.4 系统调用参数
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.5" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.5 从内核空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.6" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.6 页面错误异常
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.7" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.8" data-path="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../tranlate_books/book-riscv-rev1/c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">实验记录</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter active" data-level="3.1" data-path="git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
版本控制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="../requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
实验内容
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2.1" data-path="../requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="divider"></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.gitbook.com" target="blank" class="gitbook-link">
|
||||
Published with GitBook
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="book-body">
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="body-inner">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="book-header" role="navigation">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Title -->
|
||||
<h1>
|
||||
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
|
||||
<a href="../.." >版本控制</a>
|
||||
</h1>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="page-wrapper" tabindex="-1" role="main">
|
||||
<div class="page-inner">
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="book-search-results">
|
||||
<div class="search-noresults">
|
||||
|
||||
<section class="normal markdown-section">
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#将实验代码提交到github"><b></b>将实验代码提交到github</a></li></ul></div><a href="#将实验代码提交到github" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="将实验代码提交到github"><a name="将实验代码提交到github" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#将实验代码提交到github"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>将实验代码提交到github</h1>
|
||||
<blockquote>
|
||||
<p>[!DANGER]
|
||||
MIT 6.S081 这门课程每个lab对应一个git分支，所以请不要擅自修改原有分支</p>
|
||||
</blockquote>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li><strong>首先将mit的实验代码克隆到本地</strong></li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">git clone git://g.csail.mit.edu/xv6-labs-2020
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li><strong>在github创建一个新的空仓库</strong></li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<p>创建完成后会有提示代码，请<strong>不要</strong>根据提示代码操作，并且记下右图中红色标注的仓库地址</p>
|
||||
<p><img src="images/p1.png" alt="img"><img src="images/p2.png" alt="img"></p>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li><strong>添加git仓库地址</strong></li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<p>查看本地仓库的git配置文件，可以看到<strong><em>origin</em></strong>主机名下已经有了对应的上游仓库地址</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">cd xv6-labs-2020/
|
||||
cat .git/config
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<p><img src="images/p3.png" alt="img"></p>
|
||||
<p>因此我们不要使用<strong><em>origin</em></strong>，可以使用其他主机名对应到github仓库，例如，我使用<strong><em>github</em></strong></p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">git remote add github 你的仓库地址
|
||||
cat .git/config
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<p><img src="images/p4.png" alt="img"></p>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li><p><strong><code>git push</code>命令</strong></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><p><strong>功能</strong>：<code>git push</code>命令用于从将本地的分支版本上传到远程并合并。</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><strong>命令格式</strong>：</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">git push <远程主机名> <本地分支名>:<远程分支名>
|
||||
</远程分支名></本地分支名></远程主机名></code></pre>
|
||||
<p>如果本地分支名与远程分支名相同，则可以省略冒号：</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">git push <远程主机名> <本地分支名>
|
||||
</本地分支名></远程主机名></code></pre>
|
||||
<p>更多用法请自行搜索</p>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li><strong>将实验代码推送github仓库</strong></li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<p>例如：将实验1用到的<strong><em>util</em></strong>分支推送到github</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">git checkout util
|
||||
git push github util:util
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<p>需要你输入账户密码，提交就成功了</p>
|
||||
<p>其他实验仓库的提交同理</p>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li><strong>xv6实验git分支建议</strong></li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<p>建议是每个实验创建一个测试分支，例如对于<strong><em>util</em></strong>来说</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">git checkout util # 切换到util分支
|
||||
git checkout -b util_test # 建立并切换到util的测试分支
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<p>当你在<strong><em>util_test</em></strong>分支中每测试通过一个作业，请提交（<code>git commit</code>）你的代码，并将所做的修改合并（<code>git merge</code>）到<strong><em>util</em></strong>中，然后提交（<code>git push</code>）到github</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">git add .
|
||||
git commit -m "完成了第一个作业"
|
||||
git checkout util
|
||||
git merge util_test
|
||||
git push github util:util
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li><strong>其他</strong></li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<p>你还可以添加gitee，防止github有时无法访问的问题 </p>
|
||||
<footer class="page-footer"><span class="copyright">copyright by duguosheng all right reserved，powered by Gitbook</span><span class="footer-modification">该文件修订时间：
|
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2021-08-19 10:24:11
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<script src="../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-sharing/buttons.js"></script>
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||||
<script src="../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-fontsettings/fontsettings.js"></script>
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
|
||||
# 将实验代码提交到github
|
||||
|
||||
> [!DANGER]
|
||||
> MIT 6.S081 这门课程每个lab对应一个git分支，所以请不要擅自修改原有分支
|
||||
|
||||
1. **首先将mit的实验代码克隆到本地**
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
git clone git://g.csail.mit.edu/xv6-labs-2020
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2. **在github创建一个新的空仓库**
|
||||
|
||||
创建完成后会有提示代码，请**不要**根据提示代码操作，并且记下右图中红色标注的仓库地址
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3. **添加git仓库地址**
|
||||
|
||||
查看本地仓库的git配置文件，可以看到***origin***主机名下已经有了对应的上游仓库地址
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
cd xv6-labs-2020/
|
||||
cat .git/config
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
因此我们不要使用***origin***，可以使用其他主机名对应到github仓库，例如，我使用***github***
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
git remote add github 你的仓库地址
|
||||
cat .git/config
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4. **`git push`命令**
|
||||
|
||||
- **功能**：`git push`命令用于从将本地的分支版本上传到远程并合并。
|
||||
- **命令格式**：
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
git push <远程主机名> <本地分支名>:<远程分支名>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果本地分支名与远程分支名相同，则可以省略冒号：
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
git push <远程主机名> <本地分支名>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
更多用法请自行搜索
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
5. **将实验代码推送github仓库**
|
||||
|
||||
例如：将实验1用到的***util***分支推送到github
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
git checkout util
|
||||
git push github util:util
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
需要你输入账户密码，提交就成功了
|
||||
|
||||
其他实验仓库的提交同理
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
6. **xv6实验git分支建议**
|
||||
|
||||
建议是每个实验创建一个测试分支，例如对于***util***来说
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
git checkout util # 切换到util分支
|
||||
git checkout -b util_test # 建立并切换到util的测试分支
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
当你在***util_test***分支中每测试通过一个作业，请提交（`git commit`）你的代码，并将所做的修改合并（`git merge`）到***util***中，然后提交（`git push`）到github
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
git add .
|
||||
git commit -m "完成了第一个作业"
|
||||
git checkout util
|
||||
git merge util_test
|
||||
git push github util:util
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
7. **其他**
|
||||
|
||||
你还可以添加gitee，防止github有时无法访问的问题
|
||||
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27
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27
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generated
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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"gitbook-plugin-custom-favicon": {
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File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
|
||||
# 第一章 操作系统接口
|
||||
|
||||
操作系统的任务是在多个程序之间共享一台计算机，并提供比硬件本身支持的更有用的服务。操作系统管理和抽象底层硬件，例如文字处理器不需要关心使用哪种类型的磁盘硬件。一个操作系统在多个程序之间共享硬件，这样它们就可以(或者看起来可以)同时运行。最后，操作系统为程序提供了可控的交互方式，这样它们就可以共享数据或者一起工作。
|
||||
|
||||
操作系统通过接口向用户程序提供服务。设计良好的接口是很困难的。一方面，我们希望接口简单明了，因为这样更利于正确使用。另一方面，我们可能倾向于为应用程序提供许多复杂的特性。解决这个问题的诀窍在于设计接口时，依赖一些可结合的机制，以此来提供更好的通用性。
|
||||
|
||||
本书使用单一的操作系统作为具体的例子来说明操作系统的概念。xv6这个操作系统提供了Ken Thompson和Dennis Ritchie的Unix 介绍的基本接口，并且模仿了Unix的内部设计。Unix提供了一个窄接口，其机制表现突出，提供了令人惊讶的通用程度。这个接口非常成功，甚至现代操作系统BSD、Linux、Mac OSX、Solaris，甚至在一定程度上，Microsoft windows都有类Unix的接口。理解xv6是理解这些系统和其他系统的一个良好开端。
|
||||
|
||||
如下图1.1所示，xv6采用传统的内核形式（内核是一个特殊的程序，为正在运行的程序提供服务）。每个正在运行的程序，称为进程，都有包含指令、数据和堆栈的内存。指令实现了程序的运算，数据是计算所依赖的变量，堆栈组织程序的过程调用。一台给定的计算机通常有许多进程，但只有一个内核。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
当一个进程需要调用一个内核服务时，它会调用一个系统调用，这是操作系统接口中的一个调用。系统调用进入内核；内核执行服务并返回。因此，一个进程在用户空间和内核空间之间交替执行。
|
||||
|
||||
内核使用CPU提供的硬件保护机制来确保每个在用户空间执行的进程只能访问它自己的内存。内核程序的执行拥有操控硬件的权限，它需要实现这些保护；而用户程序执行时没有这些特权。当用户程序调用系统调用时，硬件会提升权限级别，并开始执行内核中预先安排好的函数。
|
||||
|
||||
内核提供的系统调用集合是用户程序看到的接口。Xv6内核提供了Unix内核传统上提供的服务和系统调用的子集。表1.2列出了xv6的所有系统调用。
|
||||
|
||||
| **系统调用** | **描述** |
|
||||
| ------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
|
||||
| int fork() | 创建一个进程，返回子进程的PID |
|
||||
| int exit(int status) | 终止当前进程，并将状态报告给wait()函数。无返回 |
|
||||
| int wait(int *status) | 等待一个子进程退出; 将退出状态存入`*status`; 返回子进程PID。 |
|
||||
| int kill(int pid) | 终止对应PID的进程，返回0，或返回-1表示错误 |
|
||||
| int getpid() | 返回当前进程的PID |
|
||||
| int sleep(int n) | 暂停n个时钟节拍 |
|
||||
| int exec(char *file, char *argv[]) | 加载一个文件并使用参数执行它; 只有在出错时才返回 |
|
||||
| char *sbrk(int n) | 按n 字节增长进程的内存。返回新内存的开始 |
|
||||
| int open(char *file, int flags) | 打开一个文件；flags表示read/write；返回一个fd（文件描述符） |
|
||||
| int write(int fd, char *buf, int n) | 从buf 写n 个字节到文件描述符fd; 返回n |
|
||||
| int read(int fd, char *buf, int n) | 将n 个字节读入buf；返回读取的字节数；如果文件结束，返回0 |
|
||||
| int close(int fd) | 释放打开的文件fd |
|
||||
| int dup(int fd) | 返回一个新的文件描述符，指向与fd 相同的文件 |
|
||||
| int pipe(int p[]) | 创建一个管道，把write/read文件描述符放在p[0]和p[1]中 |
|
||||
| int chdir(char *dir) | 改变当前的工作目录 |
|
||||
| int mkdir(char *dir) | 创建一个新目录 |
|
||||
| int mknod(char *file, int, int) | 创建一个设备文件 |
|
||||
| int fstat(int fd, struct stat *st) | 将打开文件fd的信息放入*st |
|
||||
| int stat(char *file, struct stat *st) | 将指定名称的文件信息放入*st |
|
||||
| int link(char *file1, char *file2) | 为文件file1创建另一个名称(file2) |
|
||||
| int unlink(char *file) | 删除一个文件 |
|
||||
|
||||
表1.2：xv6系统调用（除非另外声明，这些系统调用返回0表示无误，返回-1表示出错）
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
本章的其余部分概述了xv6的服务——进程、内存、文件描述符、管道和文件系统——并用代码片段和关于shell（Unix的命令行用户界面）如何使用它们的讨论来阐释。Shell对系统调用的使用说明了它们是如何被精心设计的。
|
||||
|
||||
Shell是一个普通的程序，它从用户那里读取命令并执行它们。Shell是一个用户程序，而不是内核的一部分，这一事实说明了系统调用接口的强大之处：shell没有什么特别之处。这也意味着shell很容易替换；因此，现代Unix系统有多种shell可供选择，每种shell都有自己的用户界面和脚本特性。Xv6 Shell是Unix Bourne shell本质的简单实现。它的实现可以在(user/sh.c:1)中找到.
|
||||
@@ -1,887 +0,0 @@
|
||||
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
|
||||
<html lang="" >
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta charset="UTF-8">
|
||||
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
|
||||
<title>1.1 进程和内存 · 6.S081 All-In-One</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="">
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<meta name="generator" content="GitBook 3.2.3">
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<meta name="author" content="DuGuoSheng">
|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/style.css">
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-search-pro/search.css">
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|
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|
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|
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-chapter-fold/chapter-fold.css">
|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-code-optimize/plugin.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-splitter/splitter.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-pageview-count/plugin.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-donate/plugin.css">
|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-tbfed-pagefooter/footer.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-flexible-alerts/style.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-ancre-navigation/style/plugin.css">
|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-fontsettings/website.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/>
|
||||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, user-scalable=no">
|
||||
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
|
||||
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black">
|
||||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../../gitbook/images/apple-touch-icon-precomposed-152.png">
|
||||
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../../gitbook/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="next" href="s2.html" />
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="s0.html" />
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="book">
|
||||
<div class="book-summary">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="book-search-input" role="search">
|
||||
<input type="text" placeholder="Type to search" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<nav role="navigation">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="summary">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">概述</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="../../../">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
课程介绍
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">文档翻译</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="../summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
book-riscv-rev1
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1" data-path="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第一章 操作系统接口
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter active" data-level="2.1.1.1" data-path="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.1 进程和内存
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.2" data-path="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.2 I/O和文件描述符
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.3" data-path="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.3 管道
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.4" data-path="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.4 文件系统
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.5" data-path="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.5 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.6" data-path="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.6 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2" data-path="../c2/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第二章 操作系统架构
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.1" data-path="../c2/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.1 抽象系统资源
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.2" data-path="../c2/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.3" data-path="../c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.3 内核组织
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.4" data-path="../c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.5" data-path="../c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.5 进程概述
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.6" data-path="../c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.7" data-path="../c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.8" data-path="../c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3" data-path="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.4" data-path="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.4 系统调用参数
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.5" data-path="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.5 从内核空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.6" data-path="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.6 页面错误异常
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.7" data-path="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.8" data-path="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">实验记录</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
版本控制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
实验内容
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2.1" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="divider"></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
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<!-- Title -->
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<h1>
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<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
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<a href="../../.." >1.1 进程和内存</a>
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<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#11-进程和内存"><b></b>1.1 进程和内存</a></li></ul></div><a href="#11-进程和内存" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="11-进程和内存"><a name="11-进程和内存" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#11-进程和内存"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>1.1 进程和内存</h1>
|
||||
<p>Xv6进程由用户空间内存(指令、数据和堆栈)和对内核私有的每个进程状态组成。Xv6分时进程: 它透明地在等待执行的进程集合中切换可用的CPU。当一个进程没有执行时，xv6保存它的CPU寄存器，并在下一次运行该进程时恢复它们。内核利用进程id或PID标识每个进程。</p>
|
||||
<p>一个进程可以使用fork系统调用创建一个新的进程。Fork创建了一个新的进程，其内存内容与调用进程（称为父进程）完全相同，称其为子进程。Fork在父子进程中都返回值。在父进程中，fork返回子类的PID；在子进程中，fork返回零。例如，考虑下面用C语言编写的程序片段</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-c">// fork()在父进程中返回子进程的PID
|
||||
// 在子进程中返回0
|
||||
int pid = fork();
|
||||
if(pid > 0) {
|
||||
printf("parent: child=%d\n", pid);
|
||||
pid = wait((int *) 0);
|
||||
printf("child %d is done\n", pid);
|
||||
} else if(pid == 0) {
|
||||
printf("child: exiting\n");
|
||||
exit(0);
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
printf("fork error\n");
|
||||
}
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<p><code>exit</code>系统调用导致调用进程停止执行并释放资源（如内存和打开的文件）。<code>exit</code>接受一个整数状态参数，通常0表示成功，1表示失败。<code>wait</code>系统调用返回当前进程的已退出(或已杀死)子进程的PID，并将子进程的退出状态复制到传递给<code>wait</code>的地址；如果调用方的子进程都没有退出，那么wait等待一个子进程退出。如果调用者没有子级，<code>wait</code>立即返回-1。如果父进程不关心子进程的退出状态，它可以传递一个0地址给<code>wait</code>。</p>
|
||||
<p>在这个例子中，输出</p>
|
||||
<pre><code>parent: child=1234
|
||||
child: exiting
|
||||
</code></pre><p>可能以任何一种顺序出来，这取决于父或子谁先到达<code>printf</code>调用。子进程退出后，父进程的<code>wait</code>返回，导致父进程打印</p>
|
||||
<pre><code>parent: child 1234 is done
|
||||
</code></pre><p>尽管最初子进程与父进程有着相同的内存内容，但是二者在运行中拥有不同的内存空间和寄存器：在一个进程中改变变量不会影响到另一个进程。例如当<code>wait</code>的返回值存入父进程的变量<code>pid</code>中时，并不会影响子进程中的<code>pid</code>，子进程中<code>pid</code>仍然为0。</p>
|
||||
<p><code>exec</code>系统调用使用从文件系统中存储的文件所加载的新内存映像替换调用进程的内存。（百度百科：根据指定的文件名找到可执行文件，并用它来取代调用进程的内容，换句话说，就是在调用进程内部执行一个可执行文件）该文件必须有特殊的格式，它指定文件的哪部分存放指令，哪部分是数据，以及哪一条指令用于启动等等。xv6使用ELF格式（将会在第三章详细讨论）。当<code>exec</code>执行成功，它不向调用进程返回数据，而是使加载自文件的指令在<code>ELF header</code>中声明的程序入口处开始执行。<code>exec</code>有两个参数：可执行文件的文件名和字符串参数数组。例如</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-c">char* argv[3];
|
||||
argv[0] = "echo";
|
||||
argv[1] = "hello";
|
||||
argv[2] = 0;
|
||||
exec("/bin/echo", argv);
|
||||
printf("exec error\n");
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<p>这个代码片段将调用程序替换为了参数列表为<code>echo hello</code>的<code>/bin/echo</code>程序运行，多数程序忽略参数数组中的第一个元素，它通常是程序名。</p>
|
||||
<p>xv6的shell使用上述调用为用户运行程序。shell的主要结构很简单，请参见<code>main</code>(<strong><em>user/sh.c:145</em></strong>)。主循环使用<code>getcmd</code>函数从用户的输入中读取一行，然后调用<code>fork</code>创建一个shell进程的副本。父进程调用<code>wait</code>，子进程执行命令。例如：当用户向shell输入<code>echo hello</code>时，<code>runcmd</code>(<strong><em>user/sh.c:58</em></strong>) 将以<code>echo hello</code>为参数被调用来执行实际命令。对于“<code>echo hello</code>”，它将调用<code>exec</code>(<strong><em>user/sh.c:78</em></strong>)。如果<code>exec</code>成功，那么子进程将从<code>echo</code>而不是<code>runcmd</code>执行命令，在某刻<code>echo</code>会调用<code>exit</code>，这将导致父进程从<code>main</code>(<strong><em>user/sh.c:78</em></strong>)中的<code>wait</code>返回。</p>
|
||||
<p>你或许想知道为什么<code>exec</code>和<code>fork</code>没有组合成为一个系统调用，稍后我们将会看到shell在其I/O重定向的实现中利用了这种分离。为了避免创建一个重复的进程然后立即替换它(使用<code>exec</code>)的浪费，操作内核通过使用虚拟内存技术(如copy-on-write)优化 fork 在这个用例中的实现(见第 4.6 节)。</p>
|
||||
<p>Xv6 隐式地分配大多数用户空间内存:<code>fork</code>分配父内存的子副本所需的内存，<code>exec</code>分配足够的内存来保存可执行文件。在运行时需要更多内存的进程(可能是<code>malloc</code>)可以调用 <code>sbrk(n)</code>将其数据内存增加n个字节; <code>sbrk</code>返回新内存的位置。 </p>
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@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
|
||||
# 1.1 进程和内存
|
||||
Xv6进程由用户空间内存(指令、数据和堆栈)和对内核私有的每个进程状态组成。Xv6分时进程: 它透明地在等待执行的进程集合中切换可用的CPU。当一个进程没有执行时，xv6保存它的CPU寄存器，并在下一次运行该进程时恢复它们。内核利用进程id或PID标识每个进程。
|
||||
|
||||
一个进程可以使用fork系统调用创建一个新的进程。Fork创建了一个新的进程，其内存内容与调用进程（称为父进程）完全相同，称其为子进程。Fork在父子进程中都返回值。在父进程中，fork返回子类的PID；在子进程中，fork返回零。例如，考虑下面用C语言编写的程序片段
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
// fork()在父进程中返回子进程的PID
|
||||
// 在子进程中返回0
|
||||
int pid = fork();
|
||||
if(pid > 0) {
|
||||
printf("parent: child=%d\n", pid);
|
||||
pid = wait((int *) 0);
|
||||
printf("child %d is done\n", pid);
|
||||
} else if(pid == 0) {
|
||||
printf("child: exiting\n");
|
||||
exit(0);
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
printf("fork error\n");
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
`exit`系统调用导致调用进程停止执行并释放资源（如内存和打开的文件）。`exit`接受一个整数状态参数，通常0表示成功，1表示失败。`wait`系统调用返回当前进程的已退出(或已杀死)子进程的PID，并将子进程的退出状态复制到传递给`wait`的地址；如果调用方的子进程都没有退出，那么wait等待一个子进程退出。如果调用者没有子级，`wait`立即返回-1。如果父进程不关心子进程的退出状态，它可以传递一个0地址给`wait`。
|
||||
|
||||
在这个例子中，输出
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
parent: child=1234
|
||||
child: exiting
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
可能以任何一种顺序出来，这取决于父或子谁先到达`printf`调用。子进程退出后，父进程的`wait`返回，导致父进程打印
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
parent: child 1234 is done
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
尽管最初子进程与父进程有着相同的内存内容，但是二者在运行中拥有不同的内存空间和寄存器：在一个进程中改变变量不会影响到另一个进程。例如当`wait`的返回值存入父进程的变量`pid`中时，并不会影响子进程中的`pid`，子进程中`pid`仍然为0。
|
||||
|
||||
`exec`系统调用使用从文件系统中存储的文件所加载的新内存映像替换调用进程的内存。（百度百科：根据指定的文件名找到可执行文件，并用它来取代调用进程的内容，换句话说，就是在调用进程内部执行一个可执行文件）该文件必须有特殊的格式，它指定文件的哪部分存放指令，哪部分是数据，以及哪一条指令用于启动等等。xv6使用ELF格式（将会在第三章详细讨论）。当`exec`执行成功，它不向调用进程返回数据，而是使加载自文件的指令在`ELF header`中声明的程序入口处开始执行。`exec`有两个参数：可执行文件的文件名和字符串参数数组。例如
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
char* argv[3];
|
||||
argv[0] = "echo";
|
||||
argv[1] = "hello";
|
||||
argv[2] = 0;
|
||||
exec("/bin/echo", argv);
|
||||
printf("exec error\n");
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这个代码片段将调用程序替换为了参数列表为`echo hello`的`/bin/echo`程序运行，多数程序忽略参数数组中的第一个元素，它通常是程序名。
|
||||
|
||||
xv6的shell使用上述调用为用户运行程序。shell的主要结构很简单，请参见`main`(***user/sh.c:145***)。主循环使用`getcmd`函数从用户的输入中读取一行，然后调用`fork`创建一个shell进程的副本。父进程调用`wait`，子进程执行命令。例如：当用户向shell输入`echo hello`时，`runcmd`(***user/sh.c:58***) 将以`echo hello`为参数被调用来执行实际命令。对于“`echo hello`”，它将调用`exec`(***user/sh.c:78***)。如果`exec`成功，那么子进程将从`echo`而不是`runcmd`执行命令，在某刻`echo`会调用`exit`，这将导致父进程从`main`(***user/sh.c:78***)中的`wait`返回。
