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309 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
309 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
> 来自 [C++那些事网站](https://light-city.github.io/stories_things/modern-cpp/cpp17/cpp17-pmr/) 的文章,由站点同步脚本导出。
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# C++17 PMR 内存资源
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[TOC]
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## 1.引入
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在C++17之前,标准库提供了`std::allocator`,而在C++17中,这一功能得到了加强,引入了`polymorphic_allocator`。
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在C++17之前,如果我们想要使用`std::allocator`来自定义内存池,我们不能使用传统的虚拟多态方式,因为`std::allocator`并没有提供虚拟函数。因此,通过继承显然不是一个好的选择,但是我们可以将其作为类成员使用,如下所示:
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```cpp
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template <typename Allocator = std::allocator<uint8_t>>
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class MemoryPool {
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public:
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explicit STLMemoryPool(const Allocator& alloc) : alloc_(alloc) {}
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Status Allocate(int64_t size, uint8_t** out) {
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try {
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*out = alloc_.allocate(size);
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} catch (std::bad_alloc& e) {
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return Status::OutOfMemory(e.what());
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}
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return Status::OK();
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}
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void Free(uint8_t* buffer, int64_t size) {
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alloc_.deallocate(buffer, size);
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}
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private:
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Allocator alloc_;
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};
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```
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在C++17之前如果我们想在内存分配/释放时做一些print操作,或者一些自定义操作,可以使用两种办法:
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- 自定义全局的new/delete
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```cpp
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void* operator new(std::size_t size) {
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void* ptr = malloc(size);
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std::cout << "Allocated: " << size << " bytes at address " << ptr << std::endl;
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return ptr;
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}
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void operator delete(void* ptr, std::size_t n) noexcept {
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std::cout << "Deallocated: " << n << " bytes at address " << ptr << std::endl;
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free(ptr);
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}
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```
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- 自定义allocator
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```cpp
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class allocator {
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public:
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using value_type = T;
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value_type* allocate(std::size_t n) {
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value_type* p = static_cast<value_type*>(::operator new(n * sizeof(value_type)));
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std::cout << "Allocated: " << n * sizeof(value_type) << " bytes at address "
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<< static_cast<void*>(p) << std::endl;
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return p;
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}
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void deallocate(value_type* p, std::size_t n) noexcept {
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std::cout << "Deallocated: " << n * sizeof(value_type) << " bytes at address "
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<< static_cast<void*>(p) << std::endl;
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::operator delete(p);
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}
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};
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std::vector<int, allocator<int>> vec;
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```
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那么,除此之外,还有哪些办法呢?
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C++17之后,我们可以通过使用多态内存管理工具,polymorphic memory resources(pmr),使用方式:
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```cpp
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#include <memory_resources>
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pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource res(10);
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pmr::vector<vector<int>> vec1(&res);
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```
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对于上面这个问题,我们可以通过继承memory_resource,有关下面代码的解释见下方memory_resource。
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```cpp
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class TrackAllocator : public std::pmr::memory_resource {
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void* do_allocate(std::size_t bytes, std::size_t alignment) override {
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void* p = std::pmr::new_delete_resource()->allocate(bytes, alignment);
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std::cout << "do_allocate: " << bytes << " bytes at " << p
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<< " alignment: " << alignment << std::endl;
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return p;
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}
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void do_deallocate(void* p, std::size_t bytes, std::size_t alignment) override {
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std::cout << "do_deallocate: " << bytes << " bytes at "
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<< " alignment: " << alignment << std::endl;
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return std::pmr::new_delete_resource()->deallocate(p, bytes, alignment);
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}
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bool do_is_equal(const std::pmr::memory_resource& other) const noexcept override {
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return std::pmr::new_delete_resource()->is_equal(other);
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}
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};
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```
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至此,我们便做到了上面的效果。
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## 2.memory_resource
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STL中std::par::memory_resource类的实现比较简单,以下为一个伪代码实现:
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```cpp
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class memory_resource {
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static const size_t __max_align = alignof(max_align_t);
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public:
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virtual ~memory_resource();
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void* allocate(size_t __bytes, size_t __align = __max_align) {
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return do_allocate(__bytes, __align);
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}
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void deallocate(void* __p, size_t __bytes, size_t __align = __max_align) {
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do_deallocate(__p, __bytes, __align);
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}
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bool is_equal(const memory_resource& __other) const noexcept {
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return do_is_equal(__other);
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}
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private:
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virtual void* do_allocate(size_t, size_t) = 0;
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virtual void do_deallocate(void*, size_t, size_t) = 0;
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virtual bool do_is_equal(memory_resource const&) const noexcept = 0;
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};
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```
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与默认的std::allocator不同,memory_resource提供了多态的能力,允许用户通过继承的方式,重写以下三个接口:
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- do_allocate
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- 用于分配指定大小和对齐要求的内存。
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- do_deallocate
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- 释放之前通过 `do_allocate` 分配的内存。
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- do_is_equal
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- 检查当前内存资源对象是否与另一个内存资源对象相等。
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于是,我们上方的TrackAllocator通过重写上面三个函数接口即可。
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细心的朋友发现,除了这几个接口,memory_resource也提供了对外的三个接口。除此之外,提供了全局的接口:
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```cpp
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memory_resource* new_delete_resource() noexcept;
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memory_resource* null_memory_resource() noexcept;
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memory_resource* get_default_resource() noexcept;
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memory_resource* set_default_resource(memory_resource* __r) noexcept;
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```
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- new_delete_resource
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返回一个`memory_resource`指针,该指针使用`new`和`delete`运算符来分配和释放内存。这个资源是使用全局的`new`和`delete`运算符实现的,因此它是默认的内存资源管理器。这个memory_resource子类是`__resource_adaptor_imp`,它会负责重写上面三个接口。
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- null_memory_resource
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返回一个`memory_resource`指针,该指针表示一个不执行任何操作的空内存资源。当你想要在不进行实际内存分配的情况下测试或占位时,可以使用这个资源。STL源码当中的实现中定义了一个
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```cpp
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inline memory_resource*
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null_memory_resource() noexcept {
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class type final : public memory_resource {};
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}
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```
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type作为子类重写了上面三个接口,do_allocate接口会跑出分配错误的异常,因为语义就是不允许分配了。
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```
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do_allocate(size_t, size_t) override
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{ std::__throw_bad_alloc(); }
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```
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所以当我们使用null_memory_resource,需要try catch,例如:string字符小于16是在stack上分配,此时不会用到我们这里的memory_resource,所以正常运行,当长度大于等于16,那么就会跑出std::bad_alloc异常。
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```cpp
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std::pmr::memory_resource* default_resource = std::pmr::null_memory_resource();
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std::pmr::set_default_resource(default_resource);
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try {
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std::pmr::vector<int> data{1};
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} catch (std::bad_alloc e) {
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std::cerr << "bad_alloc is thrown vector" << std::endl;
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}
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std::pmr::string str1{"hello world hel"};
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std::cerr << str1 << " length:" << str1.size() << std::endl;
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try {
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std::pmr::string str1{"hello world hel0"};
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} catch (std::bad_alloc e) {
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std::cerr << "bad_alloc is thrown string" << std::endl;
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}
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```
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- get_default_resource
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返回当前默认的全局内存资源管理器。默认情况下,它是一个与`new_delete_resource()`返回的相同资源,但通过`set_default_resource`函数可以更改默认资源。
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- set_default_resource
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设置内存资源管理器,参数可以为空(返回默认资源),否则设置为传递的资源,并返回之前的默认资源。
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## 3.内存复用
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std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource是一个缓存区,在内存复用方面具有重要的优势。monotonic_buffer_resource继承memory_resource,重写上面三个接口,内部会持有上游的memory_resource,如果当前内存不足,便会从上游去取。这有助于降低内存碎片,提高内存利用率。
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下面列出一些有关std::pmr::monotonic的使用方法。
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**用法1 - 使用固定缓冲区创建 `monotonic_buffer_resource`:**
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```cpp
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char buf1[30] = {};
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std::fill_n(std::begin(buf1), std::size(buf1) - 1, '_');
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std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource pool1{std::data(buf1), std::size(buf1)};
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std::pmr::vector<int> myVec1{&pool1};
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```
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**用法2 - 利用上游资源创建 `monotonic_buffer_resource`:**
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```cpp
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std::pmr::memory_resource* upstreamResource2 = std::pmr::get_default_resource();
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std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource pool2(upstreamResource2);
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{
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std::pmr::vector<double> numbers(&pool2);
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for (double d = 0.1; d < 1.0; d += 0.1) {
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numbers.push_back(d);
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}
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}
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```
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**用法3 - 继承std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource:**
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```cpp
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class MyMonotonicBufferResource : public std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource {
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public:
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using std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource::monotonic_buffer_resource; // Inherit constructors
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// Public function to access do_allocate
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void* allocate(std::size_t bytes, std::size_t alignment) {
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return do_allocate(bytes, alignment);
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}
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// Public function to access do_deallocate
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void deallocate(void* p, std::size_t bytes, std::size_t alignment) {
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do_deallocate(p, bytes, alignment);
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}
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};
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MyMonotonicBufferResource pool3;
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// Allocate memory
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void* mem = pool3.allocate(100, alignof(int));
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// Use the allocated memory (this is just an example)
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std::pmr::vector<int> numbers({1, 2, 3}, &pool3);
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// Deallocate memory
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pool3.deallocate(mem, 100, alignof(int));
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std::cout << "Usage 3 - Inherit: \n\n";
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```
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## 4.pool resource
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synchronized_pool_resource这是一个线程安全的内存池资源类。它的设计目的是在多线程环境中安全地进行内存分配和释放。当多个线程并发地尝试进行内存分配或释放时,`synchronized_pool_resource` 使用同步机制确保线程安全性。这通常会带来一些性能开销,因为需要加锁来保护共享的内存池。
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与之对应的是unsynchronized_pool_resource,需要用户自己保证线程安全。
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synchronized_pool_resource源码实现其实就是mutex + unsynchronized_pool_resource。
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```cpp
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class synchronized_pool_resource : public memory_resource {
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public:
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// some interface
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private:
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mutex __mut_;
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unsynchronized_pool_resource __unsync_;
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};
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```
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pool_options可以用来配置这些内存池。
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```cpp
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struct pool_options {
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size_t max_blocks_per_chunk = 0;
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size_t largest_required_pool_block = 0;
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};
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```
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- max_blocks_per_chunk
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表示每个块中最多可以包含的块数量。用于限制内存池从上游内存资源一次性获取的内存量。如果设置为 0,内核会通过munge_options函数去修改pool_options。
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- largest_required_pool_block
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表示内存池能够处理的最大块大小。 |