|
||||
|
||||
你或许想知道为什么`exec`和`fork`没有组合成为一个系统调用，稍后我们将会看到shell在其I/O重定向的实现中利用了这种分离。为了避免创建一个重复的进程然后立即替换它(使用`exec`)的浪费，操作内核通过使用虚拟内存技术(如copy-on-write)优化 fork 在这个用例中的实现(见第 4.6 节)。
|
||||
|
||||
Xv6 隐式地分配大多数用户空间内存:`fork`分配父内存的子副本所需的内存，`exec`分配足够的内存来保存可执行文件。在运行时需要更多内存的进程(可能是`malloc`)可以调用 `sbrk(n)`将其数据内存增加n个字节; `sbrk`返回新内存的位置。
|
||||
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|
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课程介绍
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book-riscv-rev1
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<a href="s0.html">
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第一章 操作系统接口
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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1.1 进程和内存
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</a>
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1.2 I/O和文件描述符
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.3" data-path="s3.html">
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<a href="s3.html">
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1.3 管道
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.4" data-path="s4.html">
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<a href="s4.html">
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|
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|
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1.4 文件系统
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.5" data-path="s5.html">
|
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<a href="s5.html">
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|
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1.5 真实世界
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.6" data-path="s6.html">
|
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<a href="s6.html">
|
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1.6 练习
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2" data-path="../c2/s0.html">
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<a href="../c2/s0.html">
|
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|
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|
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第二章 操作系统架构
|
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|
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</a>
|
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|
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|
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|
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.1" data-path="../c2/s1.html">
|
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|
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<a href="../c2/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.1 抽象系统资源
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
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|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.2" data-path="../c2/s2.html">
|
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|
||||
<a href="../c2/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.3" data-path="../c2/s3.html">
|
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|
||||
<a href="../c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.3 内核组织
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.4" data-path="../c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.5" data-path="../c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.5 进程概述
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.6" data-path="../c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.7" data-path="../c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.8" data-path="../c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3" data-path="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.4" data-path="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.4 系统调用参数
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.5" data-path="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.5 从内核空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.6" data-path="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.6 页面错误异常
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.7" data-path="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.8" data-path="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
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Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
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<a href="../../.." >1.2 I/O和文件描述符</a>
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<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#12-io和文件描述符"><b></b>1.2 I/O和文件描述符</a></li></ul></div><a href="#12-io和文件描述符" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="12-io和文件描述符"><a name="12-io和文件描述符" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#12-io和文件描述符"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>1.2 I/O和文件描述符</h1>
|
||||
<p>文件描述符是一个小整数(small integer)，表示进程可以读取或写入的由内核管理的对象。进程可以通过打开一个文件、目录、设备，或创建一个管道，或复制一个已存在的描述符来获得一个文件描述符。为了简单起见，我们通常将文件描述符所指的对象称为“文件”；文件描述符接口将文件、管道和设备之间的差异抽象出来，使它们看起来都像字节流。我们将输入和输出称为 I/O。</p>
|
||||
<p>在内部，xv6内核使用文件描述符作为每个进程表的索引，这样每个进程都有一个从零开始的文件描述符的私有空间。按照惯例，进程从文件描述符0读取（标准输入），将输出写入文件描述符1（标准输出），并将错误消息写入文件描述符2（标准错误）。正如我们将看到的，shell利用这个约定来实现I/O重定向和管道。shell确保它始终有三个打开的文件描述符（<strong><em>user/sh.c</em></strong>:151），这是控制台的默认文件描述符。</p>
|
||||
<p><code>read</code>和<code>write</code>系统调用以字节为单位读取或写入已打开的以文件描述符命名的文件。<code>read(fd，buf，n)</code>从文件描述符fd读取最多n字节，将它们复制到buf，并返回读取的字节数，引用文件的每个文件描述符都有一个与之关联的偏移量。<code>read</code>从当前文件偏移量开始读取数据，然后将该偏移量前进所读取的字节数：（也就是说）后续读取将返回第一次读取返回的字节之后的字节。当没有更多的字节可读时，<code>read</code>返回0来表示文件的结束。</p>
|
||||
<p>系统调用<code>write(fd，buf，n)</code>将buf中的n字节写入文件描述符，并返回写入的字节数。只有发生错误时才会写入小于n字节的数据。与读一样，<code>write</code>在当前文件偏移量处写入数据，然后将该偏移量向前推进写入的字节数：每个<code>write</code>从上一个偏移量停止的地方开始写入。</p>
|
||||
<p>以下程序片段（构成程序<code>cat</code>的本质）将数据从其标准输入复制到其标准输出。如果发生错误，它将消息写入标准错误：</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-c">char buf[512];
|
||||
int n;
|
||||
for (;;) {
|
||||
n = read(0, buf, sizeof buf);
|
||||
if (n == 0)
|
||||
break;
|
||||
if (n < 0) {
|
||||
fprintf(2, "read error\n");
|
||||
exit(1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
if (write(1, buf, n) != n) {
|
||||
fprintf(2, "write error\n");
|
||||
exit(1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<p>代码片段中需要注意的重要一点是，<code>cat</code>不知道它是从文件、控制台还是管道读取。同样也不知道它是打印到控制台、文件还是其他什么地方。文件描述符的使用以及文件描述符0是输入而文件描述符1是输出的约定允许了<code>cat</code>的简单实现。</p>
|
||||
<p><code>close</code>系统调用释放一个文件描述符，使其可以被未来使用的<code>open</code>、<code>pipe</code>或<code>dup</code>系统调用重用（见下文）。新分配的文件描述符总是当前进程中编号最小的未使用描述符。</p>
|
||||
<p>文件描述符和<code>fork</code>相互作用，使I/O重定向更容易实现。<code>fork</code>复制父进程的文件描述符表及其内存，以便子级以与父级在开始时拥有完全相同的打开文件。系统调用<code>exec</code>替换了调用进程的内存，但保留其文件表。此行为允许shell通过<code>fork</code>实现I/O重定向，在子进程中重新打开选定的文件描述符，然后调用<code>exec</code>来运行新程序。下面是shell运行命令<code>cat < input.txt</code>的代码的简化版本。</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-c">char* argv[2];
|
||||
argv[0] = "cat";
|
||||
argv[1] = 0;
|
||||
if (fork() == 0) {
|
||||
close(0);
|
||||
open("input.txt", O_RDONLY);
|
||||
exec("cat", argv);
|
||||
}
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<p>在子进程关闭文件描述符0之后，<code>open</code>保证使用新打开的<strong><em>input.txt</em></strong>：0的文件描述符作为最小的可用文件描述符。<code>cat</code>然后执行文件描述符0(标准输入)，但引用的是<strong><em>input.txt</em></strong>。父进程的文件描述符不会被这个序列改变，因为它只修改子进程的描述符。</p>
|
||||
<p>Xv6shell中的I/O重定向代码就是这样工作的(<strong><em>user/sh.c</em></strong>:82)。回想一下，在代码执行到这里时，shell已经<code>fork</code>出了子shell，<code>runcmd</code>将调用<code>exec</code>来加载新程序。</p>
|
||||
<p><code>open</code>的第二个参数由一组标志组成，这些标志以位表示，用于控制打开的操作。可能的值定义在文件控制(fcntl)头文件(<strong><em>kernel/fcntl.h</em></strong>:1-5)中</p>
|
||||
<table>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><strong>宏定义</strong></th>
|
||||
<th><strong>功能说明</strong></th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><code>O_RDONLY</code></td>
|
||||
<td>只读</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><code>O_WRONLY</code></td>
|
||||
<td>只写</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><code>O_RDWR</code></td>
|
||||
<td>可读可写</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><code>O_CREATE</code></td>
|
||||
<td>如果文件不存在则创建文件</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><code>O_TRUNC</code></td>
|
||||
<td>将文件截断为零长度</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
<p>现在应该很清楚为什么<code>fork</code>和<code>exec</code>分离的用处了：在这两个调用之间，shell有机会对子进程进行I/O重定向，而不会干扰主shell的I/O设置。我们可以想象一个假设的<code>forkexec</code>系统调用组合，但是用这样的调用进行I/O重定向是很笨拙的。Shell可以在调用<code>forkexec</code>之前修改自己的I/O设置(然后撤销这些修改);或者<code>forkexec</code>可以将I/O重定向的指令作为参数;或者(最不吸引人的是)可以让每个程序(如cat)执行自己的I/O重定向。</p>
|
||||
<p>尽管<code>fork</code>复制了文件描述符表，但是每个基础文件偏移量在父文件和子文件之间是共享的，比如下面的程序：</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-c">if (fork() == 0) {
|
||||
write(1, "hello ", 6);
|
||||
exit(0);
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
wait(0);
|
||||
write(1, "world\n", 6);
|
||||
}
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<p>在这个片段的末尾，附加到文件描述符1的文件将包含数据<code>hello world</code>。父进程中的写操作(由于等待，只有在子进程完成后才运行)在子进程停止写入的位置进行。这种行为有助于从shell命令序列产生顺序输出，比如<code>(echo hello;echo world) >output.txt</code>。</p>
|
||||
<p><code>dup</code>系统调用复制一个现有的文件描述符，返回一个引用自同一个底层I/O对象的新文件描述符。两个文件描述符共享一个偏移量，就像fork复制的文件描述符一样。这是另一种将“hello world”写入文件的方法：</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-c">fd = dup(1);
|
||||
write(1, "hello ", 6);
|
||||
write(fd, "world\n", 6);
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<p>如果两个文件描述符是通过一系列<code>fork</code>和<code>dup</code>调用从同一个原始文件描述符派生出来的，那么它们共享一个偏移量。否则，文件描述符不会共享偏移量，即使它们来自于对同一文件的打开调用。<code>dup</code>允许shell执行这样的命令：<code>ls existing-file non-existing-file > tmp1 2>&1</code>。<code>2>&1</code>告诉shell给命令的文件描述符2是描述符1的副本。现有文件的名称和不存在文件的错误信息都会显示在tmp1文件中。Xv6 shell不支持错误文件描述符的I/O重定向，但是现在你知道如何实现它了。</p>
|
||||
<p>文件描述符是一个强大的抽象，因为它们隐藏了它们所连接的细节：写入文件描述符1的进程可能写入文件、设备（如控制台）或管道。 </p>
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<footer class="page-footer"><span class="copyright">copyright by duguosheng all right reserved，powered by Gitbook</span><span class="footer-modification">该文件修订时间：
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@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
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# 1.2 I/O和文件描述符
|
||||
|
||||
文件描述符是一个小整数(small integer)，表示进程可以读取或写入的由内核管理的对象。进程可以通过打开一个文件、目录、设备，或创建一个管道，或复制一个已存在的描述符来获得一个文件描述符。为了简单起见，我们通常将文件描述符所指的对象称为“文件”；文件描述符接口将文件、管道和设备之间的差异抽象出来，使它们看起来都像字节流。我们将输入和输出称为 I/O。
|
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|
||||
在内部，xv6内核使用文件描述符作为每个进程表的索引，这样每个进程都有一个从零开始的文件描述符的私有空间。按照惯例，进程从文件描述符0读取（标准输入），将输出写入文件描述符1（标准输出），并将错误消息写入文件描述符2（标准错误）。正如我们将看到的，shell利用这个约定来实现I/O重定向和管道。shell确保它始终有三个打开的文件描述符（***user/sh.c***:151），这是控制台的默认文件描述符。
|
||||
|
||||
`read`和`write`系统调用以字节为单位读取或写入已打开的以文件描述符命名的文件。`read(fd，buf，n)`从文件描述符fd读取最多n字节，将它们复制到buf，并返回读取的字节数，引用文件的每个文件描述符都有一个与之关联的偏移量。`read`从当前文件偏移量开始读取数据，然后将该偏移量前进所读取的字节数：（也就是说）后续读取将返回第一次读取返回的字节之后的字节。当没有更多的字节可读时，`read`返回0来表示文件的结束。
|
||||
|
||||
系统调用`write(fd，buf，n)`将buf中的n字节写入文件描述符，并返回写入的字节数。只有发生错误时才会写入小于n字节的数据。与读一样，`write`在当前文件偏移量处写入数据，然后将该偏移量向前推进写入的字节数：每个`write`从上一个偏移量停止的地方开始写入。
|
||||
|
||||
以下程序片段（构成程序`cat`的本质）将数据从其标准输入复制到其标准输出。如果发生错误，它将消息写入标准错误：
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
char buf[512];
|
||||
int n;
|
||||
for (;;) {
|
||||
n = read(0, buf, sizeof buf);
|
||||
if (n == 0)
|
||||
break;
|
||||
if (n < 0) {
|
||||
fprintf(2, "read error\n");
|
||||
exit(1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
if (write(1, buf, n) != n) {
|
||||
fprintf(2, "write error\n");
|
||||
exit(1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
代码片段中需要注意的重要一点是，`cat`不知道它是从文件、控制台还是管道读取。同样也不知道它是打印到控制台、文件还是其他什么地方。文件描述符的使用以及文件描述符0是输入而文件描述符1是输出的约定允许了`cat`的简单实现。
|
||||
|
||||
`close`系统调用释放一个文件描述符，使其可以被未来使用的`open`、`pipe`或`dup`系统调用重用（见下文）。新分配的文件描述符总是当前进程中编号最小的未使用描述符。
|
||||
|
||||
文件描述符和`fork`相互作用，使I/O重定向更容易实现。`fork`复制父进程的文件描述符表及其内存，以便子级以与父级在开始时拥有完全相同的打开文件。系统调用`exec`替换了调用进程的内存，但保留其文件表。此行为允许shell通过`fork`实现I/O重定向，在子进程中重新打开选定的文件描述符，然后调用`exec`来运行新程序。下面是shell运行命令`cat < input.txt`的代码的简化版本。
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
char* argv[2];
|
||||
argv[0] = "cat";
|
||||
argv[1] = 0;
|
||||
if (fork() == 0) {
|
||||
close(0);
|
||||
open("input.txt", O_RDONLY);
|
||||
exec("cat", argv);
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
在子进程关闭文件描述符0之后，`open`保证使用新打开的***input.txt***：0的文件描述符作为最小的可用文件描述符。`cat`然后执行文件描述符0(标准输入)，但引用的是***input.txt***。父进程的文件描述符不会被这个序列改变，因为它只修改子进程的描述符。
|
||||
|
||||
Xv6shell中的I/O重定向代码就是这样工作的(***user/sh.c***:82)。回想一下，在代码执行到这里时，shell已经`fork`出了子shell，`runcmd`将调用`exec`来加载新程序。
|
||||
|
||||
`open`的第二个参数由一组标志组成，这些标志以位表示，用于控制打开的操作。可能的值定义在文件控制(fcntl)头文件(***kernel/fcntl.h***:1-5)中
|
||||
|
||||
| **宏定义** | **功能说明** |
|
||||
| ---------- | ------------------------ |
|
||||
| `O_RDONLY` | 只读 |
|
||||
| `O_WRONLY` | 只写 |
|
||||
| `O_RDWR` | 可读可写 |
|
||||
| `O_CREATE` | 如果文件不存在则创建文件 |
|
||||
| `O_TRUNC` | 将文件截断为零长度 |
|
||||
|
||||
现在应该很清楚为什么`fork`和`exec`分离的用处了：在这两个调用之间，shell有机会对子进程进行I/O重定向，而不会干扰主shell的I/O设置。我们可以想象一个假设的`forkexec`系统调用组合，但是用这样的调用进行I/O重定向是很笨拙的。Shell可以在调用`forkexec`之前修改自己的I/O设置(然后撤销这些修改);或者`forkexec`可以将I/O重定向的指令作为参数;或者(最不吸引人的是)可以让每个程序(如cat)执行自己的I/O重定向。
|
||||
|
||||
尽管`fork`复制了文件描述符表，但是每个基础文件偏移量在父文件和子文件之间是共享的，比如下面的程序：
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
if (fork() == 0) {
|
||||
write(1, "hello ", 6);
|
||||
exit(0);
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
wait(0);
|
||||
write(1, "world\n", 6);
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
在这个片段的末尾，附加到文件描述符1的文件将包含数据`hello world`。父进程中的写操作(由于等待，只有在子进程完成后才运行)在子进程停止写入的位置进行。这种行为有助于从shell命令序列产生顺序输出，比如`(echo hello;echo world) >output.txt`。
|
||||
|
||||
`dup`系统调用复制一个现有的文件描述符，返回一个引用自同一个底层I/O对象的新文件描述符。两个文件描述符共享一个偏移量，就像fork复制的文件描述符一样。这是另一种将“hello world”写入文件的方法：
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
fd = dup(1);
|
||||
write(1, "hello ", 6);
|
||||
write(fd, "world\n", 6);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果两个文件描述符是通过一系列`fork`和`dup`调用从同一个原始文件描述符派生出来的，那么它们共享一个偏移量。否则，文件描述符不会共享偏移量，即使它们来自于对同一文件的打开调用。`dup`允许shell执行这样的命令：`ls existing-file non-existing-file > tmp1 2>&1`。`2>&1`告诉shell给命令的文件描述符2是描述符1的副本。现有文件的名称和不存在文件的错误信息都会显示在tmp1文件中。Xv6 shell不支持错误文件描述符的I/O重定向，但是现在你知道如何实现它了。
|
||||
|
||||
文件描述符是一个强大的抽象，因为它们隐藏了它们所连接的细节：写入文件描述符1的进程可能写入文件、设备（如控制台）或管道。
|
||||
@@ -1,892 +0,0 @@
|
||||
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
|
||||
<html lang="" >
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta charset="UTF-8">
|
||||
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
|
||||
<title>1.3 管道 · 6.S081 All-In-One</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="GitBook 3.2.3">
|
||||
<meta name="author" content="DuGuoSheng">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/style.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-search-pro/search.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-chapter-fold/chapter-fold.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-code-optimize/plugin.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-splitter/splitter.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-pageview-count/plugin.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-donate/plugin.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-tbfed-pagefooter/footer.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-flexible-alerts/style.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-ancre-navigation/style/plugin.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-fontsettings/website.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/>
|
||||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, user-scalable=no">
|
||||
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
|
||||
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black">
|
||||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../../gitbook/images/apple-touch-icon-precomposed-152.png">
|
||||
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../../gitbook/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="next" href="s4.html" />
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="s2.html" />
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="book">
|
||||
<div class="book-summary">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="book-search-input" role="search">
|
||||
<input type="text" placeholder="Type to search" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<nav role="navigation">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="summary">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">概述</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="../../../">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
课程介绍
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">文档翻译</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="../summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
book-riscv-rev1
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1" data-path="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第一章 操作系统接口
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.1" data-path="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.1 进程和内存
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.2" data-path="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.2 I/O和文件描述符
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter active" data-level="2.1.1.3" data-path="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.3 管道
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.4" data-path="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.4 文件系统
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.5" data-path="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.5 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.6" data-path="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.6 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2" data-path="../c2/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第二章 操作系统架构
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.1" data-path="../c2/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.1 抽象系统资源
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.2" data-path="../c2/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.3" data-path="../c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.3 内核组织
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.4" data-path="../c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.5" data-path="../c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.5 进程概述
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.6" data-path="../c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.7" data-path="../c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.8" data-path="../c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3" data-path="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.4" data-path="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.4 系统调用参数
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.5" data-path="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.5 从内核空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.6" data-path="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.6 页面错误异常
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.7" data-path="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.8" data-path="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">实验记录</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
版本控制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
实验内容
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2.1" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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||||
<li class="divider"></li>
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Published with GitBook
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<div class="book-header" role="navigation">
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<!-- Title -->
|
||||
<h1>
|
||||
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
|
||||
<a href="../../.." >1.3 管道</a>
|
||||
</h1>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
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|
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<div class="page-wrapper" tabindex="-1" role="main">
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||||
<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#13-管道"><b></b>1.3 管道</a></li></ul></div><a href="#13-管道" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="13-管道"><a name="13-管道" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#13-管道"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>1.3 管道</h1>
|
||||
<p>管道是作为一对文件描述符公开给进程的小型内核缓冲区，一个用于读取，一个用于写入。将数据写入管道的一端使得这些数据可以从管道的另一端读取。管道为进程提供了一种通信方式。</p>
|
||||
<p>下面的示例代码使用连接到管道读端的标准输入来运行程序<code>wc</code>。</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-c">int p[2];
|
||||
char *argv[2];
|
||||
argv[0] = "wc";
|
||||
argv[1] = 0;
|
||||
pipe(p);
|
||||
if (fork() == 0) {
|
||||
close(0);
|
||||
dup(p[0]);
|
||||
close(p[0]);
|
||||
close(p[1]);
|
||||
exec("/bin/wc", argv);
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
close(p[0]);
|
||||
write(p[1], "hello world\n", 12);
|
||||
close(p[1]);
|
||||
}
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<p>程序调用<code>pipe</code>，创建一个新的管道，并在数组p中记录读写文件描述符。在<code>fork</code>之后，父子进程都有指向管道的文件描述符。子进程调用<code>close</code>和<code>dup</code>使文件描述符0指向管道的读取端（前面说过优先分配最小的未使用的描述符），然后关闭p中所存的文件描述符，并调用<code>exec</code>运行<code>wc</code>。当<code>wc</code>从它的标准输入读取时，就是从管道读取。父进程关闭管道的读取端，写入管道，然后关闭写入端。</p>
|
||||
<p>如果没有可用的数据，则管道上的<code>read</code>操作等待写入数据或关闭所有指向写入端的文件描述符，在后一种情况下，<code>read</code>将返回0，就像到达数据文件的末尾一样。事实上，<code>read</code>在新数据不可能到达前会一直阻塞，这是子进程在执行上面的<code>wc</code>之前关闭管道的写入端非常重要的一个原因：如果wc的文件描述符之一指向管道的写入端，wc将永远看不到文件的结束。</p>
|
||||
<p>Xv6 shell以类似于上面代码(<strong><em>user/sh.c</em></strong>:100)的方式实现了诸如<code>grep fork sh.c | wc -l</code>之类的管道。子进程创建一个管道将管道的左端和右端连接起来。然后对管道的左端调用<code>fork</code>和<code>runcmd</code>，对管道的右端调用<code>fork</code>和<code>runcmd</code>，并等待两者都完成。管道的右端可能是一个命令，该命令本身包含一个管道(例如，<code>a | b | c</code>)，该管道本身<code>fork</code>为两个新的子进程(一个用于b，一个用于c)。因此，shell可以创建一个进程树。这个树的叶子是命令，内部节点是等待左右两个子进程完成的进程。</p>
|
||||
<p>原则上，可以让内部节点在管道的左端运行，但是正确地这样做会使实现复杂化。考虑进行以下修改：将<strong><em>sh.c</em></strong>更改为不对<code>p->left</code>进行<code>fork</code>，并在内部进程中运行<code>runcmd(p->left)</code>。然后，例如，<code>echo hi | wc</code>将不会产生输出，因为当<code>echo hi</code>在<code>runcmd</code>中退出时，内部进程将退出，而不会调用<code>fork</code>来运行管道的右端。这个不正确的行为可以通过不调用内部进程的<code>runcmd</code>中的<code>exit</code>来修复，但是这个修复使代码复杂化：现在<code>runcmd</code>需要知道它是否是一个内部进程。同样的，当没有对<code>(p->right)</code>执行<code>fork</code>时也会更加复杂。例如，只需进行上述的修改，<code>sleep 10 | echo hi</code>将立即打印“hi”，而不是在10秒后，因为<code>echo</code>将立即运行并退出，而不是等待<code>sleep</code>完成。因为<strong><em>sh.c</em></strong>的目标是尽可能的简单，所以它不会试图避免创建内部进程。</p>
|
||||
<p>管道看起来并不比临时文件更强大：下面的管道命令行</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">echo hello world | wc
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<p>可以不通过管道实现，如下</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">echo hello world > /tmp/xyz; wc < /tmp/xyz
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<p>在这种情况下，管道相比临时文件至少有四个优势</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><p>首先，管道会自动清理自己；在文件重定向时，shell使用完<code>/tmp/xyz</code>后必须小心删除</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><p>其次，管道可以任意传递长的数据流，而文件重定向需要磁盘上足够的空闲空间来存储所有的数据。</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><p>第三，管道允许并行执行管道阶段，而文件方法要求第一个程序在第二个程序启动之前完成。</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><p>第四，如果实现进程间通讯，管道的块读写比文件的非块语义更有效率。 </p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<footer class="page-footer"><span class="copyright">copyright by duguosheng all right reserved，powered by Gitbook</span><span class="footer-modification">该文件修订时间：
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2021-08-18 12:01:58
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</body>
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</html>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
|
||||
# 1.3 管道
|
||||
|
||||
管道是作为一对文件描述符公开给进程的小型内核缓冲区，一个用于读取，一个用于写入。将数据写入管道的一端使得这些数据可以从管道的另一端读取。管道为进程提供了一种通信方式。
|
||||
|
||||
下面的示例代码使用连接到管道读端的标准输入来运行程序`wc`。
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
int p[2];
|
||||
char *argv[2];
|
||||
argv[0] = "wc";
|
||||
argv[1] = 0;
|
||||
pipe(p);
|
||||
if (fork() == 0) {
|
||||
close(0);
|
||||
dup(p[0]);
|
||||
close(p[0]);
|
||||
close(p[1]);
|
||||
exec("/bin/wc", argv);
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
close(p[0]);
|
||||
write(p[1], "hello world\n", 12);
|
||||
close(p[1]);
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
程序调用`pipe`，创建一个新的管道，并在数组p中记录读写文件描述符。在`fork`之后，父子进程都有指向管道的文件描述符。子进程调用`close`和`dup`使文件描述符0指向管道的读取端（前面说过优先分配最小的未使用的描述符），然后关闭p中所存的文件描述符，并调用`exec`运行`wc`。当`wc`从它的标准输入读取时，就是从管道读取。父进程关闭管道的读取端，写入管道，然后关闭写入端。
|
||||
|
||||
如果没有可用的数据，则管道上的`read`操作等待写入数据或关闭所有指向写入端的文件描述符，在后一种情况下，`read`将返回0，就像到达数据文件的末尾一样。事实上，`read`在新数据不可能到达前会一直阻塞，这是子进程在执行上面的`wc`之前关闭管道的写入端非常重要的一个原因：如果wc的文件描述符之一指向管道的写入端，wc将永远看不到文件的结束。
|
||||
|
||||
Xv6 shell以类似于上面代码(***user/sh.c***:100)的方式实现了诸如`grep fork sh.c | wc -l`之类的管道。子进程创建一个管道将管道的左端和右端连接起来。然后对管道的左端调用`fork`和`runcmd`，对管道的右端调用`fork`和`runcmd`，并等待两者都完成。管道的右端可能是一个命令，该命令本身包含一个管道(例如，`a | b | c`)，该管道本身`fork`为两个新的子进程(一个用于b，一个用于c)。因此，shell可以创建一个进程树。这个树的叶子是命令，内部节点是等待左右两个子进程完成的进程。
|
||||
|
||||
原则上，可以让内部节点在管道的左端运行，但是正确地这样做会使实现复杂化。考虑进行以下修改：将***sh.c***更改为不对`p->left`进行`fork`，并在内部进程中运行`runcmd(p->left)`。然后，例如，`echo hi | wc`将不会产生输出，因为当`echo hi`在`runcmd`中退出时，内部进程将退出，而不会调用`fork`来运行管道的右端。这个不正确的行为可以通过不调用内部进程的`runcmd`中的`exit`来修复，但是这个修复使代码复杂化：现在`runcmd`需要知道它是否是一个内部进程。同样的，当没有对`(p->right)`执行`fork`时也会更加复杂。例如，只需进行上述的修改，`sleep 10 | echo hi`将立即打印“hi”，而不是在10秒后，因为`echo`将立即运行并退出，而不是等待`sleep`完成。因为***sh.c***的目标是尽可能的简单，所以它不会试图避免创建内部进程。
|
||||
|
||||
管道看起来并不比临时文件更强大：下面的管道命令行
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
echo hello world | wc
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
可以不通过管道实现，如下
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
echo hello world > /tmp/xyz; wc < /tmp/xyz
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
在这种情况下，管道相比临时文件至少有四个优势
|
||||
|
||||
- 首先，管道会自动清理自己；在文件重定向时，shell使用完`/tmp/xyz`后必须小心删除
|
||||
|
||||
- 其次，管道可以任意传递长的数据流，而文件重定向需要磁盘上足够的空闲空间来存储所有的数据。
|
||||
|
||||
- 第三，管道允许并行执行管道阶段，而文件方法要求第一个程序在第二个程序启动之前完成。
|
||||
|
||||
- 第四，如果实现进程间通讯，管道的块读写比文件的非块语义更有效率。
|
||||
@@ -1,903 +0,0 @@
|
||||
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
|
||||
<html lang="" >
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta charset="UTF-8">
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||||
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
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<title>1.4 文件系统 · 6.S081 All-In-One</title>
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<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
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<meta name="description" content="">
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<meta name="generator" content="GitBook 3.2.3">
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/>
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, user-scalable=no">
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<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
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<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black">
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<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../../gitbook/images/apple-touch-icon-precomposed-152.png">
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<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../../gitbook/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
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<link rel="next" href="s5.html" />
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<link rel="prev" href="s3.html" />
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</head>
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<body>
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|
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<div class="book">
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<div class="book-summary">
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<div id="book-search-input" role="search">
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<input type="text" placeholder="Type to search" />
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</div>
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<nav role="navigation">
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|
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<ul class="summary">
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">概述</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="../../../">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
课程介绍
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">文档翻译</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="../summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
book-riscv-rev1
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1" data-path="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第一章 操作系统接口
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.1" data-path="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.1 进程和内存
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.2" data-path="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.2 I/O和文件描述符
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.3" data-path="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.3 管道
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter active" data-level="2.1.1.4" data-path="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.4 文件系统
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.5" data-path="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.5 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.6" data-path="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.6 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2" data-path="../c2/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第二章 操作系统架构
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.1" data-path="../c2/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.1 抽象系统资源
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.2" data-path="../c2/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.3" data-path="../c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.3 内核组织
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.4" data-path="../c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.5" data-path="../c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.5 进程概述
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.6" data-path="../c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.7" data-path="../c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.8" data-path="../c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3" data-path="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.4" data-path="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.4 系统调用参数
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.5" data-path="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.5 从内核空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.6" data-path="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.6 页面错误异常
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.7" data-path="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.8" data-path="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">实验记录</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
版本控制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
实验内容
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2.1" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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||||
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Published with GitBook
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<!-- Title -->
|
||||
<h1>
|
||||
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
|
||||
<a href="../../.." >1.4 文件系统</a>
|
||||
</h1>
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||||
</div>
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<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#14-文件系统"><b></b>1.4 文件系统</a></li></ul></div><a href="#14-文件系统" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="14-文件系统"><a name="14-文件系统" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#14-文件系统"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>1.4 文件系统</h1>
|
||||
<p>Xv6文件系统提供数据文件（包含未解释的字节数组）和目录（包含对数据文件和其他目录的命名引用）。这些目录形成一个树，从一个叫做根的特殊目录开始。像<code>/a/b/c</code>这样的路径是指在根目录<code>/</code>下名为<code>a</code>的目录中名为<code>b</code>的目录中名为<code>c</code>的文件或目录。不以<code>/</code>开始的路径相对于调用进程的当前工作目录进行计算，当前工作目录可以通过<code>chdir</code>系统调用进行更改。下面两个代码片段打开相同的文件(假设所有相关的目录都存在）</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-c">chdir("/a");
|
||||
chdir("b");
|
||||
open("c", O_RDONLY);
|
||||
open("/a/b/c", O_RDONLY);
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<p>上面代码将进程的当前目录更改为<code>/a/b</code>；下面代码既不引用也不更改进程的当前目录</p>
|
||||
<p>还有创建新文件和目录的系统调用：</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><p><code>mkdir</code>创建一个新目录</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><p><code>open</code>中若使用<code>O_CREATE</code>标志将会创建一个新的数据文件</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><p><code>mknod</code>创建一个新的设备文件</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>这个例子说明了这三点:</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-c">mkdir("/dir");
|
||||
fd = open("/dir/file", O_CREATE | O_WRONLY);
|
||||
close(fd);
|
||||
mknod("/console", 1, 1);
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<p><code>mknod</code>创建一个引用设备的特殊文件。与设备文件相关联的是主设备号和次设备号(<code>mknod</code>的两个参数)，它们唯一地标识了一个内核设备。当进程稍后打开设备文件时，内核将使用内核设备实现<code>read</code>和<code>write</code>系统调用，而不是使用文件系统。</p>
|
||||
<p>一个文件的名字和文件本身是不同的;同一个底层文件（叫做inode，索引结点）可以有多个名字（叫做link，链接）。每个链接都由目录中的一个条目组成;该条目包含一个文件名和一个inode引用。Inode保存有关文件的元数据（用于解释或帮助理解信息的数据），包括其类型(文件/目录/设备)、长度、文件内容在磁盘上的位置以及指向文件的链接数。</p>
|
||||
<p><code>fstat</code>系统调用从文件描述符所引用的inode中检索信息。它填充一个<code>stat</code>类型的结构体，<code>struct stat</code>在<strong><em>stat.h(kernel/stat.h)</em></strong>中定义为</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-c">#define T_DIR 1 // Directory
|
||||
#define T_FILE 2 // File
|
||||
#define T_DEVICE 3 // Device
|
||||
struct stat {
|
||||
int dev; // 文件系统的磁盘设备
|
||||
uint ino; // Inode编号
|
||||
short type; // 文件类型
|
||||
short nlink; // 指向文件的链接数
|
||||
uint64 size; // 文件字节数
|
||||
};
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<p><code>link</code>系统调用创建另一个文件名，该文件名指向与现有文件相同的inode。下面的代码片段创建了一个名字既为<strong><em>a</em></strong>又为<strong><em>b</em></strong>的新文件</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-c">open("a", O_CREATE | O_WRONLY);
|
||||
link("a", "b");
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<p>从<strong><em>a</em></strong>读取或写入与从<strong><em>b</em></strong>读取或写入是相同的操作。每个inode由唯一的inode编号标识。在上面的代码序列之后，可以通过检查<code>fstat</code>的结果来确定a和b引用相同的底层内容:两者都将返回相同的inode号(<code>ino</code>)，并且<code>nlink</code>计数将被设置为2。</p>
|
||||
<p><code>unlink</code>系统调用从文件系统中删除一个名称。只有当文件的链接数为零且没有文件描述符引用时，文件的inode和包含其内容的磁盘空间才会被释放，因此添加</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-c">unlink("a");
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<p>最后一行代码序列中会使inode和文件内容可以作为b访问。此外</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-c">fd = open("/tmp/xyz", O_CREATE | O_RDWR);
|
||||
unlink("/tmp/xyz");
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<p>是创建没有名称的临时inode的惯用方法，该临时inode将在进程关闭fd或退出时被清理。</p>
|
||||
<p>Unix以用户级程序的形式提供了可从shell调用的文件实用程序，例如<code>mkdir</code>、<code>ln</code>和<code>rm</code>。这种设计允许任何人通过添加新的用户级程序来扩展命令行接口。事后看来，这个计划似乎是显而易见的，但是在Unix时代设计的其他系统经常将这样的命令构建到shell中(并将shell构建到内核中)</p>
|
||||
<p>一个例外是<code>cd</code>，它是内置在shell(<strong><em>user/sh.c</em></strong>:160)。<code>cd</code>必须更改shell本身的当前工作目录。如果<code>cd</code>作为常规命令运行，那么shell将分出一个子进程，子进程将运行<code>cd</code>，<code>cd</code>将更改子进程的工作目录。父目录(即shell的)的工作目录不会改变。 </p>
|
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<footer class="page-footer"><span class="copyright">copyright by duguosheng all right reserved，powered by Gitbook</span><span class="footer-modification">该文件修订时间：
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2021-08-18 12:04:10
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||||
</body>
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||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
|
||||
# 1.4 文件系统
|
||||
|
||||
Xv6文件系统提供数据文件（包含未解释的字节数组）和目录（包含对数据文件和其他目录的命名引用）。这些目录形成一个树，从一个叫做根的特殊目录开始。像`/a/b/c`这样的路径是指在根目录`/`下名为`a`的目录中名为`b`的目录中名为`c`的文件或目录。不以`/`开始的路径相对于调用进程的当前工作目录进行计算，当前工作目录可以通过`chdir`系统调用进行更改。下面两个代码片段打开相同的文件(假设所有相关的目录都存在）
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
chdir("/a");
|
||||
chdir("b");
|
||||
open("c", O_RDONLY);
|
||||
open("/a/b/c", O_RDONLY);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
上面代码将进程的当前目录更改为`/a/b`；下面代码既不引用也不更改进程的当前目录
|
||||
|
||||
还有创建新文件和目录的系统调用：
|
||||
|
||||
- `mkdir`创建一个新目录
|
||||
|
||||
- `open`中若使用`O_CREATE`标志将会创建一个新的数据文件
|
||||
|
||||
- `mknod`创建一个新的设备文件
|
||||
|
||||
这个例子说明了这三点:
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
mkdir("/dir");
|
||||
fd = open("/dir/file", O_CREATE | O_WRONLY);
|
||||
close(fd);
|
||||
mknod("/console", 1, 1);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
`mknod`创建一个引用设备的特殊文件。与设备文件相关联的是主设备号和次设备号(`mknod`的两个参数)，它们唯一地标识了一个内核设备。当进程稍后打开设备文件时，内核将使用内核设备实现`read`和`write`系统调用，而不是使用文件系统。
|
||||
|
||||
一个文件的名字和文件本身是不同的;同一个底层文件（叫做inode，索引结点）可以有多个名字（叫做link，链接）。每个链接都由目录中的一个条目组成;该条目包含一个文件名和一个inode引用。Inode保存有关文件的元数据（用于解释或帮助理解信息的数据），包括其类型(文件/目录/设备)、长度、文件内容在磁盘上的位置以及指向文件的链接数。
|
||||
|
||||
`fstat`系统调用从文件描述符所引用的inode中检索信息。它填充一个`stat`类型的结构体，`struct stat`在***stat.h(kernel/stat.h)***中定义为
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
#define T_DIR 1 // Directory
|
||||
#define T_FILE 2 // File
|
||||
#define T_DEVICE 3 // Device
|
||||
struct stat {
|
||||
int dev; // 文件系统的磁盘设备
|
||||
uint ino; // Inode编号
|
||||
short type; // 文件类型
|
||||
short nlink; // 指向文件的链接数
|
||||
uint64 size; // 文件字节数
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
`link`系统调用创建另一个文件名，该文件名指向与现有文件相同的inode。下面的代码片段创建了一个名字既为***a***又为***b***的新文件
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
open("a", O_CREATE | O_WRONLY);
|
||||
link("a", "b");
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
从***a***读取或写入与从***b***读取或写入是相同的操作。每个inode由唯一的inode编号标识。在上面的代码序列之后，可以通过检查`fstat`的结果来确定a和b引用相同的底层内容:两者都将返回相同的inode号(`ino`)，并且`nlink`计数将被设置为2。
|
||||
|
||||
`unlink`系统调用从文件系统中删除一个名称。只有当文件的链接数为零且没有文件描述符引用时，文件的inode和包含其内容的磁盘空间才会被释放，因此添加
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
unlink("a");
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
最后一行代码序列中会使inode和文件内容可以作为b访问。此外
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
fd = open("/tmp/xyz", O_CREATE | O_RDWR);
|
||||
unlink("/tmp/xyz");
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
是创建没有名称的临时inode的惯用方法，该临时inode将在进程关闭fd或退出时被清理。
|
||||
|
||||
Unix以用户级程序的形式提供了可从shell调用的文件实用程序，例如`mkdir`、`ln`和`rm`。这种设计允许任何人通过添加新的用户级程序来扩展命令行接口。事后看来，这个计划似乎是显而易见的，但是在Unix时代设计的其他系统经常将这样的命令构建到shell中(并将shell构建到内核中)
|
||||
|
||||
一个例外是`cd`，它是内置在shell(***user/sh.c***:160)。`cd`必须更改shell本身的当前工作目录。如果`cd`作为常规命令运行，那么shell将分出一个子进程，子进程将运行`cd`，`cd`将更改子进程的工作目录。父目录(即shell的)的工作目录不会改变。
|
||||
@@ -1,858 +0,0 @@
|
||||
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
|
||||
<html lang="" >
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
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<title>1.5 真实世界 · 6.S081 All-In-One</title>
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<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
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<meta name="description" content="">
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<meta name="generator" content="GitBook 3.2.3">
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<meta name="author" content="DuGuoSheng">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-pageview-count/plugin.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-tbfed-pagefooter/footer.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-flexible-alerts/style.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-ancre-navigation/style/plugin.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-fontsettings/website.css">
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/>
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, user-scalable=no">
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<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
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<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black">
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<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../../gitbook/images/apple-touch-icon-precomposed-152.png">
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<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../../gitbook/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
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<link rel="next" href="s6.html" />
|
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|
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|
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<link rel="prev" href="s4.html" />
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</head>
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<body>
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|
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<div class="book">
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<div class="book-summary">
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|
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<div id="book-search-input" role="search">
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<input type="text" placeholder="Type to search" />
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</div>
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<nav role="navigation">
|
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|
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|
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|
||||
<ul class="summary">
|
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|
||||
|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">概述</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="../../../">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
课程介绍
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">文档翻译</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="../summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
book-riscv-rev1
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1" data-path="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第一章 操作系统接口
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.1" data-path="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.1 进程和内存
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.2" data-path="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.2 I/O和文件描述符
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.3" data-path="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.3 管道
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.4" data-path="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.4 文件系统
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter active" data-level="2.1.1.5" data-path="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.5 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.6" data-path="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.6 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2" data-path="../c2/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第二章 操作系统架构
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.1" data-path="../c2/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.1 抽象系统资源
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.2" data-path="../c2/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.3" data-path="../c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.3 内核组织
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.4" data-path="../c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.5" data-path="../c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.5 进程概述
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.6" data-path="../c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.7" data-path="../c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.8" data-path="../c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3" data-path="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.4" data-path="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.4 系统调用参数
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.5" data-path="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.5 从内核空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.6" data-path="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.6 页面错误异常
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.7" data-path="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.8" data-path="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">实验记录</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
版本控制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
实验内容
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2.1" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
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Published with GitBook
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<!-- Title -->
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<h1>
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<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
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<a href="../../.." >1.5 真实世界</a>
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<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#15-真实世界"><b></b>1.5 真实世界</a></li></ul></div><a href="#15-真实世界" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="15-真实世界"><a name="15-真实世界" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#15-真实世界"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>1.5 真实世界</h1>
|
||||
<p>Unix将“标准”文件描述符、管道和方便的shell语法结合起来进行操作，这是编写通用可重用程序方面的一大进步。这个想法引发了一种“软件工具”的文化，这种文化对Unix的强大和流行做出了卓越贡献，shell是第一个所谓的“脚本语言”。Unix系统调用接口今天仍然存在于BSD、Linux和MacOSx等系统中。</p>
|
||||
<p>Unix系统调用接口已经通过便携式操作系统接口(POSIX)标准进行了标准化。Xv6与POSIX不兼容:它缺少许多系统调用(包括lseek等基本系统调用)，并且它提供的许多系统调用与标准不同。我们xv6的主要目标是简单明了，同时提供一个简单的类unix系统调用接口。为了运行基本的Unix程序，有些人扩展了xv6，增加了一些系统调用和一个简单的c库。然而，现代内核比xv6提供了更多的系统调用和更多种类的内核服务。例如，它们支持网络工作、窗口系统、用户级线程、许多设备的驱动程序等等。现代内核不断快速发展，提供了许多超越POSIX的特性。</p>
|
||||
<p>Unix通过一组文件名和文件描述符接口统一访问多种类型的资源(文件、目录和设备)。这个想法可以扩展到更多种类的资源;一个很好的例子是Plan9，它将“资源是文件”的概念应用到网络、图形等等。然而，大多数unix衍生的操作系统并没有遵循这条路。</p>
|
||||
<p>文件系统和文件描述符是强大的抽象。即便如此，还有其他的操作系统接口模型。Multics，Unix的前身，以一种看起来像内存的方式抽象了文件存储，产生了一种非常不同的接口风格。Multics设计的复杂性直接影响了Unix的设计者，他们试图使设计更简单。</p>
|
||||
<p>Xv6没有提供一个用户概念或者保护一个用户不受另一个用户的伤害;用Unix的术语来说，所有的Xv6进程都作为root运行。</p>
|
||||
<p>本书研究了xv6如何实现其类Unix接口，但这些思想和概念不仅仅适用于Unix。任何操作系统都必须在底层硬件上复用进程，彼此隔离进程，并提供受控制的进程间通讯机制。在学习了xv6之后，你应该去看看更复杂的操作系统，以及这些系统中与xv6相同的底层基本概念。 </p>
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|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
|
||||
# 1.5 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
Unix将“标准”文件描述符、管道和方便的shell语法结合起来进行操作，这是编写通用可重用程序方面的一大进步。这个想法引发了一种“软件工具”的文化，这种文化对Unix的强大和流行做出了卓越贡献，shell是第一个所谓的“脚本语言”。Unix系统调用接口今天仍然存在于BSD、Linux和MacOSx等系统中。
|
||||
|
||||
Unix系统调用接口已经通过便携式操作系统接口(POSIX)标准进行了标准化。Xv6与POSIX不兼容:它缺少许多系统调用(包括lseek等基本系统调用)，并且它提供的许多系统调用与标准不同。我们xv6的主要目标是简单明了，同时提供一个简单的类unix系统调用接口。为了运行基本的Unix程序，有些人扩展了xv6，增加了一些系统调用和一个简单的c库。然而，现代内核比xv6提供了更多的系统调用和更多种类的内核服务。例如，它们支持网络工作、窗口系统、用户级线程、许多设备的驱动程序等等。现代内核不断快速发展，提供了许多超越POSIX的特性。
|
||||
|
||||
Unix通过一组文件名和文件描述符接口统一访问多种类型的资源(文件、目录和设备)。这个想法可以扩展到更多种类的资源;一个很好的例子是Plan9，它将“资源是文件”的概念应用到网络、图形等等。然而，大多数unix衍生的操作系统并没有遵循这条路。
|
||||
|
||||
文件系统和文件描述符是强大的抽象。即便如此，还有其他的操作系统接口模型。Multics，Unix的前身，以一种看起来像内存的方式抽象了文件存储，产生了一种非常不同的接口风格。Multics设计的复杂性直接影响了Unix的设计者，他们试图使设计更简单。
|
||||
|
||||
Xv6没有提供一个用户概念或者保护一个用户不受另一个用户的伤害;用Unix的术语来说，所有的Xv6进程都作为root运行。
|
||||
|
||||
本书研究了xv6如何实现其类Unix接口，但这些思想和概念不仅仅适用于Unix。任何操作系统都必须在底层硬件上复用进程，彼此隔离进程，并提供受控制的进程间通讯机制。在学习了xv6之后，你应该去看看更复杂的操作系统，以及这些系统中与xv6相同的底层基本概念。
|
||||
@@ -1,853 +0,0 @@
|
||||
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
|
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<html lang="" >
|
||||
<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
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<title>1.6 练习 · 6.S081 All-In-One</title>
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<link rel="prev" href="s5.html" />
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<body>
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<nav role="navigation">
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<ul class="summary">
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|
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||||
<li class="header">概述</li>
|
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|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="../../../">
|
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|
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<a href="../../../">
|
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|
||||
|
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课程介绍
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li class="header">文档翻译</li>
|
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|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="../summary.html">
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<a href="../summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
book-riscv-rev1
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1" data-path="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第一章 操作系统接口
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.1" data-path="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.1 进程和内存
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.2" data-path="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.2 I/O和文件描述符
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.3" data-path="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.3 管道
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.4" data-path="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.4 文件系统
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.5" data-path="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.5 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter active" data-level="2.1.1.6" data-path="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.6 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2" data-path="../c2/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第二章 操作系统架构
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.1" data-path="../c2/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.1 抽象系统资源
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.2" data-path="../c2/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.3" data-path="../c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.3 内核组织
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.4" data-path="../c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.5" data-path="../c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.5 进程概述
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.6" data-path="../c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.7" data-path="../c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.8" data-path="../c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3" data-path="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
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# 1.6 练习
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编写一个使用UNIX系统调用的程序，通过一对管道在两个进程之间“ping-pong”一个字节（也就是像打乒乓球一样来回传递），每个方向一个管道。以每秒的交换次数为单位，测量程序的性能。
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|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1" data-path="../c1/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第一章 操作系统接口
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.1" data-path="../c1/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.1 进程和内存
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.2" data-path="../c1/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.2 I/O和文件描述符
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.3" data-path="../c1/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.3 管道
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.4" data-path="../c1/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.4 文件系统
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.5" data-path="../c1/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.5 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.6" data-path="../c1/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.6 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter active" data-level="2.1.2" data-path="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第二章 操作系统架构
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.1" data-path="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.1 抽象系统资源
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.2" data-path="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.3" data-path="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.3 内核组织
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.4" data-path="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.5" data-path="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.5 进程概述
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.6" data-path="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.7" data-path="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.8" data-path="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3" data-path="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.4" data-path="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.4 系统调用参数
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.5" data-path="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.5 从内核空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.6" data-path="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.6 页面错误异常
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.7" data-path="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.8" data-path="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">实验记录</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
版本控制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
实验内容
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2.1" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="divider"></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.gitbook.com" target="blank" class="gitbook-link">
|
||||
Published with GitBook
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="book-body">
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="body-inner">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="book-header" role="navigation">
|
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|
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|
||||
<!-- Title -->
|
||||
<h1>
|
||||
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
|
||||
<a href="../../.." >第二章 操作系统架构</a>
|
||||
</h1>
|
||||
</div>
|
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|
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|
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|
||||
|
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<div class="page-wrapper" tabindex="-1" role="main">
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<div class="page-inner">
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<div id="book-search-results">
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<div class="search-noresults">
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<section class="normal markdown-section">
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|
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<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#第二章-操作系统架构"><b></b>第二章 操作系统架构</a></li></ul></div><a href="#第二章-操作系统架构" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="第二章-操作系统架构"><a name="第二章-操作系统架构" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#第二章-操作系统架构"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>第二章 操作系统架构</h1>
|
||||
<p>操作系统的一个关键要求是同时支持多个活动。例如，使用第1章中描述的系统调用接口，一个进程可以用<code>fork</code>启动新进程。操作系统必须在这些进程之间分时使用计算机资源。例如，即使进程比硬件处理器多，操作系统也必须确保所有进程都有机会执行。操作系统还必须安排进程之间的隔离。也就是说，如果一个进程有错误和故障，它不应该影响不依赖于有错误的进程的进程。然而，完全隔离又太过头了，进程之间应当可以进行刻意为之的交互；管道就是一个例子。因此，操作系统必须满足三个要求：多路复用、隔离和交互。</p>
|
||||
<p>本章概述了如何组织操作系统来实现这三个要求。事实证明，有很多方法可以做到这一点，但是本文侧重于以<strong>宏内核</strong>为中心的主流设计，许多Unix操作系统都使用这种内核。本章还概述了xv6进程（它是xv6中的隔离单元）以及xv6启动时第一个进程的创建。</p>
|
||||
<p>Xv6运行在多核RISC-V微处理器上，它的许多低级功能（例如，它的进程实现）是特定于RISC-V的。RISC-V是一个64位的中央处理器，xv6是用基于“LP64”的C语言编写的，这意味着C语言中的<code>long</code>（L）和指针（P）变量都是64位的，但<code>int</code>是32位的。这本书假设读者已经在一些架构上做了一些机器级编程，并将在出现时介绍RISC-V特定的想法。RISC-V的一个有用的参考文献是《The RISC-V Reader: An Open Architecture Atlas》。用户级ISA和特权指令架构均是官方规范。</p>
|
||||
<p>完整计算机中的CPU被支撑硬件包围，其中大部分是以I/O接口的形式。Xv6是以qemu的“-machine virt”选项模拟的支撑硬件编写的。这包括RAM、包含引导代码的ROM、一个到用户键盘/屏幕的串行连接，以及一个用于存储的磁盘。 </p>
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@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
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# 第二章 操作系统架构
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操作系统的一个关键要求是同时支持多个活动。例如，使用第1章中描述的系统调用接口，一个进程可以用`fork`启动新进程。操作系统必须在这些进程之间分时使用计算机资源。例如，即使进程比硬件处理器多，操作系统也必须确保所有进程都有机会执行。操作系统还必须安排进程之间的隔离。也就是说，如果一个进程有错误和故障，它不应该影响不依赖于有错误的进程的进程。然而，完全隔离又太过头了，进程之间应当可以进行刻意为之的交互；管道就是一个例子。因此，操作系统必须满足三个要求：多路复用、隔离和交互。
|
||||
|
||||
本章概述了如何组织操作系统来实现这三个要求。事实证明，有很多方法可以做到这一点，但是本文侧重于以**宏内核**为中心的主流设计，许多Unix操作系统都使用这种内核。本章还概述了xv6进程（它是xv6中的隔离单元）以及xv6启动时第一个进程的创建。
|
||||
|
||||
Xv6运行在多核RISC-V微处理器上，它的许多低级功能（例如，它的进程实现）是特定于RISC-V的。RISC-V是一个64位的中央处理器，xv6是用基于“LP64”的C语言编写的，这意味着C语言中的`long`（L）和指针（P）变量都是64位的，但`int`是32位的。这本书假设读者已经在一些架构上做了一些机器级编程，并将在出现时介绍RISC-V特定的想法。RISC-V的一个有用的参考文献是《The RISC-V Reader: An Open Architecture Atlas》。用户级ISA和特权指令架构均是官方规范。
|
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|
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完整计算机中的CPU被支撑硬件包围，其中大部分是以I/O接口的形式。Xv6是以qemu的“-machine virt”选项模拟的支撑硬件编写的。这包括RAM、包含引导代码的ROM、一个到用户键盘/屏幕的串行连接，以及一个用于存储的磁盘。
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1.4 文件系统
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第二章 操作系统架构
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2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
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2.3 内核组织
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2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
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2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
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2.7 真实世界
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|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3" data-path="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.4" data-path="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.4 系统调用参数
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.5" data-path="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.5 从内核空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.6" data-path="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.6 页面错误异常
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.7" data-path="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.8" data-path="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">实验记录</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
版本控制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
实验内容
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2.1" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="divider"></li>
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|
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<li>
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<a href="https://www.gitbook.com" target="blank" class="gitbook-link">
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Published with GitBook
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||||
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</div>
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|
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<div class="book-body">
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||||
|
||||
<div class="body-inner">
|
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|
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|
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<div class="book-header" role="navigation">
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<!-- Title -->
|
||||
<h1>
|
||||
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
|
||||
<a href="../../.." >2.1 抽象系统资源</a>
|
||||
</h1>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
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<div class="page-wrapper" tabindex="-1" role="main">
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<div class="page-inner">
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<div id="book-search-results">
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<div class="search-noresults">
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<section class="normal markdown-section">
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||||
<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#21-抽象系统资源"><b></b>2.1 抽象系统资源</a></li></ul></div><a href="#21-抽象系统资源" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="21-抽象系统资源"><a name="21-抽象系统资源" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#21-抽象系统资源"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>2.1 抽象系统资源</h1>
|
||||
<p>当谈及操作系统时，人们可能会问的第一个问题是为什么需要它？也就是说，我们可以将图1.2中的系统调用实现为一个库，应用程序可以与之链接。在此方案中，每个应用程序甚至可以根据自己的需求定制自己的库。应用程序可以直接与硬件资源交互，并以应用程序的最佳方式使用这些资源（例如，实现高性能或可预测的性能）。一些嵌入式设备或实时系统的操作系统就是这样组织的。</p>
|
||||
<p>这种库函数方法的缺点是，如果有多个应用程序在运行，这些应用程序必须表现良好。例如，每个应用程序必须定期放弃中央处理器，以便其他应用程序能够运行。如果所有应用程序都相互信任并且没有错误，这种协同操作的分时方案可能是可以的。 然而更典型的情况是， 应用程序互不信任且存在bug，所以人们通常希望提供比合作方案更强的隔离。 </p>
|
||||
<p>为了实现强隔离， 最好禁止应用程序直接访问敏感的硬件资源，而是将资源抽象为服务。 例如，Unix应用程序只通过文件系统的<code>open</code>、<code>read</code>、<code>write</code>和<code>close</code>系统调用与存储交互，而不是直接读写磁盘。这为应用程序提供了方便实用的路径名，并允许操作系统（作为接口的实现者）管理磁盘。即使隔离不是一个问题，有意交互（或者只是希望互不干扰）的程序可能会发现文件系统比直接使用磁盘更方便。</p>
|
||||
<p>同样，Unix在进程之间透明地切换硬件处理器，根据需要保存和恢复寄存器状态，这样应用程序就不必意识到分时共享的存在。这种透明性允许操作系统共享处理器，即使有些应用程序处于无限循环中。</p>
|
||||
<p>另一个例子是，Unix进程使用<code>exec</code>来构建它们的内存映像，而不是直接与物理内存交互。这允许操作系统决定将一个进程放在内存中的哪里；如果内存很紧张，操作系统甚至可以将一个进程的一些数据存储在磁盘上。<code>exec</code>还为用户提供了存储可执行程序映像的文件系统的便利。</p>
|
||||
<p>Unix进程之间的许多交互形式都是通过文件描述符实现的。文件描述符不仅抽象了许多细节（例如，管道或文件中的数据存储在哪里），而且还以简化交互的方式进行了定义。例如，如果流水线中的一个应用程序失败了，内核会为流水线中的下一个进程生成文件结束信号（EOF）。</p>
|
||||
<p>图1.2中的系统调用接口是精心设计的，既为程序员提供了便利，又提供了强隔离的可能性。Unix接口不是抽象资源的唯一方法，但它已经被证明是一个非常好的方法 </p>
|
||||
<footer class="page-footer"><span class="copyright">copyright by duguosheng all right reserved，powered by Gitbook</span><span class="footer-modification">该文件修订时间：
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@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
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# 2.1 抽象系统资源
|
||||
|
||||
当谈及操作系统时，人们可能会问的第一个问题是为什么需要它？也就是说，我们可以将图1.2中的系统调用实现为一个库，应用程序可以与之链接。在此方案中，每个应用程序甚至可以根据自己的需求定制自己的库。应用程序可以直接与硬件资源交互，并以应用程序的最佳方式使用这些资源（例如，实现高性能或可预测的性能）。一些嵌入式设备或实时系统的操作系统就是这样组织的。
|
||||
|
||||
这种库函数方法的缺点是，如果有多个应用程序在运行，这些应用程序必须表现良好。例如，每个应用程序必须定期放弃中央处理器，以便其他应用程序能够运行。如果所有应用程序都相互信任并且没有错误，这种协同操作的分时方案可能是可以的。 然而更典型的情况是， 应用程序互不信任且存在bug，所以人们通常希望提供比合作方案更强的隔离。
|
||||
|
||||
为了实现强隔离， 最好禁止应用程序直接访问敏感的硬件资源，而是将资源抽象为服务。 例如，Unix应用程序只通过文件系统的`open`、`read`、`write`和`close`系统调用与存储交互，而不是直接读写磁盘。这为应用程序提供了方便实用的路径名，并允许操作系统（作为接口的实现者）管理磁盘。即使隔离不是一个问题，有意交互（或者只是希望互不干扰）的程序可能会发现文件系统比直接使用磁盘更方便。
|
||||
|
||||
同样，Unix在进程之间透明地切换硬件处理器，根据需要保存和恢复寄存器状态，这样应用程序就不必意识到分时共享的存在。这种透明性允许操作系统共享处理器，即使有些应用程序处于无限循环中。
|
||||
|
||||
另一个例子是，Unix进程使用`exec`来构建它们的内存映像，而不是直接与物理内存交互。这允许操作系统决定将一个进程放在内存中的哪里；如果内存很紧张，操作系统甚至可以将一个进程的一些数据存储在磁盘上。`exec`还为用户提供了存储可执行程序映像的文件系统的便利。
|
||||
|
||||
Unix进程之间的许多交互形式都是通过文件描述符实现的。文件描述符不仅抽象了许多细节（例如，管道或文件中的数据存储在哪里），而且还以简化交互的方式进行了定义。例如，如果流水线中的一个应用程序失败了，内核会为流水线中的下一个进程生成文件结束信号（EOF）。
|
||||
|
||||
图1.2中的系统调用接口是精心设计的，既为程序员提供了便利，又提供了强隔离的可能性。Unix接口不是抽象资源的唯一方法，但它已经被证明是一个非常好的方法
|
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@@ -1,861 +0,0 @@
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课程介绍
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book-riscv-rev1
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<a href="../c1/s0.html">
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第一章 操作系统接口
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<a href="../c1/s1.html">
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1.1 进程和内存
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</a>
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1.2 I/O和文件描述符
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</a>
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1.3 管道
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</a>
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</li>
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1.4 文件系统
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</a>
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<a href="../c1/s5.html">
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1.5 真实世界
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.6" data-path="../c1/s6.html">
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<a href="../c1/s6.html">
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1.6 练习
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<a href="s0.html">
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|
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第二章 操作系统架构
|
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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2.1 抽象系统资源
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</a>
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2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
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</a>
|
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|
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2.3 内核组织
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</a>
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|
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|
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|
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<a href="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
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|
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|
||||
|
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</li>
|
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2.5 进程概述
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</a>
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2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
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</a>
|
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|
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|
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|
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.7" data-path="s7.html">
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<a href="s7.html">
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2.7 真实世界
|
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</a>
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</li>
|
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|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.8" data-path="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3" data-path="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.4" data-path="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.4 系统调用参数
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.5" data-path="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.5 从内核空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.6" data-path="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.6 页面错误异常
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.7" data-path="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.8" data-path="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">实验记录</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
版本控制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
实验内容
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2.1" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
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||||
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||||
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<!-- Title -->
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<h1>
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<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
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<a href="../../.." >2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用</a>
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<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#22-用户态，核心态，以及系统调用"><b></b>2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用</a></li></ul></div><a href="#22-用户态，核心态，以及系统调用" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="22-用户态，核心态，以及系统调用"><a name="22-用户态，核心态，以及系统调用" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#22-用户态，核心态，以及系统调用"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用</h1>
|
||||
<blockquote>
|
||||
<p>[!NOTE]
|
||||
用户态=用户模式=目态</p>
|
||||
<p>核心态=管理模式=管态</p>
|
||||
</blockquote>
|
||||
<p>强隔离需要应用程序和操作系统之间的硬边界，如果应用程序出错，我们不希望操作系统失败或其他应用程序失败，相反，操作系统应该能够清理失败的应用程序，并继续运行其他应用程序，要实现强隔离，操作系统必须保证应用程序不能修改（甚至读取）操作系统的数据结构和指令，以及应用程序不能访问其他进程的内存。</p>
|
||||
<p>CPU为强隔离提供硬件支持。例如，RISC-V有三种CPU可以执行指令的模式：机器模式(Machine Mode)、用户模式(User Mode)和管理模式(Supervisor Mode)。在机器模式下执行的指令具有完全特权；CPU在机器模式下启动。机器模式主要用于配置计算机。Xv6在机器模式下执行很少的几行代码，然后更改为管理模式。</p>
|
||||
<p>在管理模式下，CPU被允许执行特权指令：例如，启用和禁用中断、读取和写入保存页表地址的寄存器等。如果用户模式下的应用程序试图执行特权指令，那么CPU不会执行该指令，而是切换到管理模式，以便管理模式代码可以终止应用程序，因为它做了它不应该做的事情。第1章中的图1.1说明了这种组织。应用程序只能执行用户模式的指令（例如，数字相加等），并被称为在<strong>用户空间</strong>中运行，而此时处于管理模式下的软件可以执行特权指令，并被称为在<strong>内核空间</strong>中运行。在内核空间（或管理模式）中运行的软件被称为内核。</p>
|
||||
<p>想要调用内核函数的应用程序（例如xv6中的<code>read</code>系统调用）必须过渡到内核。CPU提供一个特殊的指令，将CPU从用户模式切换到管理模式，并在内核指定的入口点进入内核（RISC-V为此提供<code>ecall</code>指令）。一旦CPU切换到管理模式，内核就可以验证系统调用的参数，决定是否允许应用程序执行请求的操作，然后拒绝它或执行它。由内核控制转换到管理模式的入口点是很重要的；如果应用程序可以决定内核入口点， 那么恶意应用程序可以在跳过参数验证的地方进入内核。 </p>
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<script src="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-code-optimize/plugin.js"></script>
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|
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</body>
|
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</html>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
|
||||
# 2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
> [!NOTE]
|
||||
> 用户态=用户模式=目态
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 核心态=管理模式=管态
|
||||
|
||||
强隔离需要应用程序和操作系统之间的硬边界，如果应用程序出错，我们不希望操作系统失败或其他应用程序失败，相反，操作系统应该能够清理失败的应用程序，并继续运行其他应用程序，要实现强隔离，操作系统必须保证应用程序不能修改（甚至读取）操作系统的数据结构和指令，以及应用程序不能访问其他进程的内存。
|
||||
|
||||
CPU为强隔离提供硬件支持。例如，RISC-V有三种CPU可以执行指令的模式：机器模式(Machine Mode)、用户模式(User Mode)和管理模式(Supervisor Mode)。在机器模式下执行的指令具有完全特权；CPU在机器模式下启动。机器模式主要用于配置计算机。Xv6在机器模式下执行很少的几行代码，然后更改为管理模式。
|
||||
|
||||
在管理模式下，CPU被允许执行特权指令：例如，启用和禁用中断、读取和写入保存页表地址的寄存器等。如果用户模式下的应用程序试图执行特权指令，那么CPU不会执行该指令，而是切换到管理模式，以便管理模式代码可以终止应用程序，因为它做了它不应该做的事情。第1章中的图1.1说明了这种组织。应用程序只能执行用户模式的指令（例如，数字相加等），并被称为在**用户空间**中运行，而此时处于管理模式下的软件可以执行特权指令，并被称为在**内核空间**中运行。在内核空间（或管理模式）中运行的软件被称为内核。
|
||||
|
||||
想要调用内核函数的应用程序（例如xv6中的`read`系统调用）必须过渡到内核。CPU提供一个特殊的指令，将CPU从用户模式切换到管理模式，并在内核指定的入口点进入内核（RISC-V为此提供`ecall`指令）。一旦CPU切换到管理模式，内核就可以验证系统调用的参数，决定是否允许应用程序执行请求的操作，然后拒绝它或执行它。由内核控制转换到管理模式的入口点是很重要的；如果应用程序可以决定内核入口点， 那么恶意应用程序可以在跳过参数验证的地方进入内核。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,864 +0,0 @@
|
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|
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<html lang="" >
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<title>2.3 内核组织 · 6.S081 All-In-One</title>
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<body>
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<nav role="navigation">
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<li class="header">概述</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="../../../">
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<a href="../../../">
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课程介绍
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="header">文档翻译</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="../summary.html">
|
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<a href="../summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
book-riscv-rev1
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1" data-path="../c1/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第一章 操作系统接口
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.1" data-path="../c1/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.1 进程和内存
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.2" data-path="../c1/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.2 I/O和文件描述符
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.3" data-path="../c1/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.3 管道
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.4" data-path="../c1/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.4 文件系统
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.5" data-path="../c1/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.5 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.6" data-path="../c1/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.6 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2" data-path="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第二章 操作系统架构
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.1" data-path="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.1 抽象系统资源
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.2" data-path="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter active" data-level="2.1.2.3" data-path="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.3 内核组织
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.4" data-path="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.5" data-path="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.5 进程概述
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.6" data-path="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.7" data-path="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.8" data-path="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3" data-path="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.4" data-path="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.4 系统调用参数
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.5" data-path="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.5 从内核空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.6" data-path="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.6 页面错误异常
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.7" data-path="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
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版本控制
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实验内容
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
||||
|
||||
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|
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|
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<a href="../../.." >2.3 内核组织</a>
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<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#23-内核组织"><b></b>2.3 内核组织</a></li></ul></div><a href="#23-内核组织" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="23-内核组织"><a name="23-内核组织" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#23-内核组织"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>2.3 内核组织</h1>
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<p>一个关键的设计问题是操作系统的哪些部分应该以管理模式运行。一种可能是整个操作系统都驻留在内核中，这样所有系统调用的实现都以管理模式运行。这种组织被称为<strong>宏内核（monolithic kernel）</strong>。</p>
|
||||
<p>在这种组织中，整个操作系统以完全的硬件特权运行。这个组织很方便，因为操作系统设计者不必考虑操作系统的哪一部分不需要完全的硬件特权。此外，操作系统的不同部分更容易合作。例如，一个操作系统可能有一个可以由文件系统和虚拟内存系统共享的数据缓存区。</p>
|
||||
<p>宏组织的一个缺点是操作系统不同部分之间的接口通常很复杂（正如我们将在本文的其余部分中看到的），因此操作系统开发人员很容易犯错误。在宏内核中，一个错误就可能是致命的，因为管理模式中的错误经常会导致内核失败。如果内核失败，计算机停止工作，因此所有应用程序也会失败。计算机必须重启才能再次使用。</p>
|
||||
<p>为了降低内核出错的风险，操作系统设计者可以最大限度地减少在管理模式下运行的操作系统代码量，并在用户模式下执行大部分操作系统。这种内核组织被称为<strong>微内核（microkernel）</strong>。</p>
|
||||
<p><img src="../images/c2/p1.png" alt="img"></p>
|
||||
<p>图2.1说明了这种微内核设计。在图中，文件系统作为用户级进程运行。作为进程运行的操作系统服务被称为服务器。为了允许应用程序与文件服务器交互，内核提供了允许从一个用户态进程向另一个用户态进程发送消息的进程间通信机制。例如，如果像shell这样的应用程序想要读取或写入文件，它会向文件服务器发送消息并等待响应。</p>
|
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<blockquote>
|
||||
<p>[!TIP|label:TIPS]
|
||||
由于客户/服务器（<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/Client/Server" target="_blank">Client/Server</a>）模式，具有非常多的优点，故在单机<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/微内核" target="_blank">微内核</a>操作系统中几乎无一例外地都采用客户/服务器模式，将操作系统中最基本的部分放入内核中，而把操作系统的绝大部分功能都放在微内核外面的一组服务器(<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/进程" target="_blank">进程</a>)中实现。</p>
|
||||
</blockquote>
|
||||
<p>在微内核中，内核接口由一些用于启动应用程序、发送消息、访问设备硬件等的低级功能组成。这种组织允许内核相对简单，因为大多数操作系统驻留在用户级服务器中。</p>
|
||||
<p>像大多数Unix操作系统一样，Xv6是作为一个宏内核实现的。因此，xv6内核接口对应于操作系统接口，内核实现了完整的操作系统。由于xv6不提供太多服务，它的内核可以比一些微内核还小，但从概念上说xv6属于宏内核 </p>
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@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
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# 2.3 内核组织
|
||||
|
||||
一个关键的设计问题是操作系统的哪些部分应该以管理模式运行。一种可能是整个操作系统都驻留在内核中，这样所有系统调用的实现都以管理模式运行。这种组织被称为**宏内核（monolithic kernel）**。
|
||||
|
||||
在这种组织中，整个操作系统以完全的硬件特权运行。这个组织很方便，因为操作系统设计者不必考虑操作系统的哪一部分不需要完全的硬件特权。此外，操作系统的不同部分更容易合作。例如，一个操作系统可能有一个可以由文件系统和虚拟内存系统共享的数据缓存区。
|
||||
|
||||
宏组织的一个缺点是操作系统不同部分之间的接口通常很复杂（正如我们将在本文的其余部分中看到的），因此操作系统开发人员很容易犯错误。在宏内核中，一个错误就可能是致命的，因为管理模式中的错误经常会导致内核失败。如果内核失败，计算机停止工作，因此所有应用程序也会失败。计算机必须重启才能再次使用。
|
||||
|
||||
为了降低内核出错的风险，操作系统设计者可以最大限度地减少在管理模式下运行的操作系统代码量，并在用户模式下执行大部分操作系统。这种内核组织被称为**微内核（microkernel）**。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图2.1说明了这种微内核设计。在图中，文件系统作为用户级进程运行。作为进程运行的操作系统服务被称为服务器。为了允许应用程序与文件服务器交互，内核提供了允许从一个用户态进程向另一个用户态进程发送消息的进程间通信机制。例如，如果像shell这样的应用程序想要读取或写入文件，它会向文件服务器发送消息并等待响应。
|
||||
|
||||
> [!TIP|label:TIPS]
|
||||
> 由于客户/服务器（[Client/Server](https://baike.baidu.com/item/Client/Server)）模式，具有非常多的优点，故在单机[微内核](https://baike.baidu.com/item/微内核)操作系统中几乎无一例外地都采用客户/服务器模式，将操作系统中最基本的部分放入内核中，而把操作系统的绝大部分功能都放在微内核外面的一组服务器([进程](https://baike.baidu.com/item/进程))中实现。
|
||||
|
||||
在微内核中，内核接口由一些用于启动应用程序、发送消息、访问设备硬件等的低级功能组成。这种组织允许内核相对简单，因为大多数操作系统驻留在用户级服务器中。
|
||||
|
||||
像大多数Unix操作系统一样，Xv6是作为一个宏内核实现的。因此，xv6内核接口对应于操作系统接口，内核实现了完整的操作系统。由于xv6不提供太多服务，它的内核可以比一些微内核还小，但从概念上说xv6属于宏内核
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-chapter-fold/chapter-fold.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-code-optimize/plugin.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-splitter/splitter.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-pageview-count/plugin.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-donate/plugin.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-tbfed-pagefooter/footer.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-flexible-alerts/style.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-ancre-navigation/style/plugin.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-fontsettings/website.css">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/>
|
||||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, user-scalable=no">
|
||||
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
|
||||
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black">
|
||||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../../gitbook/images/apple-touch-icon-precomposed-152.png">
|
||||
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../../gitbook/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="next" href="s5.html" />
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="prev" href="s3.html" />
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="book">
|
||||
<div class="book-summary">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="book-search-input" role="search">
|
||||
<input type="text" placeholder="Type to search" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<nav role="navigation">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="summary">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">概述</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="../../../">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
课程介绍
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">文档翻译</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="../summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
book-riscv-rev1
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1" data-path="../c1/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第一章 操作系统接口
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.1" data-path="../c1/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.1 进程和内存
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.2" data-path="../c1/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.2 I/O和文件描述符
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.3" data-path="../c1/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.3 管道
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.4" data-path="../c1/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.4 文件系统
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.5" data-path="../c1/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.5 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.6" data-path="../c1/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.6 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2" data-path="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第二章 操作系统架构
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.1" data-path="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.1 抽象系统资源
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.2" data-path="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.3" data-path="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.3 内核组织
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter active" data-level="2.1.2.4" data-path="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.5" data-path="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.5 进程概述
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.6" data-path="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.7" data-path="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.8" data-path="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3" data-path="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.4" data-path="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.4 系统调用参数
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.5" data-path="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.5 从内核空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.6" data-path="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.6 页面错误异常
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.7" data-path="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.8" data-path="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">实验记录</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
版本控制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
实验内容
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2.1" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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<!-- Title -->
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<h1>
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<a href="../../.." >2.4 代码：XV6架构篇</a>
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<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#24-代码（xv6架构篇）"><b></b>2.4 代码（XV6架构篇）</a></li></ul></div><a href="#24-代码（xv6架构篇）" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="24-代码（xv6架构篇）"><a name="24-代码（xv6架构篇）" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#24-代码（xv6架构篇）"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>2.4 代码（XV6架构篇）</h1>
|
||||
<p>XV6的源代码位于<strong><em>kernel/</em></strong>子目录中，源代码按照模块化的概念划分为多个文件，图2.2列出了这些文件，模块间的接口都被定义在了<strong><em>def.h</em></strong>（<strong><em>kernel/defs.h</em></strong>）。</p>
|
||||
<table>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><strong>文件</strong></th>
|
||||
<th><strong>描述</strong></th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>bio.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>文件系统的磁盘块缓存</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>console.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>连接到用户的键盘和屏幕</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>entry.S</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>首次启动指令</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>exec.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td><code>exec()</code>系统调用</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>file.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>文件描述符支持</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>fs.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>文件系统</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>kalloc.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>物理页面分配器</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>kernelvec.S</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>处理来自内核的陷入指令以及计时器中断</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>log.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>文件系统日志记录以及崩溃修复</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>main.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>在启动过程中控制其他模块初始化</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>pipe.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>管道</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>plic.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>RISC-V中断控制器</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>printf.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>格式化输出到控制台</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>proc.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>进程和调度</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>sleeplock.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>Locks that yield the CPU</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>spinlock.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>Locks that don’t yield the CPU.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>start.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>早期机器模式启动代码</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>string.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>字符串和字节数组库</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>swtch.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>线程切换</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>syscall.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>Dispatch system calls to handling function.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>sysfile.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>文件相关的系统调用</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>sysproc.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>进程相关的系统调用</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>trampoline.S</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>用于在用户和内核之间切换的汇编代码</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>trap.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>对陷入指令和中断进行处理并返回的C代码</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>uart.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>串口控制台设备驱动程序</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>virtio_disk.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>磁盘设备驱动程序</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong><em>vm.c</em></strong></td>
|
||||
<td>管理页表和地址空间</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
<p>​ <strong>图2.2：XV6内核源文件</strong></p>
|
||||
<footer class="page-footer"><span class="copyright">copyright by duguosheng all right reserved，powered by Gitbook</span><span class="footer-modification">该文件修订时间：
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@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
|
||||
# 2.4 代码（XV6架构篇）
|
||||
|
||||
XV6的源代码位于***kernel/***子目录中，源代码按照模块化的概念划分为多个文件，图2.2列出了这些文件，模块间的接口都被定义在了***def.h***（***kernel/defs.h***）。
|
||||
|
||||
| **文件** | **描述** |
|
||||
| ------------------- | ------------------------------------------- |
|
||||
| ***bio.c*** | 文件系统的磁盘块缓存 |
|
||||
| ***console.c*** | 连接到用户的键盘和屏幕 |
|
||||
| ***entry.S*** | 首次启动指令 |
|
||||
| ***exec.c*** | `exec()`系统调用 |
|
||||
| ***file.c*** | 文件描述符支持 |
|
||||
| ***fs.c*** | 文件系统 |
|
||||
| ***kalloc.c*** | 物理页面分配器 |
|
||||
| ***kernelvec.S*** | 处理来自内核的陷入指令以及计时器中断 |
|
||||
| ***log.c*** | 文件系统日志记录以及崩溃修复 |
|
||||
| ***main.c*** | 在启动过程中控制其他模块初始化 |
|
||||
| ***pipe.c*** | 管道 |
|
||||
| ***plic.c*** | RISC-V中断控制器 |
|
||||
| ***printf.c*** | 格式化输出到控制台 |
|
||||
| ***proc.c*** | 进程和调度 |
|
||||
| ***sleeplock.c*** | Locks that yield the CPU |
|
||||
| ***spinlock.c*** | Locks that don’t yield the CPU. |
|
||||
| ***start.c*** | 早期机器模式启动代码 |
|
||||
| ***string.c*** | 字符串和字节数组库 |
|
||||
| ***swtch.c*** | 线程切换 |
|
||||
| ***syscall.c*** | Dispatch system calls to handling function. |
|
||||
| ***sysfile.c*** | 文件相关的系统调用 |
|
||||
| ***sysproc.c*** | 进程相关的系统调用 |
|
||||
| ***trampoline.S*** | 用于在用户和内核之间切换的汇编代码 |
|
||||
| ***trap.c*** | 对陷入指令和中断进行处理并返回的C代码 |
|
||||
| ***uart.c*** | 串口控制台设备驱动程序 |
|
||||
| ***virtio_disk.c*** | 磁盘设备驱动程序 |
|
||||
| ***vm.c*** | 管理页表和地址空间 |
|
||||
|
||||
**图2.2：XV6内核源文件**
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,862 +0,0 @@
|
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<input type="text" placeholder="Type to search" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<nav role="navigation">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="summary">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">概述</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="../../../">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
课程介绍
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">文档翻译</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="../summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
book-riscv-rev1
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1" data-path="../c1/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第一章 操作系统接口
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.1" data-path="../c1/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.1 进程和内存
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.2" data-path="../c1/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.2 I/O和文件描述符
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.3" data-path="../c1/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.3 管道
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.4" data-path="../c1/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.4 文件系统
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.5" data-path="../c1/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.5 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.6" data-path="../c1/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.6 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2" data-path="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第二章 操作系统架构
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.1" data-path="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.1 抽象系统资源
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.2" data-path="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.3" data-path="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.3 内核组织
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.4" data-path="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter active" data-level="2.1.2.5" data-path="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.5 进程概述
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.6" data-path="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.7" data-path="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.8" data-path="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3" data-path="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.4" data-path="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.4 系统调用参数
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.5" data-path="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.5 从内核空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.6" data-path="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.6 页面错误异常
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.7" data-path="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.8" data-path="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">实验记录</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
版本控制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
实验内容
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2.1" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="divider"></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.gitbook.com" target="blank" class="gitbook-link">
|
||||
Published with GitBook
|
||||
</a>
|
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</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="book-body">
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||||
|
||||
<div class="body-inner">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="book-header" role="navigation">
|
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|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Title -->
|
||||
<h1>
|
||||
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
|
||||
<a href="../../.." >2.5 进程概述</a>
|
||||
</h1>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="page-wrapper" tabindex="-1" role="main">
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<div class="page-inner">
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<div id="book-search-results">
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<div class="search-noresults">
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<section class="normal markdown-section">
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|
||||
<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#25-进程概述"><b></b>2.5 进程概述</a></li></ul></div><a href="#25-进程概述" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="25-进程概述"><a name="25-进程概述" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#25-进程概述"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>2.5 进程概述</h1>
|
||||
<p>Xv6（和其他Unix操作系统一样）中的隔离单位是一个进程。进程抽象防止一个进程破坏或监视另一个进程的内存、CPU、文件描述符等。它还防止一个进程破坏内核本身，这样一个进程就不能破坏内核的隔离机制。内核必须小心地实现进程抽象，因为一个有缺陷或恶意的应用程序可能会欺骗内核或硬件做坏事（例如，绕过隔离）。内核用来实现进程的机制包括用户/管理模式标志、地址空间和线程的时间切片。</p>
|
||||
<p>为了帮助加强隔离，进程抽象给程序提供了一种错觉，即它有自己的专用机器。进程为程序提供了一个看起来像是私有内存系统或地址空间的东西，其他进程不能读取或写入。进程还为程序提供了看起来像是自己的CPU来执行程序的指令。</p>
|
||||
<p>Xv6使用页表（由硬件实现）为每个进程提供自己的地址空间。RISC-V页表将虚拟地址（RISC-V指令操纵的地址）转换（或“映射”）为物理地址（CPU芯片发送到主存储器的地址）。</p>
|
||||
<p><img src="../images/c2/p2.png" alt="img"></p>
|
||||
<p>Xv6为每个进程维护一个单独的页表，定义了该进程的地址空间。如图2.3所示，以虚拟内存地址0开始的进程的用户内存地址空间。首先是指令，然后是全局变量，然后是栈区，最后是一个堆区域（用于<code>malloc</code>）以供进程根据需要进行扩展。有许多因素限制了进程地址空间的最大范围： RISC-V上的指针有64位宽；硬件在页表中查找虚拟地址时只使用低39位；xv6只使用这39位中的38位。因此，最大地址是2^38-1=0x3fffffffff，即<code>MAXVA</code>（定义在<strong><em>kernel/riscv.h</em></strong>:348）。在地址空间的顶部，xv6为<code>trampoline</code>（用于在用户和内核之间切换）和映射进程切换到内核的<code>trapframe</code>分别保留了一个页面，正如我们将在第4章中解释的那样。</p>
|
||||
<p>xv6内核为每个进程维护许多状态片段，并将它们聚集到一个<code>proc</code>(<strong><em>kernel/proc.h</em></strong>:86)结构体中。一个进程最重要的内核状态片段是它的页表、内核栈区和运行状态。我们将使用符号<code>p->xxx</code>来引用<code>proc</code>结构体的元素；例如，<code>p->pagetable</code>是一个指向该进程页表的指针。</p>
|
||||
<p>每个进程都有一个执行线程（或简称线程）来执行进程的指令。一个线程可以挂起并且稍后再恢复。为了透明地在进程之间切换，内核挂起当前运行的线程，并恢复另一个进程的线程。线程的大部分状态（本地变量、函数调用返回地址）存储在线程的栈区上。每个进程有两个栈区：一个用户栈区和一个内核栈区（<code>p->kstack</code>）。当进程执行用户指令时，只有它的用户栈在使用，它的内核栈是空的。当进程进入内核（由于系统调用或中断）时，内核代码在进程的内核堆栈上执行；当一个进程在内核中时，它的用户堆栈仍然包含保存的数据，只是不处于活动状态。进程的线程在主动使用它的用户栈和内核栈之间交替。内核栈是独立的（并且不受用户代码的保护），因此即使一个进程破坏了它的用户栈，内核依然可以正常运行。</p>
|
||||
<p>一个进程可以通过执行RISC-V的<code>ecall</code>指令进行系统调用，该指令提升硬件特权级别，并将程序计数器（PC）更改为内核定义的入口点，入口点的代码切换到内核栈，执行实现系统调用的内核指令，当系统调用完成时，内核切换回用户栈，并通过调用<code>sret</code>指令返回用户空间，该指令降低了硬件特权级别，并在系统调用指令刚结束时恢复执行用户指令。进程的线程可以在内核中“阻塞”等待I/O，并在I/O完成后恢复到中断的位置。</p>
|
||||
<p><code>p->state</code>表明进程是已分配、就绪态、运行态、等待I/O中（阻塞态）还是退出。</p>
|
||||
<p><code>p->pagetable</code>以RISC-V硬件所期望的格式保存进程的页表。当在用户空间执行进程时，Xv6让分页硬件使用进程的<code>p->pagetable</code>。一个进程的页表也可以作为已分配给该进程用于存储进程内存的物理页面地址的记录。 </p>
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@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
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# 2.5 进程概述
|
||||
|
||||
Xv6（和其他Unix操作系统一样）中的隔离单位是一个进程。进程抽象防止一个进程破坏或监视另一个进程的内存、CPU、文件描述符等。它还防止一个进程破坏内核本身，这样一个进程就不能破坏内核的隔离机制。内核必须小心地实现进程抽象，因为一个有缺陷或恶意的应用程序可能会欺骗内核或硬件做坏事（例如，绕过隔离）。内核用来实现进程的机制包括用户/管理模式标志、地址空间和线程的时间切片。
|
||||
|
||||
为了帮助加强隔离，进程抽象给程序提供了一种错觉，即它有自己的专用机器。进程为程序提供了一个看起来像是私有内存系统或地址空间的东西，其他进程不能读取或写入。进程还为程序提供了看起来像是自己的CPU来执行程序的指令。
|
||||
|
||||
Xv6使用页表（由硬件实现）为每个进程提供自己的地址空间。RISC-V页表将虚拟地址（RISC-V指令操纵的地址）转换（或“映射”）为物理地址（CPU芯片发送到主存储器的地址）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Xv6为每个进程维护一个单独的页表，定义了该进程的地址空间。如图2.3所示，以虚拟内存地址0开始的进程的用户内存地址空间。首先是指令，然后是全局变量，然后是栈区，最后是一个堆区域（用于`malloc`）以供进程根据需要进行扩展。有许多因素限制了进程地址空间的最大范围： RISC-V上的指针有64位宽；硬件在页表中查找虚拟地址时只使用低39位；xv6只使用这39位中的38位。因此，最大地址是2^38-1=0x3fffffffff，即`MAXVA`（定义在***kernel/riscv.h***:348）。在地址空间的顶部，xv6为`trampoline`（用于在用户和内核之间切换）和映射进程切换到内核的`trapframe`分别保留了一个页面，正如我们将在第4章中解释的那样。
|
||||
|
||||
xv6内核为每个进程维护许多状态片段，并将它们聚集到一个`proc`(***kernel/proc.h***:86)结构体中。一个进程最重要的内核状态片段是它的页表、内核栈区和运行状态。我们将使用符号`p->xxx`来引用`proc`结构体的元素；例如，`p->pagetable`是一个指向该进程页表的指针。
|
||||
|
||||
每个进程都有一个执行线程（或简称线程）来执行进程的指令。一个线程可以挂起并且稍后再恢复。为了透明地在进程之间切换，内核挂起当前运行的线程，并恢复另一个进程的线程。线程的大部分状态（本地变量、函数调用返回地址）存储在线程的栈区上。每个进程有两个栈区：一个用户栈区和一个内核栈区（`p->kstack`）。当进程执行用户指令时，只有它的用户栈在使用，它的内核栈是空的。当进程进入内核（由于系统调用或中断）时，内核代码在进程的内核堆栈上执行；当一个进程在内核中时，它的用户堆栈仍然包含保存的数据，只是不处于活动状态。进程的线程在主动使用它的用户栈和内核栈之间交替。内核栈是独立的（并且不受用户代码的保护），因此即使一个进程破坏了它的用户栈，内核依然可以正常运行。
|
||||
|
||||
一个进程可以通过执行RISC-V的`ecall`指令进行系统调用，该指令提升硬件特权级别，并将程序计数器（PC）更改为内核定义的入口点，入口点的代码切换到内核栈，执行实现系统调用的内核指令，当系统调用完成时，内核切换回用户栈，并通过调用`sret`指令返回用户空间，该指令降低了硬件特权级别，并在系统调用指令刚结束时恢复执行用户指令。进程的线程可以在内核中“阻塞”等待I/O，并在I/O完成后恢复到中断的位置。
|
||||
|
||||
`p->state`表明进程是已分配、就绪态、运行态、等待I/O中（阻塞态）还是退出。
|
||||
|
||||
`p->pagetable`以RISC-V硬件所期望的格式保存进程的页表。当在用户空间执行进程时，Xv6让分页硬件使用进程的`p->pagetable`。一个进程的页表也可以作为已分配给该进程用于存储进程内存的物理页面地址的记录。
|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1" data-path="../c1/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第一章 操作系统接口
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.1" data-path="../c1/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.1 进程和内存
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.2" data-path="../c1/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.2 I/O和文件描述符
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.3" data-path="../c1/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.3 管道
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.4" data-path="../c1/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.4 文件系统
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.5" data-path="../c1/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.5 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.6" data-path="../c1/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.6 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2" data-path="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第二章 操作系统架构
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.1" data-path="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.1 抽象系统资源
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.2" data-path="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.3" data-path="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.3 内核组织
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.4" data-path="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.5" data-path="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.5 进程概述
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter active" data-level="2.1.2.6" data-path="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.7" data-path="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.8" data-path="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3" data-path="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.4" data-path="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.4 系统调用参数
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.5" data-path="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.5 从内核空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.6" data-path="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.6 页面错误异常
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.7" data-path="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.8" data-path="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">实验记录</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
版本控制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
实验内容
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2.1" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="divider"></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.gitbook.com" target="blank" class="gitbook-link">
|
||||
Published with GitBook
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="book-body">
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="body-inner">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="book-header" role="navigation">
|
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|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Title -->
|
||||
<h1>
|
||||
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
|
||||
<a href="../../.." >2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程</a>
|
||||
</h1>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
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<div class="page-wrapper" tabindex="-1" role="main">
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<div id="book-search-results">
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<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#26-代码（启动xv6和第一个进程）"><b></b>2.6 代码（启动XV6和第一个进程）</a></li></ul></div><a href="#26-代码（启动xv6和第一个进程）" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="26-代码（启动xv6和第一个进程）"><a name="26-代码（启动xv6和第一个进程）" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#26-代码（启动xv6和第一个进程）"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>2.6 代码（启动XV6和第一个进程）</h1>
|
||||
<p>为了使xv6更加具体，我们将概述内核如何启动和运行第一个进程。接下来的章节将更详细地描述本概述中显示的机制。</p>
|
||||
<p>当RISC-V计算机上电时，它会初始化自己并运行一个存储在只读内存中的引导加载程序。引导加载程序将xv6内核加载到内存中。然后，在机器模式下，中央处理器从<code>_entry</code> (<strong><em>kernel/entry.S</em></strong>:6)开始运行xv6。Xv6启动时页式硬件（paging hardware）处于禁用模式：也就是说虚拟地址将直接映射到物理地址。</p>
|
||||
<p>加载程序将xv6内核加载到物理地址为<code>0x80000000</code>的内存中。它将内核放在<code>0x80000000</code>而不是<code>0x0</code>的原因是地址范围<code>0x0:0x80000000</code>包含I/O设备。</p>
|
||||
<p><code>_entry</code>的指令设置了一个栈区，这样xv6就可以运行C代码。Xv6在<strong><em>start. c (kernel/start.c:11)</em></strong>文件中为初始栈<strong><em>stack0</em></strong>声明了空间。由于RISC-V上的栈是向下扩展的，所以<code>_entry</code>的代码将栈顶地址<code>stack0+4096</code>加载到栈顶指针寄存器<code>sp</code>中。现在内核有了栈区，<code>_entry</code>便调用C代码<code>start</code>(<strong><em>kernel/start.c</em></strong>:21)。</p>
|
||||
<p>函数<code>start</code>执行一些仅在机器模式下允许的配置，然后切换到管理模式。RISC-V提供指令<code>mret</code>以进入管理模式，该指令最常用于将管理模式切换到机器模式的调用中返回。而<code>start</code>并非从这样的调用返回，而是执行以下操作：它在寄存器<code>mstatus</code>中将先前的运行模式改为管理模式，它通过将<code>main</code>函数的地址写入寄存器<code>mepc</code>将返回地址设为<code>main</code>，它通过向页表寄存器<code>satp</code>写入0来在管理模式下禁用虚拟地址转换，并将所有的中断和异常委托给管理模式。</p>
|
||||
<p>在进入管理模式之前，<code>start</code>还要执行另一项任务：对时钟芯片进行编程以产生计时器中断。清理完这些“家务”后，<code>start</code>通过调用<code>mret</code>“返回”到管理模式。这将导致程序计数器（PC）的值更改为<code>main</code>(<strong><em>kernel/main.c</em></strong>:11)函数地址。</p>
|
||||
<blockquote>
|
||||
<p>[!TIP|label:TIPS]
|
||||
<strong>注：</strong><code>mret</code>执行返回，返回到先前状态，由于<code>start</code>函数将前模式改为了管理模式且返回地址改为了<code>main</code>,因此<code>mret</code>将返回到<code>main</code>函数，并以管理模式运行</p>
|
||||
</blockquote>
|
||||
<p>在<code>main</code>(<strong><em>kernel/main.c</em></strong>:11)初始化几个设备和子系统后，便通过调用<code>userinit</code> (<strong><em>kernel/proc.c</em></strong>:212)创建第一个进程，第一个进程执行一个用RISC-V程序集写的小型程序：<strong><em>initcode. S</em></strong> (<strong><em>user/initcode.S:</em></strong>1)，它通过调用<code>exec</code>系统调用重新进入内核。正如我们在第1章中看到的，<code>exec</code>用一个新程序（本例中为 <code>/init</code>）替换当前进程的内存和寄存器。一旦内核完成<code>exec</code>，它就返回<code>/init</code>进程中的用户空间。如果需要，<code>init</code>(<strong><em>user/init.c</em></strong>:15)将创建一个新的控制台设备文件，然后以文件描述符0、1和2打开它。然后它在控制台上启动一个shell。系统就这样启动了。 </p>
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@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
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# 2.6 代码（启动XV6和第一个进程）
|
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|
||||
为了使xv6更加具体，我们将概述内核如何启动和运行第一个进程。接下来的章节将更详细地描述本概述中显示的机制。
|
||||
|
||||
当RISC-V计算机上电时，它会初始化自己并运行一个存储在只读内存中的引导加载程序。引导加载程序将xv6内核加载到内存中。然后，在机器模式下，中央处理器从`_entry` (***kernel/entry.S***:6)开始运行xv6。Xv6启动时页式硬件（paging hardware）处于禁用模式：也就是说虚拟地址将直接映射到物理地址。
|
||||
|
||||
加载程序将xv6内核加载到物理地址为`0x80000000`的内存中。它将内核放在`0x80000000`而不是`0x0`的原因是地址范围`0x0:0x80000000`包含I/O设备。
|
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|
||||
`_entry`的指令设置了一个栈区，这样xv6就可以运行C代码。Xv6在***start. c (kernel/start.c:11)***文件中为初始栈***stack0***声明了空间。由于RISC-V上的栈是向下扩展的，所以`_entry`的代码将栈顶地址`stack0+4096`加载到栈顶指针寄存器`sp`中。现在内核有了栈区，`_entry`便调用C代码`start`(***kernel/start.c***:21)。
|
||||
|
||||
函数`start`执行一些仅在机器模式下允许的配置，然后切换到管理模式。RISC-V提供指令`mret`以进入管理模式，该指令最常用于将管理模式切换到机器模式的调用中返回。而`start`并非从这样的调用返回，而是执行以下操作：它在寄存器`mstatus`中将先前的运行模式改为管理模式，它通过将`main`函数的地址写入寄存器`mepc`将返回地址设为`main`，它通过向页表寄存器`satp`写入0来在管理模式下禁用虚拟地址转换，并将所有的中断和异常委托给管理模式。
|
||||
|
||||
在进入管理模式之前，`start`还要执行另一项任务：对时钟芯片进行编程以产生计时器中断。清理完这些“家务”后，`start`通过调用`mret`“返回”到管理模式。这将导致程序计数器（PC）的值更改为`main`(***kernel/main.c***:11)函数地址。
|
||||
|
||||
> [!TIP|label:TIPS]
|
||||
> **注：**`mret`执行返回，返回到先前状态，由于`start`函数将前模式改为了管理模式且返回地址改为了`main`,因此`mret`将返回到`main`函数，并以管理模式运行
|
||||
|
||||
在`main`(***kernel/main.c***:11)初始化几个设备和子系统后，便通过调用`userinit` (***kernel/proc.c***:212)创建第一个进程，第一个进程执行一个用RISC-V程序集写的小型程序：***initcode. S*** (***user/initcode.S:***1)，它通过调用`exec`系统调用重新进入内核。正如我们在第1章中看到的，`exec`用一个新程序（本例中为 `/init`）替换当前进程的内存和寄存器。一旦内核完成`exec`，它就返回`/init`进程中的用户空间。如果需要，`init`(***user/init.c***:15)将创建一个新的控制台设备文件，然后以文件描述符0、1和2打开它。然后它在控制台上启动一个shell。系统就这样启动了。
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book-riscv-rev1
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第一章 操作系统接口
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1.1 进程和内存
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1.2 I/O和文件描述符
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1.3 管道
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1.4 文件系统
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1.5 真实世界
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1.6 练习
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第二章 操作系统架构
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||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.1" data-path="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.1 抽象系统资源
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.2" data-path="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.3" data-path="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.3 内核组织
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.4" data-path="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.5" data-path="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.5 进程概述
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.6" data-path="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter active" data-level="2.1.2.7" data-path="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.8" data-path="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3" data-path="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.4" data-path="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.4 系统调用参数
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.5" data-path="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.5 从内核空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.6" data-path="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.6 页面错误异常
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.7" data-path="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.8" data-path="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">实验记录</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
版本控制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
实验内容
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2.1" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
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Published with GitBook
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<!-- Title -->
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<h1>
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<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
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<a href="../../.." >2.7 真实世界</a>
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<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#27-真实世界"><b></b>2.7 真实世界</a></li></ul></div><a href="#27-真实世界" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="27-真实世界"><a name="27-真实世界" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#27-真实世界"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>2.7 真实世界</h1>
|
||||
<p>在现实中，人们可以同时看到宏内核和微内核。许多Unix都采用宏内核。例如，尽管Linux的一些操作系统功能作为用户级服务器运行（例如窗口系统），但它是宏内核架构。而如L4、Minix和QNX的内核都被组织成一个带有多个服务器的微内核，微内核在嵌入式设备中得到了广泛的应用。</p>
|
||||
<p>大多数操作系统都采用了进程的概念，并且大多数操作系统的进程看起来与xv6相似。然而，现代操作系统支持在一个进程中创建多个线程，使得一个进程能够利用多个处理器。在一个进程中支持多个线程涉及许多XV6缺乏的机制，包括潜在的接口更改（例如，Linux下<code>fork</code>的变体<code>clone</code>），以控制进程线程共享哪些内容。 </p>
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</body>
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</html>
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|
||||
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
|
||||
# 2.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
在现实中，人们可以同时看到宏内核和微内核。许多Unix都采用宏内核。例如，尽管Linux的一些操作系统功能作为用户级服务器运行（例如窗口系统），但它是宏内核架构。而如L4、Minix和QNX的内核都被组织成一个带有多个服务器的微内核，微内核在嵌入式设备中得到了广泛的应用。
|
||||
|
||||
大多数操作系统都采用了进程的概念，并且大多数操作系统的进程看起来与xv6相似。然而，现代操作系统支持在一个进程中创建多个线程，使得一个进程能够利用多个处理器。在一个进程中支持多个线程涉及许多XV6缺乏的机制，包括潜在的接口更改（例如，Linux下`fork`的变体`clone`），以控制进程线程共享哪些内容。
|
||||
@@ -1,860 +0,0 @@
|
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|
||||
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
|
||||
<html lang="" >
|
||||
<head>
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||||
<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
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<title>2.8 练习 · 6.S081 All-In-One</title>
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<meta name="generator" content="GitBook 3.2.3">
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<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/>
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, user-scalable=no">
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<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
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<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../../gitbook/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
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<link rel="next" href="../c3/s0.html" />
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<link rel="prev" href="s7.html" />
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</head>
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<body>
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|
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<div class="book">
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<div class="book-summary">
|
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|
||||
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<div id="book-search-input" role="search">
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<input type="text" placeholder="Type to search" />
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</div>
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<nav role="navigation">
|
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|
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|
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<ul class="summary">
|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">概述</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="../../../">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
课程介绍
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">文档翻译</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="../summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
book-riscv-rev1
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1" data-path="../c1/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第一章 操作系统接口
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.1" data-path="../c1/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.1 进程和内存
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.2" data-path="../c1/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.2 I/O和文件描述符
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.3" data-path="../c1/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.3 管道
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.4" data-path="../c1/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.4 文件系统
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.5" data-path="../c1/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.5 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.6" data-path="../c1/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.6 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2" data-path="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第二章 操作系统架构
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.1" data-path="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.1 抽象系统资源
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.2" data-path="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.3" data-path="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.3 内核组织
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.4" data-path="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.5" data-path="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.5 进程概述
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.6" data-path="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.7" data-path="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter active" data-level="2.1.2.8" data-path="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3" data-path="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c3/s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.4" data-path="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.4 系统调用参数
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.5" data-path="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.5 从内核空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.6" data-path="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.6 页面错误异常
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.7" data-path="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.8" data-path="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">实验记录</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
版本控制
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
实验内容
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2.1" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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<!-- Title -->
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<h1>
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<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
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<a href="../../.." >2.8 练习</a>
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<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#28-练习"><b></b>2.8 练习</a></li></ul></div><a href="#28-练习" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="28-练习"><a name="28-练习" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#28-练习"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>2.8 练习</h1>
|
||||
<p>你可以使用<strong>gdb</strong>来观察最开始的“内核空间到用户空间”的转换。</p>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>请运行<code>make qemu-gdb</code>（如果想以单线程方式，则输入<code>make CPUS=1 qemu-gdb</code>）。</li>
|
||||
<li>打开另一个窗口，并在相同的目录下运行<code>gdb</code>（注：应当使用riscv64-linux-gnu-gdb）。</li>
|
||||
<li>键入gdb命令<code>break*0x3ffffff10e</code>，这将在内核中的<code>sret</code>指令处设置一个断点，该指令从内核空间跳入用户空间。</li>
|
||||
<li>键入gdb命令<code>continue</code>。gdb应当会停留在即将执行<code>sret</code>的断点处。</li>
|
||||
<li>键入<code>stepi</code>。gdb现在应当会指示目前在地址为<code>0x0</code>处执行，该地址就是以<strong><em>initcode.S</em></strong>开始的用户空间的起始地址</li>
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<footer class="page-footer"><span class="copyright">copyright by duguosheng all right reserved，powered by Gitbook</span><span class="footer-modification">该文件修订时间：
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@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
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# 2.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
你可以使用**gdb**来观察最开始的“内核空间到用户空间”的转换。
|
||||
|
||||
1. 请运行`make qemu-gdb`（如果想以单线程方式，则输入`make CPUS=1 qemu-gdb`）。
|
||||
2. 打开另一个窗口，并在相同的目录下运行`gdb`（注：应当使用riscv64-linux-gnu-gdb）。
|
||||
3. 键入gdb命令`break*0x3ffffff10e`，这将在内核中的`sret`指令处设置一个断点，该指令从内核空间跳入用户空间。
|
||||
4. 键入gdb命令`continue`。gdb应当会停留在即将执行`sret`的断点处。
|
||||
5. 键入`stepi`。gdb现在应当会指示目前在地址为`0x0`处执行，该地址就是以***initcode.S***开始的用户空间的起始地址
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-ancre-navigation/style/plugin.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-fontsettings/website.css">
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/>
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, user-scalable=no">
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<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
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<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black">
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<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../../gitbook/images/apple-touch-icon-precomposed-152.png">
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<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../../gitbook/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
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|
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<link rel="next" href="s1.html" />
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|
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|
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<link rel="prev" href="../c2/s8.html" />
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</head>
|
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<body>
|
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|
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<div class="book">
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<div class="book-summary">
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|
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<div id="book-search-input" role="search">
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<input type="text" placeholder="Type to search" />
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</div>
|
||||
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|
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<nav role="navigation">
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<ul class="summary">
|
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|
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|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">概述</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="../../../">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../">
|
||||
|
||||
|
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课程介绍
|
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|
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</a>
|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">文档翻译</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="../summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
book-riscv-rev1
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1" data-path="../c1/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第一章 操作系统接口
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.1" data-path="../c1/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.1 进程和内存
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.2" data-path="../c1/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.2 I/O和文件描述符
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.3" data-path="../c1/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.3 管道
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.4" data-path="../c1/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.4 文件系统
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.5" data-path="../c1/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.5 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.6" data-path="../c1/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.6 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2" data-path="../c2/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第二章 操作系统架构
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.1" data-path="../c2/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.1 抽象系统资源
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.2" data-path="../c2/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.3" data-path="../c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.3 内核组织
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.4" data-path="../c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.5" data-path="../c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.5 进程概述
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.6" data-path="../c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.7" data-path="../c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.8" data-path="../c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter active" data-level="2.1.3" data-path="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.4" data-path="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.4 系统调用参数
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.5" data-path="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.5 从内核空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.6" data-path="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.6 页面错误异常
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.7" data-path="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.8" data-path="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">实验记录</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
版本控制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
实验内容
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2.1" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="divider"></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.gitbook.com" target="blank" class="gitbook-link">
|
||||
Published with GitBook
|
||||
</a>
|
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|
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</ul>
|
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|
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</nav>
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|
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|
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<div class="book-body">
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<div class="body-inner">
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<div class="book-header" role="navigation">
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<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#第三章-页表"><b></b>第三章 页表</a></li></ul></div><a href="#第三章-页表" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="第三章-页表"><a name="第三章-页表" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#第三章-页表"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>第三章 页表</h1>
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<p>页表是操作系统为每个进程提供自己的私有地址空间和内存的机制。页表决定了内存地址的含义，以及物理内存的哪些部分可以访问。它们允许xv6隔离不同进程的地址空间，并将它们复用到单个物理内存上。页表还提供了一层抽象（a level of indirection），这允许xv6执行一些特殊操作：在若干个地址空间中映射相同的内存（a trampoline page），并用一个未映射的页面保护内核和用户栈区。本章的其余部分解释了RISC-V硬件提供的页表以及xv6如何使用它们。 </p>
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@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
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# 第三章 页表
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页表是操作系统为每个进程提供自己的私有地址空间和内存的机制。页表决定了内存地址的含义，以及物理内存的哪些部分可以访问。它们允许xv6隔离不同进程的地址空间，并将它们复用到单个物理内存上。页表还提供了一层抽象（a level of indirection），这允许xv6执行一些特殊操作：在若干个地址空间中映射相同的内存（a trampoline page），并用一个未映射的页面保护内核和用户栈区。本章的其余部分解释了RISC-V硬件提供的页表以及xv6如何使用它们。
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1.1 进程和内存
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1.3 管道
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1.4 文件系统
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1.5 真实世界
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1.6 练习
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第二章 操作系统架构
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2.1 抽象系统资源
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2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
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2.3 内核组织
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2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
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</a>
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2.5 进程概述
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2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
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2.7 真实世界
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2.8 练习
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||||
|
||||
<a href="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter active" data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.4" data-path="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.4 系统调用参数
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.5" data-path="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.5 从内核空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.6" data-path="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.6 页面错误异常
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.7" data-path="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.8" data-path="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">实验记录</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
版本控制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
实验内容
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2.1" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
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||||
</li>
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||||
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||||
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||||
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Published with GitBook
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<!-- Title -->
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||||
<h1>
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||||
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
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<a href="../../.." >3.1 页式硬件</a>
|
||||
</h1>
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||||
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<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#31-页式硬件"><b></b>3.1 页式硬件</a></li></ul></div><a href="#31-页式硬件" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="31-页式硬件"><a name="31-页式硬件" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#31-页式硬件"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>3.1 页式硬件</h1>
|
||||
<p>提醒一下，RISC-V指令（用户和内核指令都包括）使用的是虚拟地址。而机器的RAM或物理内存是由物理地址索引的。RISC-V页表硬件通过将每个虚拟地址映射到物理地址来为这两种地址建立联系。</p>
|
||||
<p>XV6基于Sv39 RISC-V运行，这意味着它只使用64位虚拟地址的低39位；而高25位不使用。在这种Sv39配置中，RISC-V页表在逻辑上是一个由$$2^{27}$$（134,217,728）个页表条目（Page Table Entries/PTE）组成的数组。每个PTE包含一个44位的物理页码（Physical Page Number/PPN）和一些标志。页式硬件通过使用虚拟地址39位中的前27位索引页表，以找到该虚拟地址对应的一个PTE，然后生成一个56位的物理地址，其前44位来自PTE中的PPN，其后12位来自原始虚拟地址。图3.1显示了这个过程，页表的逻辑视图是一个简单的PTE数组（参见图3.2进行更详细的了解）。页表通过逻辑到物理地址的转换给了操作系统控制权，转换的粒度是一个个对齐的物理块（一个物理块包含$$2^{12}=4096$$字节），这样的块称为页面。</p>
|
||||
<p><img src="../images/c3/p1.png" alt="img"></p>
|
||||
<p>在Sv39 RISC-V中，虚拟地址的前25位不用于转换；将来RISC-V可能会使用那些位来定义更多级别的转换。另外物理地址也是有增长空间的： PTE格式中有空间让物理地址长度再增长10个比特位。</p>
|
||||
<p>如图3.2所示，实际的转换分三个步骤进行。页表以三级的树型结构存储在物理内存中。该树的根是一个4096字节的页表页，其中包含512个PTE，其中包含该树下一级页表页的物理地址。这些页中的每一个都包含该树最后一级的512个PTE（也就是说每个PTE占8个字节，正如图3.2最下面所描绘的）。分页硬件使用27位中的前9位在根页表页面中选择PTE，中间9位在树的下一级页表页面中选择PTE，最后9位选择最终的PTE。</p>
|
||||
<p><img src="../images/c3/p2.png" alt="img"></p>
|
||||
<p>如果转换地址所需的三个PTE中的任何一个不存在，页式硬件就会引发页面故障异常，并让内核来处理该异常（参见第4章）。这种三级结构允许页表在大范围虚拟地址没有映射的情况下忽略整个页表页面。</p>
|
||||
<p>每个PTE包含标志位，这些标志位告诉分页硬件允许如何使用关联的虚拟地址。<code>PTE_V</code>指示PTE是否存在：如果它没有被设置，对页面的引用会导致异常（即不允许）。<code>PTE_R</code>控制是否允许指令读取到页面。<code>PTE_W</code>控制是否允许指令写入到页面。<code>PTE_X</code>控制CPU是否可以将页面内容解释为指令并执行它们。<code>PTE_U</code>控制用户模式下的指令是否被允许访问页面；如果没有设置<code>PTE_U</code>，PTE只能在管理模式下使用。图3.2显示了它是如何工作的。标志和所有其他与页面硬件相关的结构在（<strong><em>kernel/riscv.h</em></strong>）中定义。</p>
|
||||
<p>为了告诉硬件使用页表，内核必须将根页表页的物理地址写入到<code>satp</code>寄存器中（<code>satp</code>的作用是存放根页表页在物理内存中的地址）。每个CPU都有自己的<code>satp</code>。一个CPU将使用自己的<code>satp</code>指向的页表转换后续指令生成的所有地址。每个CPU都有自己的<code>satp</code>，这样不同的CPU就可以运行不同的进程，每个CPU都有自己的页表描述的私有地址空间。</p>
|
||||
<p>关于术语的一些注意事项。物理内存是指DRAM中的存储单元。物理内存以一个字节为单位划为地址，称为物理地址。指令只使用虚拟地址，页式硬件将其转换为物理地址，然后将其发送到DRAM硬件来进行读写。与物理内存和虚拟地址不同，虚拟内存不是物理对象，而是指内核提供的管理物理内存和虚拟地址的抽象和机制的集合。 </p>
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@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
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# 3.1 页式硬件
|
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|
||||
提醒一下，RISC-V指令（用户和内核指令都包括）使用的是虚拟地址。而机器的RAM或物理内存是由物理地址索引的。RISC-V页表硬件通过将每个虚拟地址映射到物理地址来为这两种地址建立联系。
|
||||
|
||||
XV6基于Sv39 RISC-V运行，这意味着它只使用64位虚拟地址的低39位；而高25位不使用。在这种Sv39配置中，RISC-V页表在逻辑上是一个由$$2^{27}$$（134,217,728）个页表条目（Page Table Entries/PTE）组成的数组。每个PTE包含一个44位的物理页码（Physical Page Number/PPN）和一些标志。页式硬件通过使用虚拟地址39位中的前27位索引页表，以找到该虚拟地址对应的一个PTE，然后生成一个56位的物理地址，其前44位来自PTE中的PPN，其后12位来自原始虚拟地址。图3.1显示了这个过程，页表的逻辑视图是一个简单的PTE数组（参见图3.2进行更详细的了解）。页表通过逻辑到物理地址的转换给了操作系统控制权，转换的粒度是一个个对齐的物理块（一个物理块包含$$2^{12}=4096$$字节），这样的块称为页面。
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||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在Sv39 RISC-V中，虚拟地址的前25位不用于转换；将来RISC-V可能会使用那些位来定义更多级别的转换。另外物理地址也是有增长空间的： PTE格式中有空间让物理地址长度再增长10个比特位。
|
||||
|
||||
如图3.2所示，实际的转换分三个步骤进行。页表以三级的树型结构存储在物理内存中。该树的根是一个4096字节的页表页，其中包含512个PTE，其中包含该树下一级页表页的物理地址。这些页中的每一个都包含该树最后一级的512个PTE（也就是说每个PTE占8个字节，正如图3.2最下面所描绘的）。分页硬件使用27位中的前9位在根页表页面中选择PTE，中间9位在树的下一级页表页面中选择PTE，最后9位选择最终的PTE。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果转换地址所需的三个PTE中的任何一个不存在，页式硬件就会引发页面故障异常，并让内核来处理该异常（参见第4章）。这种三级结构允许页表在大范围虚拟地址没有映射的情况下忽略整个页表页面。
|
||||
|
||||
每个PTE包含标志位，这些标志位告诉分页硬件允许如何使用关联的虚拟地址。`PTE_V`指示PTE是否存在：如果它没有被设置，对页面的引用会导致异常（即不允许）。`PTE_R`控制是否允许指令读取到页面。`PTE_W`控制是否允许指令写入到页面。`PTE_X`控制CPU是否可以将页面内容解释为指令并执行它们。`PTE_U`控制用户模式下的指令是否被允许访问页面；如果没有设置`PTE_U`，PTE只能在管理模式下使用。图3.2显示了它是如何工作的。标志和所有其他与页面硬件相关的结构在（***kernel/riscv.h***）中定义。
|
||||
|
||||
为了告诉硬件使用页表，内核必须将根页表页的物理地址写入到`satp`寄存器中（`satp`的作用是存放根页表页在物理内存中的地址）。每个CPU都有自己的`satp`。一个CPU将使用自己的`satp`指向的页表转换后续指令生成的所有地址。每个CPU都有自己的`satp`，这样不同的CPU就可以运行不同的进程，每个CPU都有自己的页表描述的私有地址空间。
|
||||
|
||||
关于术语的一些注意事项。物理内存是指DRAM中的存储单元。物理内存以一个字节为单位划为地址，称为物理地址。指令只使用虚拟地址，页式硬件将其转换为物理地址，然后将其发送到DRAM硬件来进行读写。与物理内存和虚拟地址不同，虚拟内存不是物理对象，而是指内核提供的管理物理内存和虚拟地址的抽象和机制的集合。
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@@ -1,860 +0,0 @@
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<li class="header">概述</li>
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课程介绍
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book-riscv-rev1
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第一章 操作系统接口
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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1.1 进程和内存
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</a>
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1.2 I/O和文件描述符
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1.3 管道
|
||||
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</a>
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||||
|
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1.4 文件系统
|
||||
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</a>
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|
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1.5 真实世界
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</a>
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1.6 练习
|
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第二章 操作系统架构
|
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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2.1 抽象系统资源
|
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</a>
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|
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2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
|
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</a>
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|
||||
2.3 内核组织
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.4" data-path="../c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.5" data-path="../c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.5 进程概述
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.6" data-path="../c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.7" data-path="../c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.8" data-path="../c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3" data-path="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter active" data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.4" data-path="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.4 系统调用参数
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.5" data-path="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.5 从内核空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.6" data-path="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.6 页面错误异常
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.7" data-path="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.8" data-path="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">实验记录</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
版本控制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
实验内容
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2.1" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
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Published with GitBook
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<!-- Title -->
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<h1>
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<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
|
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<a href="../../.." >3.10 练习</a>
|
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</h1>
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</div>
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<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#310-练习"><b></b>3.10 练习</a></li></ul></div><a href="#310-练习" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="310-练习"><a name="310-练习" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#310-练习"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>3.10 练习</h1>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>分析RISC-V的设备树以找到计算机拥有的物理内存量。</li>
|
||||
<li>编写一个用户程序，通过调用<code>sbrk(1)</code>为其地址空间增加一个字节。运行该程序并研究调用<code>sbrk</code>之前和调用<code>sbrk</code>之后该程序的页表。内核分配了多少空间？新内存的PTE包含什么？</li>
|
||||
<li>修改xv6来为内核使用超级页面。</li>
|
||||
<li>修改xv6，这样当用户程序解引用空指针时会收到一个异常。也就是说，修改xv6使得虚拟地址0不被用户程序映射。</li>
|
||||
<li>传统上，<code>exec</code>的Unix实现包括对shell脚本的特殊处理。如果要执行的文件以文本<code>#!</code>开头, 那么第一行将被视为解释此文件的程序来运行。例如，如果调用<code>exec</code>来运行<code>myprog arg1</code>，而<code>myprog</code>的第一行是<code>#!/interp</code>，那么<code>exec</code>将使用命令行<code>/interp myprog arg1</code>运行 <code>/interp</code>。在xv6中实现对该约定的支持。</li>
|
||||
<li>为内核实现地址空间随机化 </li>
|
||||
</ol>
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</body>
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</html>
|
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|
||||
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
|
||||
# 3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
1. 分析RISC-V的设备树以找到计算机拥有的物理内存量。
|
||||
2. 编写一个用户程序，通过调用`sbrk(1)`为其地址空间增加一个字节。运行该程序并研究调用`sbrk`之前和调用`sbrk`之后该程序的页表。内核分配了多少空间？新内存的PTE包含什么？
|
||||
3. 修改xv6来为内核使用超级页面。
|
||||
4. 修改xv6，这样当用户程序解引用空指针时会收到一个异常。也就是说，修改xv6使得虚拟地址0不被用户程序映射。
|
||||
5. 传统上，`exec`的Unix实现包括对shell脚本的特殊处理。如果要执行的文件以文本`#!`开头, 那么第一行将被视为解释此文件的程序来运行。例如，如果调用`exec`来运行`myprog arg1`，而`myprog`的第一行是`#!/interp`，那么`exec`将使用命令行`/interp myprog arg1`运行 `/interp`。在xv6中实现对该约定的支持。
|
||||
6. 为内核实现地址空间随机化
|
||||
@@ -1,864 +0,0 @@
|
||||
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
|
||||
<html lang="" >
|
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<head>
|
||||
<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
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<title>3.2 内核地址空间 · 6.S081 All-In-One</title>
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|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
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<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/>
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, user-scalable=no">
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<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
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<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../../gitbook/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
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<link rel="next" href="s3.html" />
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<link rel="prev" href="s1.html" />
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="book">
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<div class="book-summary">
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<div id="book-search-input" role="search">
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<input type="text" placeholder="Type to search" />
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</div>
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<nav role="navigation">
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|
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<ul class="summary">
|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">概述</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="../../../">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
课程介绍
|
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|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
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|
||||
<li class="header">文档翻译</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="../summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
book-riscv-rev1
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1" data-path="../c1/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第一章 操作系统接口
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.1" data-path="../c1/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.1 进程和内存
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.2" data-path="../c1/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.2 I/O和文件描述符
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.3" data-path="../c1/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.3 管道
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.4" data-path="../c1/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.4 文件系统
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.5" data-path="../c1/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.5 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.6" data-path="../c1/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.6 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2" data-path="../c2/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第二章 操作系统架构
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.1" data-path="../c2/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.1 抽象系统资源
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.2" data-path="../c2/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.3" data-path="../c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.3 内核组织
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.4" data-path="../c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.5" data-path="../c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.5 进程概述
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.6" data-path="../c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.7" data-path="../c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.8" data-path="../c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3" data-path="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter active" data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.4" data-path="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.4 系统调用参数
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.5" data-path="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.5 从内核空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.6" data-path="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.6 页面错误异常
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.7" data-path="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.8" data-path="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="header">实验记录</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/use_git/git1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
版本控制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/summary.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
实验内容
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../../../labs/requirements/lab1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
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<!-- Title -->
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<h1>
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||||
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
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<a href="../../.." >3.2 内核地址空间</a>
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<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#32-内核地址空间"><b></b>3.2 内核地址空间</a></li></ul></div><a href="#32-内核地址空间" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="32-内核地址空间"><a name="32-内核地址空间" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#32-内核地址空间"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>3.2 内核地址空间</h1>
|
||||
<p>Xv6为每个进程维护一个页表，用以描述每个进程的用户地址空间，外加一个单独描述内核地址空间的页表。内核配置其地址空间的布局，以允许自己以可预测的虚拟地址访问物理内存和各种硬件资源。图3.3显示了这种布局如何将内核虚拟地址映射到物理地址。文件(<strong><em>kernel/memlayout.h</em></strong>) 声明了xv6内核内存布局的常量。</p>
|
||||
<p><img src="../images/c3/p3.png" alt="img"></p>
|
||||
<p><img src="../images/c3/p4.png" alt="img"></p>
|
||||
<p>QEMU模拟了一台计算机，它包括从物理地址<code>0x80000000</code>开始并至少到<code>0x86400000</code>结束的RAM（物理内存），xv6称结束地址为<code>PHYSTOP</code>。QEMU模拟还包括I/O设备，如磁盘接口。QEMU将设备接口作为内存映射控制寄存器暴露给软件，这些寄存器位于物理地址空间<code>0x80000000</code>以下。内核可以通过读取/写入这些特殊的物理地址与设备交互；这种读取和写入与设备硬件而不是RAM通信。第4章解释了xv6如何与设备进行交互。</p>
|
||||
<p>内核使用“直接映射”获取内存和内存映射设备寄存器；也就是说，将资源映射到等于物理地址的虚拟地址。例如，内核本身在虚拟地址空间和物理内存中都位于<code>KERNBASE``=0x80000000</code>。直接映射简化了读取或写入物理内存的内核代码。例如，当<code>fork</code>为子进程分配用户内存时，分配器返回该内存的物理地址；<code>fork</code>在将父进程的用户内存复制到子进程时直接将该地址用作虚拟地址。</p>
|
||||
<p>有几个内核虚拟地址不是直接映射：</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>蹦床页面(trampoline page)。它映射在虚拟地址空间的顶部；用户页表具有相同的映射。第4章讨论了蹦床页面的作用，但我们在这里看到了一个有趣的页表用例；一个物理页面（持有蹦床代码）在内核的虚拟地址空间中映射了两次：一次在虚拟地址空间的顶部，一次直接映射。</li>
|
||||
<li>内核栈页面。每个进程都有自己的内核栈，它将映射到偏高一些的地址，这样xv6在它之下就可以留下一个未映射的保护页(guard page)。保护页的PTE是无效的（也就是说<code>PTE_V</code>没有设置），所以如果内核溢出内核栈就会引发一个异常，内核触发<code>panic</code>。如果没有保护页，栈溢出将会覆盖其他内核内存，引发错误操作。恐慌崩溃（panic crash）是更可取的方案。<em>（注：Guard page不会浪费物理内存，它只是占据了虚拟地址空间的一段靠后的地址，但并不映射到物理地址空间。）</em></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>虽然内核通过高地址内存映射使用内核栈，是它们也可以通过直接映射的地址进入内核。另一种设计可能只有直接映射，并在直接映射的地址使用栈。然而，在这种安排中，提供保护页将涉及取消映射虚拟地址，否则虚拟地址将引用物理内存，这将很难使用。</p>
|
||||
<p>内核在权限<code>PTE_R</code>和<code>PTE_X</code>下映射蹦床页面和内核文本页面。内核从这些页面读取和执行指令。内核在权限<code>PTE_R</code>和<code>PTE_W</code>下映射其他页面，这样它就可以读写那些页面中的内存。对于保护页面的映射是无效的。 </p>
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|
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<script src="../../../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-fontsettings/fontsettings.js"></script>
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|
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</body>
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</html>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
|
||||
# 3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
Xv6为每个进程维护一个页表，用以描述每个进程的用户地址空间，外加一个单独描述内核地址空间的页表。内核配置其地址空间的布局，以允许自己以可预测的虚拟地址访问物理内存和各种硬件资源。图3.3显示了这种布局如何将内核虚拟地址映射到物理地址。文件(***kernel/memlayout.h***) 声明了xv6内核内存布局的常量。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
QEMU模拟了一台计算机，它包括从物理地址`0x80000000`开始并至少到`0x86400000`结束的RAM（物理内存），xv6称结束地址为`PHYSTOP`。QEMU模拟还包括I/O设备，如磁盘接口。QEMU将设备接口作为内存映射控制寄存器暴露给软件，这些寄存器位于物理地址空间`0x80000000`以下。内核可以通过读取/写入这些特殊的物理地址与设备交互；这种读取和写入与设备硬件而不是RAM通信。第4章解释了xv6如何与设备进行交互。
|
||||
|
||||
内核使用“直接映射”获取内存和内存映射设备寄存器；也就是说，将资源映射到等于物理地址的虚拟地址。例如，内核本身在虚拟地址空间和物理内存中都位于`KERNBASE``=0x80000000`。直接映射简化了读取或写入物理内存的内核代码。例如，当`fork`为子进程分配用户内存时，分配器返回该内存的物理地址；`fork`在将父进程的用户内存复制到子进程时直接将该地址用作虚拟地址。
|
||||
|
||||
有几个内核虚拟地址不是直接映射：
|
||||
|
||||
- 蹦床页面(trampoline page)。它映射在虚拟地址空间的顶部；用户页表具有相同的映射。第4章讨论了蹦床页面的作用，但我们在这里看到了一个有趣的页表用例；一个物理页面（持有蹦床代码）在内核的虚拟地址空间中映射了两次：一次在虚拟地址空间的顶部，一次直接映射。
|
||||
- 内核栈页面。每个进程都有自己的内核栈，它将映射到偏高一些的地址，这样xv6在它之下就可以留下一个未映射的保护页(guard page)。保护页的PTE是无效的（也就是说`PTE_V`没有设置），所以如果内核溢出内核栈就会引发一个异常，内核触发`panic`。如果没有保护页，栈溢出将会覆盖其他内核内存，引发错误操作。恐慌崩溃（panic crash）是更可取的方案。*（注：Guard page不会浪费物理内存，它只是占据了虚拟地址空间的一段靠后的地址，但并不映射到物理地址空间。）*
|
||||
|
||||
虽然内核通过高地址内存映射使用内核栈，是它们也可以通过直接映射的地址进入内核。另一种设计可能只有直接映射，并在直接映射的地址使用栈。然而，在这种安排中，提供保护页将涉及取消映射虚拟地址，否则虚拟地址将引用物理内存，这将很难使用。
|
||||
|
||||
内核在权限`PTE_R`和`PTE_X`下映射蹦床页面和内核文本页面。内核从这些页面读取和执行指令。内核在权限`PTE_R`和`PTE_W`下映射其他页面，这样它就可以读写那些页面中的内存。对于保护页面的映射是无效的。
|
||||
@@ -1,860 +0,0 @@
|
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|
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<title>3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间 · 6.S081 All-In-One</title>
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<li class="header">概述</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="../../../">
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<a href="../../../">
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课程介绍
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</a>
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<li class="header">文档翻译</li>
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<a href="../summary.html">
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book-riscv-rev1
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1" data-path="../c1/s0.html">
|
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|
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<a href="../c1/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第一章 操作系统接口
|
||||
|
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</a>
|
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|
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|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
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|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.1" data-path="../c1/s1.html">
|
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|
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<a href="../c1/s1.html">
|
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|
||||
|
||||
1.1 进程和内存
|
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</a>
|
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|
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|
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|
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</li>
|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.2" data-path="../c1/s2.html">
|
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|
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<a href="../c1/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
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1.2 I/O和文件描述符
|
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</a>
|
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|
||||
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.3" data-path="../c1/s3.html">
|
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|
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<a href="../c1/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.3 管道
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.4" data-path="../c1/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.4 文件系统
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.5" data-path="../c1/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.5 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.6" data-path="../c1/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c1/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.6 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2" data-path="../c2/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第二章 操作系统架构
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.1" data-path="../c2/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.1 抽象系统资源
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.2" data-path="../c2/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.3" data-path="../c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.3 内核组织
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.4" data-path="../c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.5" data-path="../c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.5 进程概述
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.6" data-path="../c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.7" data-path="../c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.8" data-path="../c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3" data-path="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter active" data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
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||||
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|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.4" data-path="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.4 系统调用参数
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.5 从内核空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.6 页面错误异常
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
||||
<li class="header">实验记录</li>
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版本控制
|
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实验内容
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
|
||||
|
||||
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|
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|
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<a href="../../.." >3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间</a>
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<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#33-代码：创建一个地址空间"><b></b>3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间</a></li></ul></div><a href="#33-代码：创建一个地址空间" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="33-代码：创建一个地址空间"><a name="33-代码：创建一个地址空间" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#33-代码：创建一个地址空间"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间</h1>
|
||||
<p>大多数用于操作地址空间和页表的xv6代码都写在<strong><em>vm.c (kernel/vm.c</em></strong>:1<strong><em>)</em></strong>中。其核心数据结构是<code>pagetable_t</code>，它实际上是指向RISC-V根页表页的指针；一个<code>pagetable_t</code>可以是内核页表，也可以是一个进程页表。最核心的函数是<code>walk</code>和<code>mappages</code>，前者为虚拟地址找到PTE，后者为新映射装载PTE。名称以<code>kvm</code>开头的函数操作内核页表；以<code>uvm</code>开头的函数操作用户页表；其他函数用于二者。<code>copyout</code>和<code>copyin</code>复制数据到用户虚拟地址或从用户虚拟地址复制数据，这些虚拟地址作为系统调用参数提供; 由于它们需要显式地翻译这些地址，以便找到相应的物理内存，故将它们写在<strong><em>vm.c</em></strong>中。</p>
|
||||
<p>在按序启动的前期，<code>main</code>调用<code>kvminit</code> (<strong><em>kernel/vm.c</em></strong>:22) 来创建内核的页表。这个调用发生在xv6使能RISC-V分页之前，所以地址直接引用物理内存。<code>kvminit</code>首先分配一个物理内存页面来保存根页表页。然后它调用<code>kvmmap</code>来装载内核需要的转换。转换包括内核的指令和数据、物理内存的上限是<code>PHYSTOP</code>，并包括实际上是设备的内存。</p>
|
||||
<p><code>kvmmap</code>(<strong><em>kernel/vm.c</em></strong>:118)调用<code>mappages</code>(<strong><em>kernel/vm.c</em></strong>:149)，<code>mappages</code>将范围虚拟地址到同等范围物理地址的映射装载到一个页表中。它以页面大小为间隔，为范围内的每个虚拟地址单独执行此操作。对于要映射的每个虚拟地址，<code>mappages</code>调用<code>walk</code>来查找该地址的PTE地址。然后，它初始化PTE以保存相关的物理页号、所需权限（<code>PTE_W</code>、<code>PTE_X</code>和/或<code>PTE_R</code>）以及用于标记PTE有效的<code>PTE_V</code>(<strong><em>kernel/vm.c</em></strong>:161)。</p>
|
||||
<p>在查找PTE中的虚拟地址（参见图3.2）时，<code>walk</code>(<strong><em>kernel/vm.c</em></strong>:72)模仿RISC-V分页硬件。<code>walk</code>一次从3级页表中获取9个比特位。它使用上一级的9位虚拟地址来查找下一级页表或最终页面的PTE (<strong><em>kernel/vm.c</em></strong>:78)。如果PTE无效，则所需的页面还没有分配；如果设置了<code>alloc</code>参数，<code>walk</code>就会分配一个新的页表页面，并将其物理地址放在PTE中。它返回树中最低一级的PTE地址(<strong><em>kernel/vm.c</em></strong>:88)。</p>
|
||||
<p>上面的代码依赖于直接映射到内核虚拟地址空间中的物理内存。例如，当<code>walk</code>降低页表的级别时，它从PTE (<strong><em>kernel/vm.c</em></strong>:80)中提取下一级页表的（物理）地址，然后使用该地址作为虚拟地址来获取下一级的PTE (<strong><em>kernel/vm.c</em></strong>:78)。</p>
|
||||
<p><code>main</code>调用<code>kvminithart</code> (<strong><em>kernel/vm.c</em></strong>:53)来安装内核页表。它将根页表页的物理地址写入寄存器<code>satp</code>。之后，CPU将使用内核页表转换地址。由于内核使用标识映射，下一条指令的当前虚拟地址将映射到正确的物理内存地址。</p>
|
||||
<p><code>main</code>中调用的<code>procinit</code> (<strong><em>kernel/proc.c</em></strong>:26)为每个进程分配一个内核栈。它将每个栈映射到<code>KSTACK</code>生成的虚拟地址，这为无效的栈保护页面留下了空间。<code>kvmmap</code>将映射的PTE添加到内核页表中，对<code>kvminithart</code>的调用将内核页表重新加载到<code>satp</code>中，以便硬件知道新的PTE。</p>
|
||||
<p>每个RISC-V CPU都将页表条目缓存在转译后备缓冲器（快表/TLB）中，当xv6更改页表时，它必须告诉CPU使相应的缓存TLB条目无效。如果没有这么做，那么在某个时候TLB可能会使用旧的缓存映射，指向一个在此期间已分配给另一个进程的物理页面，这样会导致一个进程可能能够在其他进程的内存上涂鸦。RISC-V有一个指令<code>sfence.vma</code>，用于刷新当前CPU的TLB。xv6在重新加载<code>satp</code>寄存器后，在<code>kvminithart</code>中执行<code>sfence.vma</code>，并在返回用户空间之前在用于切换至一个用户页表的<code>trampoline</code>代码中执行<code>sfence.vma</code> (<strong><em>kernel/trampoline.S</em></strong>:79)。 </p>
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@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
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# 3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
大多数用于操作地址空间和页表的xv6代码都写在***vm.c (kernel/vm.c***:1***)***中。其核心数据结构是`pagetable_t`，它实际上是指向RISC-V根页表页的指针；一个`pagetable_t`可以是内核页表，也可以是一个进程页表。最核心的函数是`walk`和`mappages`，前者为虚拟地址找到PTE，后者为新映射装载PTE。名称以`kvm`开头的函数操作内核页表；以`uvm`开头的函数操作用户页表；其他函数用于二者。`copyout`和`copyin`复制数据到用户虚拟地址或从用户虚拟地址复制数据，这些虚拟地址作为系统调用参数提供; 由于它们需要显式地翻译这些地址，以便找到相应的物理内存，故将它们写在***vm.c***中。
|
||||
|
||||
在按序启动的前期，`main`调用`kvminit` (***kernel/vm.c***:22) 来创建内核的页表。这个调用发生在xv6使能RISC-V分页之前，所以地址直接引用物理内存。`kvminit`首先分配一个物理内存页面来保存根页表页。然后它调用`kvmmap`来装载内核需要的转换。转换包括内核的指令和数据、物理内存的上限是`PHYSTOP`，并包括实际上是设备的内存。
|
||||
|
||||
`kvmmap`(***kernel/vm.c***:118)调用`mappages`(***kernel/vm.c***:149)，`mappages`将范围虚拟地址到同等范围物理地址的映射装载到一个页表中。它以页面大小为间隔，为范围内的每个虚拟地址单独执行此操作。对于要映射的每个虚拟地址，`mappages`调用`walk`来查找该地址的PTE地址。然后，它初始化PTE以保存相关的物理页号、所需权限（`PTE_W`、`PTE_X`和/或`PTE_R`）以及用于标记PTE有效的`PTE_V`(***kernel/vm.c***:161)。
|
||||
|
||||
在查找PTE中的虚拟地址（参见图3.2）时，`walk`(***kernel/vm.c***:72)模仿RISC-V分页硬件。`walk`一次从3级页表中获取9个比特位。它使用上一级的9位虚拟地址来查找下一级页表或最终页面的PTE (***kernel/vm.c***:78)。如果PTE无效，则所需的页面还没有分配；如果设置了`alloc`参数，`walk`就会分配一个新的页表页面，并将其物理地址放在PTE中。它返回树中最低一级的PTE地址(***kernel/vm.c***:88)。
|
||||
|
||||
上面的代码依赖于直接映射到内核虚拟地址空间中的物理内存。例如，当`walk`降低页表的级别时，它从PTE (***kernel/vm.c***:80)中提取下一级页表的（物理）地址，然后使用该地址作为虚拟地址来获取下一级的PTE (***kernel/vm.c***:78)。
|
||||
|
||||
`main`调用`kvminithart` (***kernel/vm.c***:53)来安装内核页表。它将根页表页的物理地址写入寄存器`satp`。之后，CPU将使用内核页表转换地址。由于内核使用标识映射，下一条指令的当前虚拟地址将映射到正确的物理内存地址。
|
||||
|
||||
`main`中调用的`procinit` (***kernel/proc.c***:26)为每个进程分配一个内核栈。它将每个栈映射到`KSTACK`生成的虚拟地址，这为无效的栈保护页面留下了空间。`kvmmap`将映射的PTE添加到内核页表中，对`kvminithart`的调用将内核页表重新加载到`satp`中，以便硬件知道新的PTE。
|
||||
|
||||
每个RISC-V CPU都将页表条目缓存在转译后备缓冲器（快表/TLB）中，当xv6更改页表时，它必须告诉CPU使相应的缓存TLB条目无效。如果没有这么做，那么在某个时候TLB可能会使用旧的缓存映射，指向一个在此期间已分配给另一个进程的物理页面，这样会导致一个进程可能能够在其他进程的内存上涂鸦。RISC-V有一个指令`sfence.vma`，用于刷新当前CPU的TLB。xv6在重新加载`satp`寄存器后，在`kvminithart`中执行`sfence.vma`，并在返回用户空间之前在用于切换至一个用户页表的`trampoline`代码中执行`sfence.vma` (***kernel/trampoline.S***:79)。
|
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book-riscv-rev1
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<ul class="articles">
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第一章 操作系统接口
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<ul class="articles">
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1.1 进程和内存
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1.2 I/O和文件描述符
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.3" data-path="../c1/s3.html">
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<a href="../c1/s3.html">
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1.3 管道
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.4" data-path="../c1/s4.html">
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<a href="../c1/s4.html">
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1.4 文件系统
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.5" data-path="../c1/s5.html">
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<a href="../c1/s5.html">
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1.5 真实世界
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.1.6" data-path="../c1/s6.html">
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<a href="../c1/s6.html">
|
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|
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1.6 练习
|
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|
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</a>
|
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|
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|
||||
|
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</li>
|
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|
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</ul>
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|
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</li>
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|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2" data-path="../c2/s0.html">
|
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|
||||
<a href="../c2/s0.html">
|
||||
|
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|
||||
第二章 操作系统架构
|
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|
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</a>
|
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|
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|
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|
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<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
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|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.1" data-path="../c2/s1.html">
|
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|
||||
<a href="../c2/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.1 抽象系统资源
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.2" data-path="../c2/s2.html">
|
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|
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<a href="../c2/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.2 用户态，核心态，以及系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
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|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.3" data-path="../c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.3 内核组织
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.4" data-path="../c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.4 代码：XV6架构篇
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
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|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.5" data-path="../c2/s5.html">
|
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|
||||
<a href="../c2/s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.5 进程概述
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
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|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.6" data-path="../c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.6 代码：启动XV6和第一个进程
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.7" data-path="../c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.7 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.2.8" data-path="../c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c2/s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3" data-path="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三章 页表
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
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|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.1" data-path="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.1 页式硬件
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.2" data-path="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.2 内核地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
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|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.3" data-path="s3.html">
|
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|
||||
<a href="s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.3 代码：创建一个地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
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|
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<li class="chapter active" data-level="2.1.3.4" data-path="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s4.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.4 物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.5" data-path="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s5.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5 代码：物理内存分配
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.6" data-path="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s6.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6 进程地址空间
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.7" data-path="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s7.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.7 代码：sbrk
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.8" data-path="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s8.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.8 代码：exec
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.9" data-path="s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s9.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.9 真实世界
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.3.10" data-path="s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="s10.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.10 练习
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4" data-path="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s0.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四章 陷阱指令和系统调用
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="articles">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s1.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.1 RISC-V陷入机制
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../c4/s2.html">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 从用户空间陷入
|
||||
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1.4.3" data-path="../c4/s3.html">
|
||||
|
||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
4.3 代码：调用系统调用
|
||||
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Lab1: Xv6 and Unix utilities
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<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-anchor"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#34-物理内存分配"><b></b>3.4 物理内存分配</a></li></ul></div><a href="#34-物理内存分配" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><h1 id="34-物理内存分配"><a name="34-物理内存分配" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#34-物理内存分配"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>3.4 物理内存分配</h1>
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<p>内核必须在运行时为页表、用户内存、内核栈和管道缓冲区分配和释放物理内存。xv6使用内核末尾到<code>PHYSTOP</code>之间的物理内存进行运行时分配。它一次分配和释放整个4096字节的页面。它使用链表的数据结构将空闲页面记录下来。分配时需要从链表中删除页面；释放时需要将释放的页面添加到链表中。</p>
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